Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal trans-
portation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-
shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing
transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional
and EVs.
Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal trans-
portation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-
shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing
transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional
and EVs.
Fabrication of Hybrid Petroelectric VehicleIJERA Editor
In automobile sector, the need for alternative fuel as a replacement of conventional fossil fuel, due to its depletion and amount of emission has given way for new technologies like Fuel cells vehicles, Electric vehicles. Still a lot of advancement has to take place in these technologies for commercialization. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. Hybrid vehicles are those which can run on two or more powering sources/fuels. Feasibility of this technology is been proved in four wheelers and automobile giants like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have launched successful vehicles like Toyota prius, Honda insight etc. This technology maximizes the advantages of the two fuels and minimizes the disadvantages of the same. The best preferred hybrid pair is electric and fossil fuel. This increases the mileage of the vehicle twice the existing and also reduces the emission to half. At present, we like to explore the hybrid technology in the two wheeler sector and its feasibility on road. This paper deals with an attempt to make a hybrid with electric start and petrol run. Further a design of basic hybrid elements like motor, battery, and engine. As on today, hybrid products are one of the best solutions for all pollution hazards at a fairly nominal price. An investment within the means of a common man that guarantees a better environment to live in.
In green logistics, environmentally-friendly vehicles are strongly recommended as a transportation option. One of the green logistics vehicles is the electric vehicle which is a good selection to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present paper focused on the location-routing problem in electric vehicles by considering multi-depots and hard and soft time windows in uncertain conditions. We proposed a fuzzy bi-objective mathematical model for electric vehicles with a limitation in charge stations, the dependence of energy consumption to vehicle load, and a simultaneous delivery and pick-up. We used the multi-objectives particle swarm meta-heuristic algorithms based on the Pareto archive and the NSGA-II algorithm to solve this model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed model and algorithms, sample problems of EVRPTW were selected and solved using Gomez software and proposed meta-heuristic algorithms. The validation results for the model and algorithm confirmed that the model is valid, and the salving algorithms can solve the model efficiently and converge to an optimal answer. The comparing results of solving algorithms performance showed that, compared to the NSGA-II algorithm, the MOPSO algorithm has a higher ability in all states to generate higher quality responses and more diversity.
CUSTOMER BUYING INTENTION TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Electric vehicle is a new way of transportation having no air, noise pollution and
an environmental friendly way to commute. India being a major market for electric
vehicle and government plan to be an electric vehicle country by 2030 is a major
ambitious plan and to achieve this this study has been conducted to check the
acceptability of people towards electric vehicle and its effect on automobile industry.
In this study we tried to find the people opinion and their awareness about the electric
vehicle, reaction to some shortcomings of electric vehicle and will people accept it
wholeheartedly. Government of India launched FAME scheme to increase the
adoption of electric vehicle among masses.
Almost all the vehicle producer in the world have at least one electric vehicle in
their product portfolio and around the globe the acceptance of electric people is
rapidly growing. Several policies in favor of electric mobility has been rolled out and
its immediate effect are positive. However it’s an ambitious and long journey with a
comprehensive policy plan, it can be achieved. Policies need to be introduce to
discourage the further adoption of gasoline vehicle and new schemes need to be
implemented to aggravate the adoption of electric vehicle.
This study used 9 independent factors pertaining to characteristics of electric cars
and developed a regression model for determining the buying behavior of customer.
The analysis was done using R software. The study found that mobility and recharging
characteristics were found to be most significant factors while RTO norms was
considered to be the least significant characteristic affecting the buying decision of
electric cars. The model developed from our study was 88% accurate and hence can
be used for predicting the buying behavior of customer. This study is of prime
importance to the companies who wanted to launch electric cars in India.
Automotive Hybrid Technology Development - Past, Present and FutureShih Cheng Tung
Recognize the importance of national and European Regulations in relation to renewable technologies in the construction and automotive industries.
Discuss environmentally related technologies and materials that are fundamental in a range of industries including construction, structural mechanics, automotive and environmental operations.
Discuss environmental issues related to resource provision and consumption necessary for the manufacture of engineered products, and analyse potential for the application of alternative energy sources.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of a Compression Igni...J. Agricultural Machinery
This study presents the effects of compressed natural gas fuel on a four-cylinder compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas as the main fuel and diesel fuel as the igniter were used to investigate performance and emissions from the dual fuel engine. According to the engine speed and load, the amount of diesel fuel as igniter was adjusted using mechanical changes in the governor, while no ignition system was used. The engine experimental tests were performed at engine speeds of 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 rpm, using diesel fuel and dual fuel. These data were collected in the Engine Research Center of Tabriz Motorsazan Company and experimental runs were repeated three times. The maximum torque of the engine in diesel mode was 360 N m at 1400 rpm. Compared to the diesel mode, the dual fuel mode showed the maximum torque by 334 N m at 1600 rpm, which is about 26 N m less than that gained from the diesel mode. Considering emissions analysis at 2000 rpm, it is seen that the amount of NOX, HC, CO2 and CO emissions in the dual fuel mode was 20, 53, 16 and 86% more than diesel mode, respectively. However, O2 and soot showed the highest reduction at 2000 rpm for dual fuel mode by 51% and 69% respectively. This study indicated that there was a considerable enhancement in exhausted emissions when the injection of the diesel fuel as igniter was done mechanically. In this regard, control the amount and time of the igniter injection could likely be helped for better control of emissions. Therefore, further research on the modification of the diesel injection system as igniter or CNG injection system is needed towards reducing emissions.
It was a presentation on Hybrid electric vehicles which is a combination of both Hybrid vehicles as well as Electric vehicles.
Due to raise in pollution Government is Encouraging these type of vehicles.
The implementation of government subsidies and tax incentives to enhance the ...Fardeen Ahmed
In this research paper (a riview of literature), I illustrated the effect of government subsidies and tax incentives to accelerate the overall sales and production of Electric vehicle (EVs) in Bangladesh. I would like to thank my professor Gamal Atallah, who is an Associate Professor at the Economics department of University of Ottawa, for guiding me throughout the semester to complete this paper.
Pneumatic Vehicle Using Compressed Air: A Real Solution to Pollution and Fuel...paperpublications3
Abstract: Now days the world faces fuel crisis and pollution problem. Also the conventional fuels are about to end in some years. This necessitates the search for alternative fuels. Compressed air is one of the best alternative fuels which are easily available in atmosphere in abundant form. The main objective of this project is to reduce dependency of vehicle on conventional fuel. The air car is a car currently being developed which is still in the R&D stage all over the world. Compressed air is stored in storage tank with some modifications from the compressor. The pneumatic motor (vane type motor) is used to convert pressure energy into mechanical energy. The rotation of air motor is controlled by controlling the air flow with the help of air gun (flow control valve). The gear box is provided at the end of motor shaft for increasing torque capacity of vehicle. Unlike conventional transmission system includes clutch, counter shaft, flywheel, propeller shaft, differential, our pneumatic motor is coupled to the rear wheel with intermediate gear box which greatly reduces the transmission losses and weight of vehicle. The running and maintenance cost for air car is less than conventional cars. This is a revolutionary design which is not only eco friendly, pollution free but also very economical. With some modifications in storage tank, pneumatic motor, materials used for chassis it is possible to increase the performance of vehicle.
Chris Cherry presented on the future of ebikes at the Transforming Transformation 2015.
Transforming Transportation 2015: Smart Cities for Shared Prosperity is the annual conference co-organized by the World Resources Institute and the World Bank.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Fabrication of Hybrid Petroelectric VehicleIJERA Editor
In automobile sector, the need for alternative fuel as a replacement of conventional fossil fuel, due to its depletion and amount of emission has given way for new technologies like Fuel cells vehicles, Electric vehicles. Still a lot of advancement has to take place in these technologies for commercialization. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. Hybrid vehicles are those which can run on two or more powering sources/fuels. Feasibility of this technology is been proved in four wheelers and automobile giants like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have launched successful vehicles like Toyota prius, Honda insight etc. This technology maximizes the advantages of the two fuels and minimizes the disadvantages of the same. The best preferred hybrid pair is electric and fossil fuel. This increases the mileage of the vehicle twice the existing and also reduces the emission to half. At present, we like to explore the hybrid technology in the two wheeler sector and its feasibility on road. This paper deals with an attempt to make a hybrid with electric start and petrol run. Further a design of basic hybrid elements like motor, battery, and engine. As on today, hybrid products are one of the best solutions for all pollution hazards at a fairly nominal price. An investment within the means of a common man that guarantees a better environment to live in.
In green logistics, environmentally-friendly vehicles are strongly recommended as a transportation option. One of the green logistics vehicles is the electric vehicle which is a good selection to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present paper focused on the location-routing problem in electric vehicles by considering multi-depots and hard and soft time windows in uncertain conditions. We proposed a fuzzy bi-objective mathematical model for electric vehicles with a limitation in charge stations, the dependence of energy consumption to vehicle load, and a simultaneous delivery and pick-up. We used the multi-objectives particle swarm meta-heuristic algorithms based on the Pareto archive and the NSGA-II algorithm to solve this model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed model and algorithms, sample problems of EVRPTW were selected and solved using Gomez software and proposed meta-heuristic algorithms. The validation results for the model and algorithm confirmed that the model is valid, and the salving algorithms can solve the model efficiently and converge to an optimal answer. The comparing results of solving algorithms performance showed that, compared to the NSGA-II algorithm, the MOPSO algorithm has a higher ability in all states to generate higher quality responses and more diversity.
CUSTOMER BUYING INTENTION TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Electric vehicle is a new way of transportation having no air, noise pollution and
an environmental friendly way to commute. India being a major market for electric
vehicle and government plan to be an electric vehicle country by 2030 is a major
ambitious plan and to achieve this this study has been conducted to check the
acceptability of people towards electric vehicle and its effect on automobile industry.
In this study we tried to find the people opinion and their awareness about the electric
vehicle, reaction to some shortcomings of electric vehicle and will people accept it
wholeheartedly. Government of India launched FAME scheme to increase the
adoption of electric vehicle among masses.
Almost all the vehicle producer in the world have at least one electric vehicle in
their product portfolio and around the globe the acceptance of electric people is
rapidly growing. Several policies in favor of electric mobility has been rolled out and
its immediate effect are positive. However it’s an ambitious and long journey with a
comprehensive policy plan, it can be achieved. Policies need to be introduce to
discourage the further adoption of gasoline vehicle and new schemes need to be
implemented to aggravate the adoption of electric vehicle.
This study used 9 independent factors pertaining to characteristics of electric cars
and developed a regression model for determining the buying behavior of customer.
The analysis was done using R software. The study found that mobility and recharging
characteristics were found to be most significant factors while RTO norms was
considered to be the least significant characteristic affecting the buying decision of
electric cars. The model developed from our study was 88% accurate and hence can
be used for predicting the buying behavior of customer. This study is of prime
importance to the companies who wanted to launch electric cars in India.
Automotive Hybrid Technology Development - Past, Present and FutureShih Cheng Tung
Recognize the importance of national and European Regulations in relation to renewable technologies in the construction and automotive industries.
Discuss environmentally related technologies and materials that are fundamental in a range of industries including construction, structural mechanics, automotive and environmental operations.
Discuss environmental issues related to resource provision and consumption necessary for the manufacture of engineered products, and analyse potential for the application of alternative energy sources.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of a Compression Igni...J. Agricultural Machinery
This study presents the effects of compressed natural gas fuel on a four-cylinder compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas as the main fuel and diesel fuel as the igniter were used to investigate performance and emissions from the dual fuel engine. According to the engine speed and load, the amount of diesel fuel as igniter was adjusted using mechanical changes in the governor, while no ignition system was used. The engine experimental tests were performed at engine speeds of 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 rpm, using diesel fuel and dual fuel. These data were collected in the Engine Research Center of Tabriz Motorsazan Company and experimental runs were repeated three times. The maximum torque of the engine in diesel mode was 360 N m at 1400 rpm. Compared to the diesel mode, the dual fuel mode showed the maximum torque by 334 N m at 1600 rpm, which is about 26 N m less than that gained from the diesel mode. Considering emissions analysis at 2000 rpm, it is seen that the amount of NOX, HC, CO2 and CO emissions in the dual fuel mode was 20, 53, 16 and 86% more than diesel mode, respectively. However, O2 and soot showed the highest reduction at 2000 rpm for dual fuel mode by 51% and 69% respectively. This study indicated that there was a considerable enhancement in exhausted emissions when the injection of the diesel fuel as igniter was done mechanically. In this regard, control the amount and time of the igniter injection could likely be helped for better control of emissions. Therefore, further research on the modification of the diesel injection system as igniter or CNG injection system is needed towards reducing emissions.
It was a presentation on Hybrid electric vehicles which is a combination of both Hybrid vehicles as well as Electric vehicles.
Due to raise in pollution Government is Encouraging these type of vehicles.
The implementation of government subsidies and tax incentives to enhance the ...Fardeen Ahmed
In this research paper (a riview of literature), I illustrated the effect of government subsidies and tax incentives to accelerate the overall sales and production of Electric vehicle (EVs) in Bangladesh. I would like to thank my professor Gamal Atallah, who is an Associate Professor at the Economics department of University of Ottawa, for guiding me throughout the semester to complete this paper.
Pneumatic Vehicle Using Compressed Air: A Real Solution to Pollution and Fuel...paperpublications3
Abstract: Now days the world faces fuel crisis and pollution problem. Also the conventional fuels are about to end in some years. This necessitates the search for alternative fuels. Compressed air is one of the best alternative fuels which are easily available in atmosphere in abundant form. The main objective of this project is to reduce dependency of vehicle on conventional fuel. The air car is a car currently being developed which is still in the R&D stage all over the world. Compressed air is stored in storage tank with some modifications from the compressor. The pneumatic motor (vane type motor) is used to convert pressure energy into mechanical energy. The rotation of air motor is controlled by controlling the air flow with the help of air gun (flow control valve). The gear box is provided at the end of motor shaft for increasing torque capacity of vehicle. Unlike conventional transmission system includes clutch, counter shaft, flywheel, propeller shaft, differential, our pneumatic motor is coupled to the rear wheel with intermediate gear box which greatly reduces the transmission losses and weight of vehicle. The running and maintenance cost for air car is less than conventional cars. This is a revolutionary design which is not only eco friendly, pollution free but also very economical. With some modifications in storage tank, pneumatic motor, materials used for chassis it is possible to increase the performance of vehicle.
Chris Cherry presented on the future of ebikes at the Transforming Transformation 2015.
Transforming Transportation 2015: Smart Cities for Shared Prosperity is the annual conference co-organized by the World Resources Institute and the World Bank.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. REFRENCES
• [05] Zuccari, F., Orecchini, F., Santiangeli, A., Suppa, T., Ortenzi, F., Genovese,
A. and Pede, G., 2019, December. Well to wheel analysis and comparison between
conventional, hybrid and electric powertrain in real conditions of use. In AIP
Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2191, No. 1, p. 020158). AIP Publishing LLC.
• [02] Charadsuksawat, A., Laoonual, Y. and Chollacoop, N., 2018, June.
Comparative study of hybrid electric vehicle and conventional vehicle under new
european driving cycle and bangkok driving cycle. In 2018 IEEE Transportation
Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) (pp. 1-6).
IEEE.
• [04] Kiseleva, E.V., Kaminskiy, N.S. and Presnykov, V.A., 2020, April. Study of
Fuel Efficiency of Hybrid Vehicles. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science (Vol. 459, No. 2, p. 022086). IOP Publishing.
• [03] Prajapati, K.C., Patel, R. and Sagar, R., 2014. Hybrid vehicle: A study on
technology. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT), 3(12), p.8.
• [5] 2021-Brochure_Insight.pdf (dealerinspire.com)
• [6] brochure.pdf
[06]Negarestani, S., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., Rastegar, M. and Rajabi-Ghahnavieh, A., 2016.
Optimal sizing of storage system in a fast charging station for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE
transactions on transportation electrification, 2(4), pp.443-453.
Bakhsh, F.I. and Alam, M.S., 2011, February. Comparative Study of Alternative Energy Vehicles:
State of the Art Review. In Power, Instrumentation & Energy Conference, AMU Aligarh, India (pp.
12-13).
[07]Panday, A. and Bansal, H.O., 2015. Hybrid electric vehicle performance analysis under
various temperature conditions. Energy Procedia, 75, pp.1962-1967.
[08]Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Thompson, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of fuel
consumption in parallel hybrid vehicles. Journal of Automotive Engineering, 45(2), 123-
137.
2. [09]Wang, L., Chen, H., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Impact of hybrid vehicle technology on CO2
emissions: A comparative study. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(9), 5214-
5222.
[10]Kang, S., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2018). Fuel consumption analysis of hybrid vehicles under
different driving conditions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,
61, 105-119.
[11]Johnson, C., Davis, R., & Brown, A. (2016). Evaluating the fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of series hybrid vehicles in urban driving conditions. Energy, 92, 36-45.
[12]Li, Z., Yang, J., & Liu, X. (2018). Tank-to-wheel efficiency analysis of parallel and series
hybrid vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 396, 123-132.
Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Chen, H. (2019). Optimizing the electric range of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles for reduced CO2 emissions. Applied Energy, 237, 267-279.
Li, S., Zhang, X., & Li, L. (2020). Comparative study on fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119058.
[13] Gao, S., Li, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). Comparative analysis of CO2 emissions and energy
efficiency in different hybrid vehicle configurations. Transportation Research Part C:
Emerging Technologies, 125, 103113.
Johnson, A., Thompson, M., & Davis, R. (2018). Impact of driving patterns on fuel
consumption in parallel hybrid electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment, 32, 45-60.
Brown, H., & Wilson, S. (2019). Tank-to-wheel efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles:
A case study. Energy Policy, 65, 78-92.
Lee, C., Kim, S., & Park, H. (2020). Comparative study of CO2 emissions in parallel and
series hybrid electric buses. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation
Review, 98, 112-125.
Chen, L., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2021). Analysis of CO2 emissions reduction potential of plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles in urban areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 135543.
3. Wilson, A., & Taylor, B. (2017). Comparative study on fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of series and parallel hybrid electric motorcycles. Transportation Research Part
F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 51, 86-99.
Kim, H., Park, J., & Lee, G. (2018). Environmental impact assessment of hybrid electric
vehicles: A life cycle perspective. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 42(5), 112-125.
Li, Z., Johnson, C., & Davis, R. (2019). Analysis of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption in
plug-in hybrid electric trucks. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 45-56.
Thompson, M., Smith, J., & Wilson, S. (2020). Comparative study on the environmental
performance of series and parallel hybrid electric tractors. Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics, 28(2), 123-137.
Brown, A., Taylor, B., & Wilson, H. (2021). Tank-to-wheel efficiency analysis of plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles: A comparative study. Energy Economics, 86, 78-92.
Lee, C., Johnson, A., & Chen, L. (2018). Comparative analysis of CO2 emissions reduction
in parallel and series hybrid electric scooters. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 112-
125.
Wilson, S., Smith, J., & Thompson, M. (2019). Analysis of CO2 emissions in plug-in hybrid
electric delivery vans: A case study. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 24(3), 45-
60.
Taylor, B., Kim, H., & Park, J. (2020). Comparative study on fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of series and parallel hybrid electric boats. Transportation Research Part C:
Emerging Technologies, 112, 86-99.
Johnson, C., Davis, R., & Li, Z. (2017). Comparative analysis of CO2 emissions and fuel
consumption in plug-in hybrid electric buses. Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment, 42, 45-56.
International Energy Agency (IEA), Key World Energy Statistics 2016. IEA Publications, France,
2016.
4. [2] International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Technology Perspectives 2010. Soregraph, France,
2010.
[3] Fontaras, G., Pistikopoulos, P. and Samaras, Z., Experimental Evaluation of Hybrid Vehicle Fuel
Economy and Pollutant Emissions Over Real – World Simulation Driving Cycles. Atmospheric
Environment 42 (2008) 4023-4035, 2008.
[4] Pitanuwat, S. and Sripakagorn, A., An Investigation of Fuel Economy Potential of Hybrid
Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions in Bangkok. Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 1046-1053.
[5] United Nations, Regulation No. 101. United Nations, Geneva, 2013.
[6] Japan Transport Cooperation Association, Summary of the CDM study report on F.Y. 2003:
study to Promote CDM Projects in Transport Sector in order to Resolve Global Environmental
Problem (Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case). Japan Transport Cooperation Association, Japan,
2004.
Toyota Motor Thailand Corporation Limited, New Prius. Toyota Motor Thailand Corporation
Limited, Thailand, 2012.
[8] Toyota Motor Thailand Corporation Limited, New Altis. Toyota Motor Thailand Corporation
Limited, Thailand, 2015.
[9] Toyota Motor Thailand Corporation Limited, Toyota Camry Hybrid. Toyota Motor Thailand
Corporation Limited, Thailand, 2015.
[10] Ehsani, M., Gao, Y. and Emadi, A., “Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles,”
2nd ed., CRC Press.
Abstract:
This study compares the efficiency in terms of CO2 emissions, fuel use, and energy
efficiency of various hybrid vehicle layouts, such as parallel hybrids, series hybrids, and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In order to guide future improvements in hybrid
5. vehicle technology, the study's goal is to offer insights on the environmental effect and
energy efficiency of certain hybrid configurations.
In accordance with the technique used in this study, models of hybrid vehicles that best
reflect each configuration were chosen. Through a combination of lab testing and
simulation-based methods, data on CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and energy
efficiency are gathered. The total environmental performance and energy efficiency of
the hybrid setups are evaluated using performance measures including tank-to-wheel
efficiency and average speed.
According to the study's findings, there are big disparities in the hybrid configurations in
terms of CO2 emissions, fuel usage, and energy effectiveness. In comparison to typical
petrol automobiles, the parallel hybrid arrangement exhibits improved fuel efficiency and
decreased CO2 emissions. Series hybrids, on the other hand, show even larger reductions
in CO2 emissions and fuel usage, especially in city driving situations. With their ability to
run entirely on electricity, PHEVs have a promising future in terms of significantly
lowering CO2 emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The results of this study have significant repercussions for environmental laws and policy.
They emphasise the necessity of encouraging the usage of hybrid cars, especially series
hybrids and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), in order to significantly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel use. These insights can also be used by
manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient hybrid systems that are suited to
particular driving scenarios and consumer demands.
Future research directions are also suggested by the study. Further investigation is
required to create sophisticated power management techniques, improve hybrid system
topologies, and assess the long-term dependability and longevity of hybrid vehicle
components. Future research has intriguing prospects for examining the use of
6. renewable energy sources and the environmental impact of hybrid cars over their entire
lifecycles.
In summary, this comparison analysis offers useful information about how various hybrid
car designs perform in terms of CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and energy efficiency.
The findings guide next research and developments in hybrid vehicle technology while
also advancing the development of sustainable transportation networks.
Keywords:
CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, energy efficiency, parallel hybrids, series hybrids, plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), performance metrics, tank-to-wheel efficiency,
environmental impact, renewable energy integration,
![REFRENCES
• [05] Zuccari, F., Orecchini, F., Santiangeli, A., Suppa, T., Ortenzi, F., Genovese,
A. and Pede, G., 2019, December. Well to wheel analysis and comparison between
conventional, hybrid and electric powertrain in real conditions of use. In AIP
Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2191, No. 1, p. 020158). AIP Publishing LLC.
• [02] Charadsuksawat, A., Laoonual, Y. and Chollacoop, N., 2018, June.
Comparative study of hybrid electric vehicle and conventional vehicle under new
european driving cycle and bangkok driving cycle. In 2018 IEEE Transportation
Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) (pp. 1-6).
IEEE.
• [04] Kiseleva, E.V., Kaminskiy, N.S. and Presnykov, V.A., 2020, April. Study of
Fuel Efficiency of Hybrid Vehicles. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science (Vol. 459, No. 2, p. 022086). IOP Publishing.
• [03] Prajapati, K.C., Patel, R. and Sagar, R., 2014. Hybrid vehicle: A study on
technology. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT), 3(12), p.8.
• [5] 2021-Brochure_Insight.pdf (dealerinspire.com)
• [6] brochure.pdf
[06]Negarestani, S., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., Rastegar, M. and Rajabi-Ghahnavieh, A., 2016.
Optimal sizing of storage system in a fast charging station for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE
transactions on transportation electrification, 2(4), pp.443-453.
Bakhsh, F.I. and Alam, M.S., 2011, February. Comparative Study of Alternative Energy Vehicles:
State of the Art Review. In Power, Instrumentation & Energy Conference, AMU Aligarh, India (pp.
12-13).
[07]Panday, A. and Bansal, H.O., 2015. Hybrid electric vehicle performance analysis under
various temperature conditions. Energy Procedia, 75, pp.1962-1967.
[08]Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Thompson, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of fuel
consumption in parallel hybrid vehicles. Journal of Automotive Engineering, 45(2), 123-
137.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/refrences-230521160626-05619cb4/85/REFRENCES-docx-1-320.jpg)
![[09]Wang, L., Chen, H., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Impact of hybrid vehicle technology on CO2
emissions: A comparative study. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(9), 5214-
5222.
[10]Kang, S., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2018). Fuel consumption analysis of hybrid vehicles under
different driving conditions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,
61, 105-119.
[11]Johnson, C., Davis, R., & Brown, A. (2016). Evaluating the fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of series hybrid vehicles in urban driving conditions. Energy, 92, 36-45.
[12]Li, Z., Yang, J., & Liu, X. (2018). Tank-to-wheel efficiency analysis of parallel and series
hybrid vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 396, 123-132.
Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Chen, H. (2019). Optimizing the electric range of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles for reduced CO2 emissions. Applied Energy, 237, 267-279.
Li, S., Zhang, X., & Li, L. (2020). Comparative study on fuel consumption and CO2
emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119058.
[13] Gao, S., Li, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). Comparative analysis of CO2 emissions and energy
efficiency in different hybrid vehicle configurations. Transportation Research Part C:
Emerging Technologies, 125, 103113.
Johnson, A., Thompson, M., & Davis, R. (2018). Impact of driving patterns on fuel
consumption in parallel hybrid electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment, 32, 45-60.
Brown, H., & Wilson, S. (2019). Tank-to-wheel efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles:
A case study. Energy Policy, 65, 78-92.
Lee, C., Kim, S., & Park, H. (2020). Comparative study of CO2 emissions in parallel and
series hybrid electric buses. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation
Review, 98, 112-125.
Chen, L., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2021). Analysis of CO2 emissions reduction potential of plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles in urban areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 135543.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)