REHVA: Country reports from benchmark study on European regulations

Benchmarking Regulations on
Energy Efficiency of Buildings
Country reports
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation
and Air-conditioning Associations – REHVA
April 30, 2010

Specific country reports
France
Norway
Hungary
UK
Germany
Italy

France
Delivered by University of LaRochelle
Prof Francis Allard

France
RT2005 Principles
The French regulation (RT2005) is based on the “3C”
rules:
• Consumption (including heating, cooling, domestic hot water,
lighting and auxiliary equipments)
•Cep< Cep ref *
• Cep< Cep max**
• Comfort (Summer comfort) (Tic < Tic ref) ***
• Characteristic minimum values (target values for every components
and energy systems linked to the building)
• A Ubat (overall heat loss coefficient of the building) has also to be
checked.
• It is mandatory to all new buildings after 1st of September 2006
* The project should be compared to a reference building which is a theoretical
building ,a twin building of the real one with the same geometry but using reference
components and systems defined by the regulation.
** In any case a maximum value Cepmax is defined for each climatic zone.
*** For every building without air conditionning, a maximum value of indoor temperature
has to be checked in summer.

France: Cep max and
Climatic zones
Heating
energy source
Climatic Zone Cep max
kWh/m2 year
Fossil fuels H1 130
H2 110
H3 80
Electrical
heating
H1 250
H2 190
H3 130
Cep = 2.58 x C electricity + C
other energies
For residential buildings, Cep max does not include
lighting and auxiliary equipments

France: Target values
Component U max (W/m2K
External Wall 0,45
Wall in contact with a non
heated room
0,45
Floor on external space 0,36
Floor on crawl space 0,40
Roofs 0,28
Metalic roofs 0,34
Windows, external doors 2,60
Double façades 2,60
The thermal bridges are also limited by target values

France: Air permeability
Q in m3/(hm2)
for 4Pa
Target
value
Default value
Individual houses 0,8 1,3
Residential
(multifamily)
buildings
1,2 1,7
Others 2,5 3,0

France: Existing buildings
Extension of RT2005 to existing buildings (2007)
• mandatory for all building built after 01/01/1948 with more
than 1000 m2 when the rehabilitation cost exceeds 25% of
the market value of the building.
• same methodology as RT2005:
refprojet CepCep ≤
maxCepCepprojet ≤
initialprojet CepCep 7,0≤ non residential buildings
Or use of technical reference solutions (for individual houses only)
Either

France: Energy certificates
• Mandatory for building sales from 1/11/2006
• Mandatory for building rents from 1/07/2007
• Established directly for new buildings within the
regulatory control
• Public display for existing public buildings with more
than 1000 m2 since 2/01/2008.
• Can be establish by
• conventional calculation (with certified calculation
tools)
• energy bills of the last 3 years.

Presentation in 4 standard pages
- Description of the buildings and main equipments
- Evaluation of consumption in primary energy (heating cooling and
domestic hot water (lighting in non residential)
- Corresponding costs
- Energy label +CO2 emissions
- Recommandations and improvement solutions have to be defined
France: Energy certificate

France: Main features
Main features of the French approach to EPBD
implementation are:
• The regulation limits the total energy demand in terms of overall
primary energy
• The regulations limits the overall heat losses of the building (Ubat)
• The regulation put a penalty on air permeability if it is not defined
clearly
• For individual houses technical solutions can be used directly without
calculation
• The calculation procedure is made using the same core programme
given by CSTB. (simplified dynamic calculation with conventional
climatic data).
• A control based on random selection of buildings can be made
• Energy certificate established by registered bodies

France: Accompanying Labels
Buildings with specific performance can be awarded by a
specific certificate called “label”
• HPE labels (High Energy Performance 27/07/2006)
• H.P.E : Cref - 10%,
• T.H.P.E : Cref - 20%.
• Renewable Energy Labels(HPE enr and THPE enr
same condition as HPE but demonstrating the use of
renewable energies)
• BBC (Low Energy Building)
• Cep < 50 KWh/m2 year with modulation
following the climatic zones

France:
Trends for a new regulation
• A new regulation is planned to be set in 2012.
• The technical groups are already working and the main
elements would be:
• Global extension of the regulation to new or retrofitted buildings
without surface area conditions,
• More restrictive target values:
• Cep ref < 50 KWh/m2 year for new buildings
• Cep ref < 80 KWh/m2 year for existing buildings
• More restrictive conditions for air permeability,
• More care for thermal bridges,
• More care should be taken about summer comfort conditions
• More stress about the integration of renewable energies.

Norway
Prepared by
Peter Schild, Norway, Dr. Techn.
SINTEF, energy expert

Norway: Requirements
EP checklist requirements:
Wall U-value [W/m²K] 0.18
Roof U-value [W/m²K] 0.13
Floor U-value [W/m²K] 0.15
Windows/doors [W/m²K] 1.20
Thermal bridges [(W/K)/m²floor] 0.06 [0.03*]
Airtightness, n50 [h-1] 1.5 [2.5*]
Heat recovery [%] 80% [70%*]
Specific fan power [kW/(m³/s)] 2/1‡ [2.5*]
Glazing area [% of floor] 20 %
Night-time setback [°C] 19 °C
Solar shading / glazing system gt<0.1 or no A/C
Minimum requirements:
Roof/floor U-value [W/m²K] 0.18
Windows/doors [W/m²K] 1.60
Airtightness, n50 [h-1] 3.0
RES for heating ≥40 %
* Special values for dwellings (single- or multifamily) in square brackets.
‡ Daytime(occupied)/night-time(unoccupied) Specific Fan Power (SFP)
● Less strict minimum requirements for log wood constructions.

Norway: Types of requirements
Complianceroute1
Simplechecklist
Complianceroute2
EPcalculation
Energylabelling
Inspections
Number of building categories 1 13 13 -
Heat
loss
U-values █ █ █
Thermal bridges █ █ █
Infiltration █ █ █
Heat recovery █† █ █ █
Energy
use
Heat recovery defrost █ █ █
Fan energy (SFP) █ █ █
Space heating █ █ █ █
Hot water (DHW) █ █ █ █
Pumps, lighting, eqpt. █ █ █
Space cooling █ █ █ █
System efficiency █ █
Minimum
require-
ments
U-values █ █
Airtightness (n50) █ █
Ventilation rates █ █ ● █
Thermal comfort █ █ ●
Window area (< %floor) █† █†
Glazing solar properties █† █†
% Renewable energy █ █ ●
† Small revision of the building regulations in 2010, for non-residential buildings: Heat recovery and limiting window area and glazing solar gain factor (g-value).
● There is a secondary label for % renewable energy. Also the ventilation rate and indoor temperature set-point should comply with minimum values.

Norway: Main features
Main features of the Norwegian approach to EPBD implementation are:
• Strict minimum requirements for U-values & airtightness,
near cost-optimal
• The regulations limit net energy demand, thus ignoring the efficiency
of energy delivery systems (e.g. boiler efficiency), and
• The EP calculation standard is flexible (any software that is verified)
and fixes input data related to occupant behaviour, including all heat
gains (equipment, people, default lighting), hot water use, operating
hours, set-point temperatures for heating & cooling, and minimum
ventilation rates.
• Self-assessment of energy labels is allowed. Qualifications are only
needed for non-residential buildings (There will be penalties for
misuse)
• Inspection includes all ventilation systems (>12 kW), not only A/C
systems

Norway: Main features
The combined effect of these features has the following benefits:
• It ensures robust building envelopes (long-term and uniform quality
of all envelopes), more so than many other European countries
• Virtually all buildings need balanced ventilation & heat recovery to
comply. The regulations distinguish between air-to-air heat
exchangers and air-to-air heat pumps in ventilation units, as the
latter doesn’t reduce net energy demand.
• Heat pumps and efficient energy systems are given due credit in the
energy label (delivered energy). Renewable systems and heat
pumps are regulated by minimum requirement of >40% RES, and
promoted with a secondary energy label based on %RES.
• Unbureaucratic energy labelling, no immediate bottleneck due to
shortage of certified assessors
• A building’s energy label is calculated fairly, assuming fixed ‘typical’
user behaviour and internal heat gains.

Hungary
Prepared by Dr Zoltan Magyar
University of Pecs

Hungary: Requirements
EP checklist requirements:
Roof U-value [W/m²K] 0.25
Floor U-value over arcade
[W/m²K]
0.25
Attic floor slab [W/m²K] 0.30
Floor U-value over basement
[W/m²K]
0.50
Toplic U-value [W/m²K] 2.50
Windows non metal frame
[W/m²K]
1.60
Windows metal frame [W/m²K] 2.00
Door [W/m²K] 1.80
Entrance door [W/m²K] 3.00
Minimum requirements:
Roof/floor U-value [W/m²K] 0.25/0.50
Windows/doors [W/m²K] 1.60/3.00
Airtightness, n50 [h-1]
RES for heating

Hungary: Types of requirements
Complianceroute1
Simplechecklist
Complianceroute2
EPcalculation
Energylabelling
Inspections
Heat
loss
U-values █ █
Thermal bridges
Infiltration
Heat recovery
Energy
use
Heat recovery defrost
Fan energy (SFP)
Space heating
Hot water (DHW)
Pumps, lighting, eqpt.
Space cooling
System efficiency
Minimum
require-
ments
U-values █ █
Airtightness (n50)
Ventilation rates
Thermal comfort █ █
Window area (< %floor)
Glazing solar properties
% Renewable energy

Hungary: Types of requirements
Residental
EPcalculation
Office
EPcalculation
School
EPcalculation
Inspection
Building
elements
U-values [W/m²K] █ █ █
Building *
Specific net heating demand
[W/m3K]
█ █ █
Thermal bridge losses █ █ █
Risk of summer overheating █ █ █
Building
and service
together *
Primary energy need [kWh/m²a] █ █ █
Heating █ █ █ █
Cooling █ █ █ █
Ventilation █ █ █ █
Domestic hot water █ █ █ █
Artificial lighteing █ █
* Given as function of surface to volume ratio

Hungary: Main features
Main features of the Hungarian approach to EPBD implementation are:
• The requirements are in force since 1st of September, 2006.
• The requirements have three different levels: building elements,
building as a whole, building and service system together.
• The requirements of building elements does not garantee the
compliance with the requirements of the building as a whole.
• The fulfilment of the specific heat load requirement does not
garantee the requrements regarding the building and the services
system together will be fulfilled.
• The requirements of primary energy needs are given as function of
surface to volume ration for 3 building categories.
• The requirment mainly are not specified in details, the main goal to
fulfil the three levels of requirements.

Hungary: Main features
Main features of the Hungarian approach to EPBD implementation are:
• The Ministerial Degree 7/2006 includes the requirement that for
buildings over 1000 m2 floor area the feasibility of use of renewable
energy must be checked.
• The EP calculation sofware is given (commercial).
• The mandatory certification of existing buildings will be start in 2011.
• The qualification requirements have been determined by the
Chamber of Engineers. Certification may be issued by licenced
experts after having passed the exam (with min BSc degree).
• The mandatory inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems
will be start in 2011.

UK
Based on material and interview by
Mr Derrick Braham

UK
• UK has been very active in improving the
energy efficiency of buildings and the
government regulations have been tighten
in short intervals.
2002 – 2006 - 2010
• The plans is to revise and tighten the
regulations in
2013 – 2016 – 2018 - 2020

UK 2010 regulations
• The 2010 revision to the UK regulations are due to be
published in the next month or two, for implementation
on the 1st October 2010. They are expected to require a
further 25% CO2 reduction in the buildings total emission
simulation.
• To make things even more interesting in the immediate
future for both Architects and their HEVAC consultants,
the 2010 regulations will also specify that a further 25%
CO2 reduction that will be required in the 2013
Regulation revision.

CO2 emissions as criteria
• UK is the only EU country that uses as
regulatory basis the CO2 emissions – see
table below in the notes section
• Limits for CO2-emissions kg/m2 are given
by building type and used also as basis of
energy performance certificate
• However, there is pressure towards
primary energy criteria also in UK

CO2 emissions in UK
1. Fuel 2. CO2 emission kgCO2/kWh
3. Natural gas 4. 0,194
5. LPG 6. 0,234
7. Biogas 8. 0,025
9. Oil 10. 0,265
11. Coal 12. 0,291
13. Anthracite 14. 0,317
15. Smokeless fuel (incl. coke) 16. 0,392
17. Dual fuel appliances (mineral +wood) 18. 0,187
19. Biomass 20. 0,025
21. Grid supplied energy 22. 0,422
23. Grid displaced energy (generated in the
building)
24. 0,568 deducted form the total building
emissions
25. Waste heat (including industrial
processes)
26. 0,0188

Display Energy Certificates in UK
(DECs)
• DECs show the measured energy use of a building (fuel and
electricity).
• DECs were introduced in 2008 as part of the EPBD and
dsiplayed in public buildings.
• Plan is to extend DECs in 2010 to all commercial buildings, and
in 2013 to all non-domestic buildings, data in DECs to be
revised annually.
• DEC includes also recommendation for the improvements.
These recommendations shall be revised every 7 year.
• A data base of DECs is collected and summaries made publicly
available.
• The quality of DECs is controlled by government with a
statistically significant sample (app 5 %).
• Experience from DECs is extremely good. They also show wide
differences between calculated certificates (EPCs) and
measured energy use values in DECs.

Carbon reduction commitments
in UK
• CRC is an EU initiative from 2008. It has been now
successfully applied in the UK in the entities in which the
energy bill in more than 500 000 pounds per year.
• The principle of the applications is the follows:
• All similar type (including use) of buildings/factories and
other energy users are first categorized.
• Then they are ranked by the use of the energy. Then a
medium user is defined.
• All those using more than medium user have to pay
penalty, and all those using less than medium user
get subsidy.
• The total net cost is zero.

Germany – development of regulations

Germany -sanctions and penalties
(1)
The German energy decree defines in § 27
the following regulatory offenses:
• missing inspections or inspections carried out by unauthorised personnel
• installation of boilers without CE label
• lacking insulation of heating pipes
• inappropriate control system for heating system
• incomplete, incorrect or delayed energy performance certificate
• issuing of EP certificates by unauthorized personnel
• incorrect or lacking confirmation by construction companies regarding the
compliance with EP requirements for major renovations and renewed
building components or systems

(2)
The corresponding penalties are defined in the
Energy Saving Act of 2009
(Energieeinsparungsgesetz – EnEG) [11]. Here,
penalties between € 5,000 and € 50,000 are
defined for:
• regulatory offences against the thermal protection and energy
efficiency of building systems requirements (EP requirements) and
regulatory offences against the inspection of building systems and
the installation of heating control systems: 50,000 €
• regulatory offences against the issuing of EP certificates (missing,
delayed, incorrect or issued by unauthorised personnel): 15,000 €
• regulatory offences against the compliance check procedure

(3)
There are also regulatory offences against the Renewable
Energies Heat Act as defined in § 17 of the act. Here the
offences are divided into:
• not covering or not correctly covering the generated energy by renewable
energy (as required);
• not providing (not correctly or in time providing) the proof for covering the
generated energy by renewable energy;
• presenting an incorrect ratio of the covered generated energy by renewable
energy;
• not keeping the proof for at least 5 years.

Italy
Prepared by Prof. Livio Mazzarella
Dipartimento di Energia – Politecnico di
Milano

Energy Certification
Prof. Livio Mazzarella
Dipartimento di Energia – Politecnico di Milano
REHVA Meeting 04-03-2010
Brussels

Prof. Livio Mazzarella – Dipartimento di Energia – PdM - Italy
Italy - Development of regulations
time1973
energycrises
1978 1992 2005
2006
2009
energy savings requirements
Whole Building
Volumetric heat
transfer coefficient
Heating primary energy
by DD and m3
Law n.373 Law n.10
DPR 412
Primary energy for heating, cooling,
Ventilation, lighting, DHW
+ mean U values + system efficiency
Energy certification
in force for whole
country
Law n.192
Law n.311
EPBD
updates of
Law n.192
Application
Laws (decrees)
DPR 2-04-2009
DM 26-06-2009
Type of requirements

From 192/05 to 311/06 Law
 The 192/05 law was limiting the application of the energy
certification to the new buildings
 Domestic hot water production must be covered at least
50% with solar energy ONLY for public buildings
 The Building Energy Certification has been again extended
to existing buildings! ………………………. and more
 The energy certificate is needed in order to require and
receive incentives and facilities of whichever nature
(economical subsidies, taxes discount, etc. )
 Domestic hot water production must be covered at least
50% with renewable energy for ANY TYPE of building.

Application of certification
Building Energy Certificate for existing buildings has been
gradually applied:
 buildings > 1000 m2 from 1st July 2007
 buildings < 1000 m2 from 1st July 2008
 from 1st July 2009 to all.
But the laws refer to specific application texts called “decreti”,
decrees, almost all technical contents, which are not
completely ready today.
Specifically:
 Guidelines for Energy Certification of Buildings (just
released)
 Definition of Who/Which is going to release the
certificate, his/her/its technical expertise, how to assess
that (accreditation) ,etc.

ENERGY CERTIFICATION:
Regions Actions
According to the Directive and the
Italian Constitution, each region is
going to deliver its own law and
procedure for the building energy
certification
Up to now the only Regions which
are full implemented the law it is the
Regione Lombardia, Regione
Liguria, Regione Emilia Romagna
and the Provincia Autonoma di
Bolzano and di Trento.

REFERENCE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Regions which have already created and applied
their own energy certification scheme going over the
national law D.Lgs. 311/06
 Prov. Aut. BOLZANO DEL. 2923/2007
 Regione LOMBARDIA DGR 5018/2007 e s.m.i.
 Regione LIGURIA REG. 1/09
 Regione EMILIA_ROMAGNA D.A.L. 156/2008
 Regione PIEMONTE DGR 43-11965 4 agosto
2009
Regions which have released specific laws but do
not have already application low and certification
schemes.
Regions which have made some general law on
energy but have not released any specific law jet
Regions in which the certification scheme is based
on the National Guide Lines
Relatore: Ivan MOZZI – Cestec SpA
ITALIAN SITUATION

Lombardia Region Law
July 20° 2007 on BURL n.29
ha been published the
“Deliberazione Giunta
regionale 26 giugno 2007 - n.
8/5018 [4.2.2]
“Decisions about the energy
certification of buildings”
instrumenting the
D.Lgs.192/2005 and D.Lgs
311/2006

Winter Climatization Primary Energy
Index from Year 2010
Building
Shape
Ratio
S/V
Climatic Zone
A B C D E F
till
600
DD
from
601
GG
till
900
GG
from
901
GG
till
1400
GG
from
1401
GG
till
2100
GG
from
2101
GG
till
3000
GG
over
3000
GG
<0,2 8.5 8.5 12.8 12.8 21.3 21.3 34 34 46.8 46.8
>0,9 36 36 48 48 68 68 88 88 116 116
Building
Shape
Ratio
S/V
Climatic Zone
A B C D E F
till
600
DD
from
601
GG
till
900
GG
from
901
GG
till
1400
GG
from
1401
GG
till
2100
GG
from
2101
GG
till
3000
GG
over
3000
GG
<0,2 2 2 3.6 3.6 6 6 9.6 9.6 12.7 12.7
>0,9 8.2 8.2 12.8 12.8 17.3 17.3 22.5 22.5 31 31
Limits on Primary Energy Requirements in kWh/m2 on a year – ONLY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Limits on Primary Energy Requirements in kWh/m3 on a year – ALL OTHERS BUILDINGS

Summer Climatization Envelope
Thermal Energy Index from Year 2010
Climatic Zone
A B C D E F
till
600
DD
from
601
GG
till
900
GG
from
901
GG
till
1400
GG
from
1401
GG
till
2100
GG
from
2101
GG
till
3000
GG
over
3000
GG
40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Limits on Envelope Thermal Energy Requirements in kWh/m2 on a year –
ONLY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Climatic Zone
A B C D E F
till
600
DD
from
601
GG
till
900
GG
from
901
GG
till
1400
GG
from
1401
GG
till
2100
GG
from
2101
GG
till
3000
GG
over
3000
GG
14 14 14 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Limits on Envelope Thermal Energy Requirements in kWh/m2 on a year –
ALL OTHERS BUILDINGS

Climatic
Zone
Limits on envelope thermal transmittance W/m2K
Opaque
vertical
elements
Opaque horizontal or
tilted
Windows
with frames
Center glass
Roof
s
Basement
floors
A 0,62 0,38 0,65 4,6 3,7
B 0,48 0,38 0,49 3,0 2,6
C 0,40 0,38 0,42 2,6 2,1
D 0,36 0,32 0,36 2,4 1,9
E 0,34 0,30 0,33 2,2 1,7
F 0,33 0,29 0,32 2,0 1,3
Maximum Envelop Elements Thermal
Transmittance from Year 2010

Constraints on cooling demand
a) solar radiation control with shading devices or reflecting glass: national
level (just says control), Regione Lombardia reduction of 70% of
incident total solar radiation on glass; Region Emilia Romagna same but
50% reduction
b) for any climatic zone (excluded F zone) and for any site with the daily
monthly averaged solar irradiance on the horizontal surface greater or
equal to 290 W/m², or its is possible to have lighter envelope wall if it is
demonstrated that the same effect can be reached by the used
envelope system:
1) all opaque vertical wall excluded those facing north-west / north /
north-east, one of the following verification:
1.1 the areal mass Ms > 230 kg/m²;
1.2 the periodic thermal transmittance (YIE), less than 0,12 W/m² °K;
2) all opaque horizontal and tilted wall/roof the periodic thermal
transmittance less than 0,20 W/m² °K
Try to use natural ventilation to lower the summer cooling load or
mechanical ventilation systems.

Penalties on National Basis
Qualified designer, who releases a technical report or energy certificate not
complying to the standard: Fine = 30% of his parcel
Qualified designer, who releases a false technical report or energy
certificate: Fine = 30% of his parcel
Work director who does not subscribe the technical report assessing that it is
describing the building as it was built: Fine = 50% of his parcel
Work director who does a false declaration: Fine= 5000 €
Building manager who does not provide maintenance:
500 € ≤ Fine ≤ 3.000 €
The control or maintenance operator who does not release or give out a
false check document: 1.000 € ≤ Fine ≤ 6.000 €
The builder or building company which does not provide the energy
certificate as original: 5.000 € ≤ Fine ≤ 30.000 €

Penalties in Region Lombardia
Certifier who produce a certificate not complying to the standard:
Fine from € 500,00 to € 2.000,00
If the certificate assesses an energy class higher than the real one
Additional Fine of 10 €/m2 di Susefull and the certificate has to
be redone
If the designer releases a false technical report
Fine from € 2.000,00 to € 10.000,00
The fine is increased of 50% if through such T.R. it was
possible to get subsidies or others facilities otherwise not
possible

Penalties in Region Lombardia (2)
Work director who realizes the construction not as described in
technical report
Fine from € 5.000,00 to € 15.000,00
Owner, who accepts as the work director has done, if the real
energy performance is lower of what described in the technical
report
Double the fine and has to adequate the building to the
Community requirements.
Who does not provide the energy certificate when selling the
building / flat
Fine fron € 5.000,00 to € 20.000,00

Penalties in Region Lombardia (3)
Who rents a flat and does not provide a copy of the enegy certificate
Fine from € 2.500,00 to € 10.000,00
An Energy Service Company which does not provide the energy
certificate after 6 month form the contact signature
Fine form € 500,00 to € 2.000,00
If a designer, the work director or the certifier has got a fine he
will be denounced to his professional association.
The certifier cannot do any certificate for 6 month.
The second time he is getting a fine, he will be deleted from the
register for 2 years, after which he has to follow an qualification
course.

Qualified Certifiers Degree
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
Certifiers Technical Background
 Qualified Certifiers: 9.784
 Registered Certifiers : 6.911
High School Technical Degree
University Technical Degree

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
n°diACE
MONTHLY PRODUCTION IN REGIONE LOMBARDIA FROM
01/09/2007
CERTIFICATES PRODUCTION IN REGIONE
LOMBARDIA: STATE OF THE ART

CERTIFICATE FOR PROVENCE FROM 01/09/07
37%
12%
13%
7%
10% 4%
2%
4%6% 2% 3%
RESIDENTIAL NOT RESIDENTIAL
90.000 ENERGY CERTIFICATES HAVE BEEN CHECKED
 Registered certificates:
154.589 (at 30/09/2009)
CERTIFICATES PRODUCTION IN REGIONE
LOMBARDIA: STATE OF THE ART

Energy Certification in Lombardia
EPh
Primary
Energy for
Heating
[kWh/m2]
Residential
Buildings
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
certificazioni energetiche in
Lombardia (CENED)
anno di costruzione
EPh
Construction age

Energy Certification in Lombardia
EPH
Primary Energy
for Heating
EH
Thermal Energy
for Heating
Residential
Buildings
Construction age

More information of the implementation of
EPBD in some countries can be found at
www.buildup.eu
P 166 Czech http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7001
P 167 Finland http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7042
P 168 Italy http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7043
P 169 The Netherlands
http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7059
P 170 Norway http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7044
P 171 Poland http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7045
P 172 Spain http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7050
P 173 Greece http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7051
P 174 Belgium http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7046
P 175 Denmark http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7047
P 176 France http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7048
P 177 Germany http://www.buildup.eu/publications/7049

…and in synthesis reports
P 178 Approaches and possible bottlenecks for
compliance and control of EPBD regulations
P 179 Evaluation of compliance and control in different
member states
P 180 Evaluation of the impact of national EPBD
implementation in MS
P 181 Barriers and good practice examples identified
during early implementation of the EPBD

REHVA: Country reports from benchmark study on European regulations

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