1. Myopia, also known as near-sightedness, occurs when rays of light focus anterior to the retina. It can be caused by disturbances in eye growth and degenerative changes, increased axial length and corneal curvature, or changes in the lens. 2. There are several types of myopia, including congenital, simple, and pathological. Pathological myopia tends to progress more rapidly and severely, especially in women, Jews, Japanese, and those who do close work. 3. Symptoms of myopia include indistinct distant vision, black spots, discomfort after near work, and flashes of light. Signs include a large pupil, prominent eye, and possible retinal damage or tearing seen on

1. Refractive error-Myopia by dr.
jyoti pankaj,M.D.(hom.)
Myopia-Shortsightedness-Rays of
light focus anterior to retina

2. Image - myopia and correction

3. Etiology
• Disturbance of growth-degenerative
change(anterior to eqator part-normal)
• Axial and curvature of cornea,lens
• increased refractive index of the nucleus-in
senile nuclear cataract
• Dislocation forward of lens

4. Types of myopia
• 1-congenital-uni or bilateral,stationary,fundus
may lack pigmentation,may be associated with
convergent squint
• 2-simple-common,no degeneration fundus,-5,-6D
• 3-pathological-degenrative,progressive,begins at
age 5-10,increases steadily to -15to -20 in early
adult life(25 yr or
beyond),women,jews,japanes,convergence in
near work

5. 4- acquired type myopia
• Nuclear sclerosis
• Curvatural
• Positional
• Corrected hypermetropia
• Pseudo-spasm

6. Symptoms of myopia
• Indistinct distant vision-common-unable to
see blackboard
• Black spots
• Discomfort after near vision
• Flashes of light
• Night blindness in high myopias

7. signs
• Large pupil,prominent eye,deep anterior
chamber
• Apparent squint
• Fundus cheque-sclera may bulge out,retinal
damage or tear,choroid degeneration

8. Complication
• Vitreous
liquifaction(degeneration),haemorrhage,opaci
ties,detachment-common
• Retianal damage
• Complicated cataract-lens nutritional
disturbance
• High myopia due to glucoma

9. Prognosis
• Good in simple-does not progress beyond6-
8,stabilizes by 21 yrs
• Pathological-guarded-in close work
occupation
• Prophylaxis-two with progressive should
marriage

10. treatment
• Spectacles-sherical concave lens
• Hygiene-illumination,correct distance of
reading book(25cm.)
• Operative-cornea surgery-cuts keratotomy
• Lasik
• Contact lens
• Homoeopathic remedies