Relational Database Management System.pptx

Relational Database Management System
D r. S a n d e e p Gaikwad
Unit I:
Introduction to database

Introduction of Teaching Scheme
August 24, 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 2
Unit I: Introduction to Database Hours: 10
Data: Types, Organization and Applications, Database: Definition,
Evolution, Database Management: Structure, Limitations of traditional
file processing systems, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS, Users
of DBMS.

Outline of presentation
• Introduction of Teaching scheme
• Syllabus discussion
• Evaluation
• Reference Materials
• Unit 1

Evaluation
• Unit test
• Assignments
• Case study
• Quiz
• Attendance
• Class Behavior

Core Books
• 1. Fundamentals of Database systems by Navate
• 2. Database system Concept by Sudarshan & Korth.
• 3. Introduction to Database System by C J Date
• 4. Relational Database Management by Ivan Bayross

RDBMS presentation
• Unit I Introduction to Database Hours 02
• Data: Types, Organization and Applications,
• Database: Definition, Evolution,
• Database Management: Structure,
• Limitations of traditional file processing systems,
• Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS,
• Users of DBMS.

What is Data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which
should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine.

Data….

How data is stored
Computers represent data, including video, images, sounds and text, as binary
values using patterns of just two numbers: 1 and 0.

First hard disk
The first hard disk drive, like so many innovations in computing,
came from IBM. It was called the IBM Model 350 Disk File and
was a huge device. It had 50 24-inch disks contained inside a
cabinet that was as large as a cupboard and anything but
lightweight. This hulk of a storage unit could store a whopping
5MB of data.
the machine could execute 5,000 instructions per second, a
capability that made it a thousand times faster than the
electromechanical calculators of the day. (An iPhone 6, by
contrast, can zip through 25 billion instructions per second.) https://www.pingdom.com/blog/amazing-facts-and-
figures-about-the-evolution-of-hard-disk-drives/
Price: $3,000.

Now Days….
VS

Data Types
Computer systems work with different types of digital data. In the early days of computing,
data consisted primarily of text and numbers, but in modern-day computing, there are
lots of different multimedia data types, such as audio, images, graphics and video.

Analog vs. Digital Data
There are two general ways to represent data: analog and digital. Analog data are continuous.
They are 'analogous' to the actual facts they represent.
Digital data are discrete, broken up into a limited number of elements.
Nature is analog, while computers are digital.
Many aspects of our natural world are continuous in nature. For example, think of the
spectrum of colors. This is a continuous rainbow of an infinite number of shades.

Data & its type
All data are stored in binary digits, and there is a limit to how much data we can represent. For example, a color
image on a computer has a limited number of colors - the number might be very large, but it is still finite.

Character Strings
One of the most basic data types is plain text. In database terminology, this is referred to as a character string, or
simply a string. A string represents alphanumeric data. This means that a string can contain many different
characters, but that they are all considered as if they were text and not put into calculations, even if the characters
are numbers.
Consider the following database table:

Numeric Data Types
The second most important data type is numeric data. As a general rule, you store numbers only as a numeric
data type if they represent a count or measurement of some kind and if it makes sense to perform calculations
with them. A ZIP code is a number assigned to a geographic area by the postal service. It would not make much
sense to determine the average value for multiple ZIP codes.
There are several different types of numeric data. An integer is a numeric value without a decimal. Integers are
whole numbers and can be positive or negative
A number with a decimal is referred to as a decimal, a float or a double. The terminology varies somewhat with
the software being used.

Boolean Data
The Boolean data type can only represent two values: true or false. Typically, a zero is used to represent false and
a one is used to represent true. In the example table of students, the field Financial Aid is stored as a Boolean,
since a student is classified as having financial aid or not.

Date and Time
Dates and times have their own data type to distinguish them from numeric data. There are many different ways
to format dates and times. Some common ways to format dates are:
YYYY-MM-DD - for example 2012-04-01
Month/Day/Year - for example 4/1/2012
Day of the week, month and day, year - for example Sunday, April 1, 2012
Some common ways to format time are:
HH:MM:SS AM/PM - for example 2:45:31 PM
HH:MM:SS - for example 14:45:31
Once a database table has been created using date or time as the data type, you can typically display the values in
different ways.

image
An image, digital image, or still image is a binary representation of visual information, such as drawings,
pictures, graphs, logos, or individual video frames. Digital images can be saved electronically on any storage
device. The following example image is of an Intel Pentium CPU. In this example, a digital camera was used to
take the photograph, and then the text was added using photo editing software to create an image
Images are stored on computers in bitmap or vector form.
Resolution is a measurement of
sampling density, resolution of bitmap
images give a relationship between pixel
dimensions and physical dimensions.
The most often used measurement is
ppi, pixels per inch

Image
As can be seen in the above image, Pixel(A) has value (255, 0, 255) and is determined by the combination of
intensities stored in the red colour plane, green colour plane and blue colour plane respectively.
Similarly, pixel(B) has value (127, 255, 0) and is determined in the same manner as pixel(A).
Colour planes of RGB image:
Consider an RGB image array ‘I’ then,
I(:, :, 1) represents the Red colour plane of the RGB image
I(:, :, 2) represents the Green colour plane of the RGB image
I(:, :, 3) represents the Blue colour plane of the RGB image

RGB image
an RGB image is basically a M*N*3 array of colour pixel, where each colour pixel is associated with three
values which correspond to red, blue and green colour component of RGB image at a specified spatial location.
So, the colour of any pixel is determined by the combination of the red, green, and blue intensities stored in each
colour plane at the pixel’s location.
Here each colour plane is a M*N array.

Database
The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve,
insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the
form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.

Database
The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete
the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema,
views, and reports, etc.

Database Management System
• Database management system is a software which is used to manage the
database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial
database which is used in different applications.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database
creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database
and a lot more.
• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple
users, it also maintains data consistency.

Evolution of DBMS
1950’s and early 1960’s
In 1950s magnetic tape was introduced for storage of data The data storage process consists of reading data from many tapes
and writing of data to a new tape. For input, process punched cards used, and for output, the printer was used.
1970’s-72’s
This gave a new concept about the database. He disconnects the schema of a logical organization of a database from physical
storage methods. It was also helpful in the development of SQL/DS. Two major relational database system prototypes were
created between the years 1974 and 1977, and they were the Ingres, which was developed at UBC, and System R, created at
IBM San Jose.

1976
• P-Chen introduces a new database model known as ER Entity-Relationship.
• This design is basically made to focus on data applications.
• It gave another important insight into the conceptual data model.
• Such a higher level molding allows the designers to focus on the data instead of a logical structure.
Early 1980’s
• SQL(Structured Query Language) became standard. IBM launched DB2.
• The development of the IBM PC gave rise to many DB companies and products such as RIM
• , OS/2, PARADOX, RBASE, Database Management System also introduce in this period.
• The relational database system became a success as rapid increase in computer sales.
• This increased the popularity of the network and hierarchical database models.
Evolution of DBMS

Data….
Early 1990’s
In early 1990s much work was done on client tools for application as development such as PowerBuilder. VB (Microsoft),
Oracle Developer. The client-server model for computing became the norm for future business decisions.
The work on the object database system also started in this year. The more complex database system was introduced at high
prices.in this year new client tools for application development were introduced. A number of tools for personal productivity
such as ODBC and Excel/Access were also developed.
Mid 1990’s
The usable internet /WWW was introduced in the middle of this year.it allows remote access to the computer systems. The
concept of Web/DB started to grow. The advancement in the database system was started. Average desktops users began to
use the client-server database.

Data….
Late 1990’s
In the late 1990s, the online business was increased resulting in a rise in demand for internet
database connectors like Active server page, Jave Servlets, FrontPage, Dream Weaver. Enterprise
Java Beans, Oracle Developer 2000 etc.in this year internet companies worked for Web/Internet
connectors. The open-source solutions came online with online analytic processing (OLAP) come of
age with many merchants using point-of-sale (POS) technology on a daily basis.

Data….
Early 21st
Century
The growth of DB applications continued in the early 21st
century. The more interactive application
appeared with the use of PDAs. The main companies that predominated the large DB market are
IBM.Microsoft and oracle.
Today
Today’s database is used anywhere in our day to day life. In the present day, there are many new playe
in the non-relational database space offering particular solutions. Many powerful technologies is
introduces in the database. The database is very helpful in every field to keep records save. The quick
base is an online database on a relational database that gives users of any skill level the ability to create
custom applications using the power of the relational database.

Relational Database Management System.pptx

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