My first essay written in english. It may have some mistakes. I've could done better but I'm proud of it.
Keywords: Citizenship. Culture. Multilingual ability.
Khaled Islaih shares his reflections on participating in the Docs for Change program. He joined the program to raise awareness about issues related to immigration, multilingualism, and linguistic discrimination in workplaces and communities. Through the program, he learned documentary and storytelling skills to share perspectives on these issues. He believes the program will have a significant impact on immigrant communities by giving immigrants a platform to share their voices and stories and help reimagine our humanity. He is grateful for what he has learned and thanks the Docs for Change team.
Intercultural dialogue seeks to understand different cultural viewpoints through respectful sharing of ideas. It emphasizes opportunities to broaden one's own perspective and worldview by exploring how others perceive the world. As cultures increasingly intersect in a globalized world, the ability to engage in tolerant dialogue across cultural differences is important for individuals, communities and nations. Higher education can strengthen learning, skills and knowledge by incorporating intercultural dialogue.
This document discusses issues of linguistic identity in the context of globalization. It addresses how movement of people and ideas across borders has intensified contact between languages and created new hybrid identities. Globalization has led to changing conceptualizations of self and flexible linkages between language and speaker. Debates around linguistic identity often center on whether globalization leads to linguistic homogeneity or emphasis on local languages, but recent work views the relationship between local and global languages as more complex, recognizing hybridity and fluid identities. The case of English illustrates this complexity, as new Englishes have emerged but are still positioned as non-standard within global power structures.
Nowadays, teaching languages has evolved more than ever. This has been the result of many
researches that aimed at simplifying the job of educators and the task of learning. Therefore, in this globalized
world there has been an urgent need to see how language can be taught without threatening the native culture.
In this respects scholars have haggled to find techniques that can help students develop their cultural
awareness. Besides being culturally aware it has been of a great importance to see how language and culture
can mingle in a smooth way so that students can be able to think locally (respect their native culture) but work
globally in a way thatenables them to see both the positive and negative aspects of cultural differences. They
construct their own standpoint by becoming tolerant towards the foreign culture and sovereign to their own.
Global Voices is an organization that connects bloggers and citizen journalists around the world to share perspectives. They are working to build bridges between Armenian and Azerbaijani bloggers and journalists to foster understanding and dialogue. Their approach involves connecting bloggers across borders, providing resources, and setting an example by promoting alternative voices. While new media can help people learn about each other, it also risks reinforcing biases, so care is needed. The most effective strategies may combine online and offline interactions to gradually build trust and break down negative stereotypes over time.
Introduction to virtual intercultural exchangesClaudia Warth
Virtual exchanges can develop intercultural communicative competence (ICC) by providing authentic intercultural interaction using a foreign language in a controlled online environment. ICC involves intercultural competence, cultural competence, and communicative competence, including understanding cultural concepts/artifacts of one's own and other cultures. Byram's model of ICC includes attitudes of openness, knowledge of social groups and cultures, skills in interpreting/relating other cultures and discovering/interacting in intercultural situations, and critical cultural awareness. Learning contents can explore "languaculture," the connection between language and culture, and "rich points" when cultural assumptions differ.
The document discusses how Rupantar, a development organization in Bangladesh, uses traditional cultural forms like pot songs, folk drama, and popular publications for development communication and non-formal education in communities. It describes how these forms are rooted in local culture and use colloquial language to effectively impart messages on issues like women's empowerment, disaster preparedness, and livelihoods to millions of people annually, including those who are illiterate. Rupantar adapts these forms to incorporate modern topics while maintaining their grassroots appeal, flexibility, and ability to satisfy needs for self-expression.
Khaled Islaih shares his reflections on participating in the Docs for Change program. He joined the program to raise awareness about issues related to immigration, multilingualism, and linguistic discrimination in workplaces and communities. Through the program, he learned documentary and storytelling skills to share perspectives on these issues. He believes the program will have a significant impact on immigrant communities by giving immigrants a platform to share their voices and stories and help reimagine our humanity. He is grateful for what he has learned and thanks the Docs for Change team.
Intercultural dialogue seeks to understand different cultural viewpoints through respectful sharing of ideas. It emphasizes opportunities to broaden one's own perspective and worldview by exploring how others perceive the world. As cultures increasingly intersect in a globalized world, the ability to engage in tolerant dialogue across cultural differences is important for individuals, communities and nations. Higher education can strengthen learning, skills and knowledge by incorporating intercultural dialogue.
This document discusses issues of linguistic identity in the context of globalization. It addresses how movement of people and ideas across borders has intensified contact between languages and created new hybrid identities. Globalization has led to changing conceptualizations of self and flexible linkages between language and speaker. Debates around linguistic identity often center on whether globalization leads to linguistic homogeneity or emphasis on local languages, but recent work views the relationship between local and global languages as more complex, recognizing hybridity and fluid identities. The case of English illustrates this complexity, as new Englishes have emerged but are still positioned as non-standard within global power structures.
Nowadays, teaching languages has evolved more than ever. This has been the result of many
researches that aimed at simplifying the job of educators and the task of learning. Therefore, in this globalized
world there has been an urgent need to see how language can be taught without threatening the native culture.
In this respects scholars have haggled to find techniques that can help students develop their cultural
awareness. Besides being culturally aware it has been of a great importance to see how language and culture
can mingle in a smooth way so that students can be able to think locally (respect their native culture) but work
globally in a way thatenables them to see both the positive and negative aspects of cultural differences. They
construct their own standpoint by becoming tolerant towards the foreign culture and sovereign to their own.
Global Voices is an organization that connects bloggers and citizen journalists around the world to share perspectives. They are working to build bridges between Armenian and Azerbaijani bloggers and journalists to foster understanding and dialogue. Their approach involves connecting bloggers across borders, providing resources, and setting an example by promoting alternative voices. While new media can help people learn about each other, it also risks reinforcing biases, so care is needed. The most effective strategies may combine online and offline interactions to gradually build trust and break down negative stereotypes over time.
Introduction to virtual intercultural exchangesClaudia Warth
Virtual exchanges can develop intercultural communicative competence (ICC) by providing authentic intercultural interaction using a foreign language in a controlled online environment. ICC involves intercultural competence, cultural competence, and communicative competence, including understanding cultural concepts/artifacts of one's own and other cultures. Byram's model of ICC includes attitudes of openness, knowledge of social groups and cultures, skills in interpreting/relating other cultures and discovering/interacting in intercultural situations, and critical cultural awareness. Learning contents can explore "languaculture," the connection between language and culture, and "rich points" when cultural assumptions differ.
The document discusses how Rupantar, a development organization in Bangladesh, uses traditional cultural forms like pot songs, folk drama, and popular publications for development communication and non-formal education in communities. It describes how these forms are rooted in local culture and use colloquial language to effectively impart messages on issues like women's empowerment, disaster preparedness, and livelihoods to millions of people annually, including those who are illiterate. Rupantar adapts these forms to incorporate modern topics while maintaining their grassroots appeal, flexibility, and ability to satisfy needs for self-expression.
This document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It defines both language and identity, explaining that language is not static and is used to express, transmit, and adapt culture. Identity is also defined as plural and dynamic, influenced by both conscious and unconscious processes. The document then examines how language and identity influence each other, with language choices impacting how one constructs their identity and how others perceive them. It notes that while individuals aim to self-select their identity, others ultimately define it through discourse. Language policies can thus diminish independence and control populations by suppressing politically sensitive languages. In conclusion, the document states that a broad connection exists between language and identity, as language defines ethnic groups, social status, power, and helps determine
The document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It explains that identity is multifaceted and expressed through factors like accent, vocabulary, and naming practices. How people address each other and what pronouns they use can indicate social relationships and group membership. Language use helps people both construct their own identities and categorize others as belonging to certain social groups or not. Identity involves complex interactions between individual, social, and political identities shaped by language.
Rewriting the Classroom and the City: A Curriculum in Translation and Linguis...Dave Malinowski
This document outlines a project called "Translate New Haven" which aims to encourage students and residents in New Haven, CT to imagine and create a more multilingual city through translation of signage and other language resources. The project involves students in various activities designed to build awareness of the linguistic diversity in New Haven, develop skills in reading language in public spaces, and produce tangible multilingual resources through translation. Some key activities include surveying home and school languages, reading meanings and audiences of existing signs, and creating new multilingual signs and maps through the process of translation. The overall goal is to enrich civic life in New Haven by making public spaces more multilingually inclusive and accessible to diverse communities.
1) Cultural identity is complex and defined by relationships with other individuals and groups. Understanding other cultures helps people better understand their own identity.
2) Valuing cultural diversity and allowing cultural expression are important for countering racism. Denying cultural expression limits the sharing of unique perspectives.
3) After living in multiple cultures, people broaden their perceptions and begin to feel part of a multicultural identity rather than only their original culture. Returning to their original culture can make them feel like outsiders.
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
This document summarizes a lecture about language and identity. It discusses how structuralism cannot address context, style, and identity considerations. It also discusses how language ideologies view languages as emblems of national identity but that languages are actually more complex, with multiple codes and practices woven into cultural life. Finally, it provides examples of the political histories relating to marginalized languages like Welsh and Mexican Spanish in the contexts of Wales and the United States.
This is my presentation in JACET 54th International conference. It's just ongoing study but you can easily understand English is not so important and how important cultural study is!
This document discusses the complex relationships between language, power, and identity. It provides examples of how identities are constructed through language choices and how power dynamics influence these constructions. Specifically, it examines:
1) Tensions in Austria between Austrian German and Standard High German and how language policies shape national identity.
2) How migrants experience discrimination and identity challenges in second language acquisition due to power imbalances.
3) How language tests for citizenship and residency function as gatekeeping mechanisms that exert power over identity construction for migrants.
The document summarizes the importance of learning English in Mexico and the world. It discusses how communication, language, learning, and teaching are defined. It then outlines reasons why English is important, such as for communicating with tourists, reading books and magazines, understanding movies and songs, its importance in the business world and for work, intellectual and social development, various areas of knowledge, preparing students for life, meeting people when traveling to English-speaking countries, trade and political relations, doing business, reading websites, the global economy, culture, politics, military, science, student mobility to other countries, understanding other cultures, globalization, and acquiring skills and competencies. The document concludes by thanking the audience for their attention.
Linguistic Landscape and its Implications for Language TeachingDave Malinowski
This document discusses using the linguistic landscape (LL) as a resource for language teaching and learning. It argues that the LL shows language as situated discourses that are multiple, contingent, and ideologically charged. It suggests language learners can both read and creatively act upon the LL, such as through reading, writing, performance and translation. Examples are given of projects involving the LL, such as neighborhood visits, translations, and creating one's own LL through school or community projects. Tools for mapping, annotating and discussing the LL digitally are also listed.
The document discusses reframing concepts of language and literacy development in transnational and multilingual communities. It introduces the concept of "translingual and transliteracy education" as a new way to think about this phenomenon. The document provides examples of metaphors used to describe language development, defines translingualism, and gives concrete examples for how English teachers can incorporate translingual principles.
Acting on the Linguistic Landscape: Performativity, Translation, and other Po...Dave Malinowski
This document discusses using the linguistic landscape as a resource for language teaching and learning. It proposes that the linguistic landscape, which includes signs, advertisements, and other written language in public spaces, can help show language as situated within specific places and discourses. The performative nature of signs allows students to not just read but actively engage with the linguistic landscape. Examples are given of projects using the linguistic landscape, such as photographing signs, translating signs, and mapping language use within neighborhoods. The linguistic landscape is proposed as a spatial way to teach language that incorporates students' whole experience of places, sights, and sounds.
"Who's afraid of Google Translate?" - NERALLT 2016 talkDave Malinowski
This document discusses using Google Translate to support language awareness and second language learning. It argues that translation can illuminate differences between languages and point out specific contrasts between a student's first and target second languages. The document outlines several ways Google Translate can be used pedagogically, such as having students translate between languages to explore word choices and noticing errors. It suggests challenging students with language that is hard to directly translate due to being highly contextual, ambiguous, or local. Frameworks for teaching with translation and tools for visual analysis and annotation are also mentioned.
Intercultural communication involves interactions between people from different cultural backgrounds, shaped by their shared systems of symbols and meanings. There are three hazards to avoid when studying intercultural communication: oversimplification, overgeneralization, and exaggeration. While culture affects all aspects of life and communication, some aspects of communication are universal - power imbalances exist in all interactions, and those with more power have a greater responsibility. Understanding these concepts helps address issues in intercultural communication.
This document discusses a research article that examines metalinguistic talk among Chinese-Malaysian youth about societal multilingualism in Malaysia. The researcher had groups of Chinese-Malaysian youths discuss examples of Malaysia's multilingual linguistic landscape to elicit metalinguistic discussions. Their discussions manifested rich metalinguistic perspectives on Malaysia's linguistic and ethnic diversity that were shaped by the country's complex sociopolitical history and context. The researcher analyzed the different topics that emerged in the discussions and recurrent narratives about language, ethnicity, and national identity. The study demonstrates that examining a linguistic landscape can be an effective methodological tool for understanding grassroots sociocognitive perspectives on multilingualism.
National Coalition For Literacy defines literacy as using printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential. Literacy is a global issue that is important for quality of life. Minority groups without literacy in their own or other languages are marginalized and disadvantaged in today's digital world. The urgency of addressing literacy for all, especially the poor and marginalized, is increasing with globalization.
This document discusses societal multilingualism and how it arises. It notes that most countries and communities are multilingual rather than monolingual. Multilingualism can develop through migration, both voluntary and involuntary, as well as through conquest and colonial policies that incorporate different language groups. This has led to diverse mixes of languages within countries that can be stable or volatile. The document also discusses concepts like language loyalty, endangered languages, and the close connection between language and ethnic identity.
David Malinowski "Linguistic Landscape: New Contexts, Competencies, and Direc...ColumbiaLRC
This document discusses the concept of linguistic landscape, which refers to the languages used in public signage and displays in a given area. It provides context on the origins and development of linguistic landscape studies, which draw from fields like sociolinguistics, urban studies, and cultural geography. The document outlines how the languages present or absent in an area's public spaces can influence perceptions of ethnic group identities and power dynamics. It also notes that signs and language have agency and consequences, affecting and reflecting social actions. The document aims to introduce linguistic landscape concepts and questions to consider in language education.
Video production supply, lighting rental, generators, grip equipment and film...vidyasagar555
Pirate Grip & Electric was founded in 2003. Originating out of a small van, the Pirate fleet has grown into multiple packages to service any size production. With a long history servicing commercials, television and film, Pirate Grip and Electric can get the job done without all the hassle
This document discusses concerns and presenters in Ruby on Rails. It describes concerns as reusable pieces of code that can be included in models, controllers, and other classes to DRY up code. Concerns help with modularization, separation of concerns, and refactoring. Presenters are introduced as a design pattern to clean up controllers and views by introducing an object-oriented layer between them. While concerns and presenters improve code organization and testability, they do add complexity that must be managed.
This document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It defines both language and identity, explaining that language is not static and is used to express, transmit, and adapt culture. Identity is also defined as plural and dynamic, influenced by both conscious and unconscious processes. The document then examines how language and identity influence each other, with language choices impacting how one constructs their identity and how others perceive them. It notes that while individuals aim to self-select their identity, others ultimately define it through discourse. Language policies can thus diminish independence and control populations by suppressing politically sensitive languages. In conclusion, the document states that a broad connection exists between language and identity, as language defines ethnic groups, social status, power, and helps determine
The document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It explains that identity is multifaceted and expressed through factors like accent, vocabulary, and naming practices. How people address each other and what pronouns they use can indicate social relationships and group membership. Language use helps people both construct their own identities and categorize others as belonging to certain social groups or not. Identity involves complex interactions between individual, social, and political identities shaped by language.
Rewriting the Classroom and the City: A Curriculum in Translation and Linguis...Dave Malinowski
This document outlines a project called "Translate New Haven" which aims to encourage students and residents in New Haven, CT to imagine and create a more multilingual city through translation of signage and other language resources. The project involves students in various activities designed to build awareness of the linguistic diversity in New Haven, develop skills in reading language in public spaces, and produce tangible multilingual resources through translation. Some key activities include surveying home and school languages, reading meanings and audiences of existing signs, and creating new multilingual signs and maps through the process of translation. The overall goal is to enrich civic life in New Haven by making public spaces more multilingually inclusive and accessible to diverse communities.
1) Cultural identity is complex and defined by relationships with other individuals and groups. Understanding other cultures helps people better understand their own identity.
2) Valuing cultural diversity and allowing cultural expression are important for countering racism. Denying cultural expression limits the sharing of unique perspectives.
3) After living in multiple cultures, people broaden their perceptions and begin to feel part of a multicultural identity rather than only their original culture. Returning to their original culture can make them feel like outsiders.
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
This document summarizes a lecture about language and identity. It discusses how structuralism cannot address context, style, and identity considerations. It also discusses how language ideologies view languages as emblems of national identity but that languages are actually more complex, with multiple codes and practices woven into cultural life. Finally, it provides examples of the political histories relating to marginalized languages like Welsh and Mexican Spanish in the contexts of Wales and the United States.
This is my presentation in JACET 54th International conference. It's just ongoing study but you can easily understand English is not so important and how important cultural study is!
This document discusses the complex relationships between language, power, and identity. It provides examples of how identities are constructed through language choices and how power dynamics influence these constructions. Specifically, it examines:
1) Tensions in Austria between Austrian German and Standard High German and how language policies shape national identity.
2) How migrants experience discrimination and identity challenges in second language acquisition due to power imbalances.
3) How language tests for citizenship and residency function as gatekeeping mechanisms that exert power over identity construction for migrants.
The document summarizes the importance of learning English in Mexico and the world. It discusses how communication, language, learning, and teaching are defined. It then outlines reasons why English is important, such as for communicating with tourists, reading books and magazines, understanding movies and songs, its importance in the business world and for work, intellectual and social development, various areas of knowledge, preparing students for life, meeting people when traveling to English-speaking countries, trade and political relations, doing business, reading websites, the global economy, culture, politics, military, science, student mobility to other countries, understanding other cultures, globalization, and acquiring skills and competencies. The document concludes by thanking the audience for their attention.
Linguistic Landscape and its Implications for Language TeachingDave Malinowski
This document discusses using the linguistic landscape (LL) as a resource for language teaching and learning. It argues that the LL shows language as situated discourses that are multiple, contingent, and ideologically charged. It suggests language learners can both read and creatively act upon the LL, such as through reading, writing, performance and translation. Examples are given of projects involving the LL, such as neighborhood visits, translations, and creating one's own LL through school or community projects. Tools for mapping, annotating and discussing the LL digitally are also listed.
The document discusses reframing concepts of language and literacy development in transnational and multilingual communities. It introduces the concept of "translingual and transliteracy education" as a new way to think about this phenomenon. The document provides examples of metaphors used to describe language development, defines translingualism, and gives concrete examples for how English teachers can incorporate translingual principles.
Acting on the Linguistic Landscape: Performativity, Translation, and other Po...Dave Malinowski
This document discusses using the linguistic landscape as a resource for language teaching and learning. It proposes that the linguistic landscape, which includes signs, advertisements, and other written language in public spaces, can help show language as situated within specific places and discourses. The performative nature of signs allows students to not just read but actively engage with the linguistic landscape. Examples are given of projects using the linguistic landscape, such as photographing signs, translating signs, and mapping language use within neighborhoods. The linguistic landscape is proposed as a spatial way to teach language that incorporates students' whole experience of places, sights, and sounds.
"Who's afraid of Google Translate?" - NERALLT 2016 talkDave Malinowski
This document discusses using Google Translate to support language awareness and second language learning. It argues that translation can illuminate differences between languages and point out specific contrasts between a student's first and target second languages. The document outlines several ways Google Translate can be used pedagogically, such as having students translate between languages to explore word choices and noticing errors. It suggests challenging students with language that is hard to directly translate due to being highly contextual, ambiguous, or local. Frameworks for teaching with translation and tools for visual analysis and annotation are also mentioned.
Intercultural communication involves interactions between people from different cultural backgrounds, shaped by their shared systems of symbols and meanings. There are three hazards to avoid when studying intercultural communication: oversimplification, overgeneralization, and exaggeration. While culture affects all aspects of life and communication, some aspects of communication are universal - power imbalances exist in all interactions, and those with more power have a greater responsibility. Understanding these concepts helps address issues in intercultural communication.
This document discusses a research article that examines metalinguistic talk among Chinese-Malaysian youth about societal multilingualism in Malaysia. The researcher had groups of Chinese-Malaysian youths discuss examples of Malaysia's multilingual linguistic landscape to elicit metalinguistic discussions. Their discussions manifested rich metalinguistic perspectives on Malaysia's linguistic and ethnic diversity that were shaped by the country's complex sociopolitical history and context. The researcher analyzed the different topics that emerged in the discussions and recurrent narratives about language, ethnicity, and national identity. The study demonstrates that examining a linguistic landscape can be an effective methodological tool for understanding grassroots sociocognitive perspectives on multilingualism.
National Coalition For Literacy defines literacy as using printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential. Literacy is a global issue that is important for quality of life. Minority groups without literacy in their own or other languages are marginalized and disadvantaged in today's digital world. The urgency of addressing literacy for all, especially the poor and marginalized, is increasing with globalization.
This document discusses societal multilingualism and how it arises. It notes that most countries and communities are multilingual rather than monolingual. Multilingualism can develop through migration, both voluntary and involuntary, as well as through conquest and colonial policies that incorporate different language groups. This has led to diverse mixes of languages within countries that can be stable or volatile. The document also discusses concepts like language loyalty, endangered languages, and the close connection between language and ethnic identity.
David Malinowski "Linguistic Landscape: New Contexts, Competencies, and Direc...ColumbiaLRC
This document discusses the concept of linguistic landscape, which refers to the languages used in public signage and displays in a given area. It provides context on the origins and development of linguistic landscape studies, which draw from fields like sociolinguistics, urban studies, and cultural geography. The document outlines how the languages present or absent in an area's public spaces can influence perceptions of ethnic group identities and power dynamics. It also notes that signs and language have agency and consequences, affecting and reflecting social actions. The document aims to introduce linguistic landscape concepts and questions to consider in language education.
Video production supply, lighting rental, generators, grip equipment and film...vidyasagar555
Pirate Grip & Electric was founded in 2003. Originating out of a small van, the Pirate fleet has grown into multiple packages to service any size production. With a long history servicing commercials, television and film, Pirate Grip and Electric can get the job done without all the hassle
This document discusses concerns and presenters in Ruby on Rails. It describes concerns as reusable pieces of code that can be included in models, controllers, and other classes to DRY up code. Concerns help with modularization, separation of concerns, and refactoring. Presenters are introduced as a design pattern to clean up controllers and views by introducing an object-oriented layer between them. While concerns and presenters improve code organization and testability, they do add complexity that must be managed.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for maternity nurses. It provides examples of KPIs, steps for creating KPIs, common mistakes to avoid, and how to design effective KPIs. The document recommends visiting an external website for additional KPI materials, performance appraisal forms, methods, and review phrases related to developing and using KPIs for maternity nurse evaluation and management.
Social Networiking & Cyber Bullying Presentationteganjoy97
This document discusses social networking and cyberbullying. It provides statistics on popular social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, noting their large user bases and frequent logins. It also discusses how social media presence can affect employment and gives examples of campaigns and organizations working to address cyberbullying. Two personal stories are described: Amanda Todd, who died by suicide after being cyberbullied, and Justine, who was cyberbullied by a former friend but found resolution through legal action.
The document discusses the basic rules for using apostrophes, including to show possession and omission of letters. It provides examples of using apostrophes to form possessives like "Nathan's house" and with plural possessions like "the parents' bedroom". Contractions are formed by combining two words with an apostrophe, such as "they've". Common mistakes involve apostrophes with words like "children's", "its", and "his". The document ends with a quiz testing the use of apostrophes in possessives and contractions.
Las lentes de contacto pueden corregir todos los problemas visuales como la miopía, astigmatismo, presbicia e hipermetropía. Las lentes de contacto son una buena opción para corregir la miopía ya que mejoran la visión en comparación con las gafas, especialmente en grados altos. La ortoqueratología es una técnica eficaz para controlar el aumento de la miopía mediante el uso de lentes de contacto por la noche que modifican temporalmente la curvatura de la córnea.
The document provides an overview of execution plans in SQL Server and what aspects to examine. It discusses the key stages in the execution process including parsing, optimization, and execution. Specific operators like nested loops, hash matches, and parallelism are also covered. The document is intended to help beginners understand execution plans and what aspects provide useful information for troubleshooting query performance issues.
El documento describe los impactos de la tecnología en diferentes ámbitos. La tecnología ha cambiado los procesos laborales haciéndolos más eficientes y rentables para la industria. También ha permitido conectarse a través de redes sociales y estar en contacto con personas de todo el mundo. En medicina, ha contribuido a avances científicos que han ayudado a curar enfermedades. En educación, el internet cambió los métodos de enseñanza permitiendo el acceso a la educación a distancia e interacción con otros
vanité des vanités,tout est vanité ?
j'espère que non....certes : La vie a comme un feu, flamme, fumée et cendre. cependant pour moi il vaut mieux espérer une vie meilleure que sombrer dans la tristesse ,enfin l'espérance est le seul vrai bien qu'on puisse posséder
The document discusses the various technologies used by the author at different stages of their research project. In the research and planning stage, the author used Weebly to create a website to organize their work. They also used PowerPoint and SlideShare to present their research. For construction of artifacts like a magazine cover and billboard poster, the author used Photoshop to edit images and design the artifacts. Prezi and PowerPoint were used to present work as well. iMovie and QuickTime Player were utilized for video editing and screen recording during evaluation.
Music videos use codes and conventions to engage audiences. They follow patterns in areas like camera work, editing, and narrative or performance styles depending on the genre. These elements help audiences understand the structure and fit of a video with its song. Videos also use techniques like shot types, camera angles and movements, lighting, costumes, locations and colors to represent meanings and set a mood for the genre and lyrics. Overall, codes and conventions provide structure and consistency for audiences to understand and engage with different music video styles.
The document describes the process for moderating and publishing a journal at FBK. It involves an initial screening by the editor, followed by double-blind peer review by two reviewers. The revised article is checked by the editor and either sent for further revision or copyediting and publication. Additional details provided include guidelines for submitting articles, using the OJS publishing system, selecting reviewers, article formatting, and the speaker's experience as editor-in-chief of another journal.
The document discusses how the author addressed their audience for their double page magazine spread. They took inspiration from the layout and style of NME magazine, which targets a similar audience of 16-25 year old males and females. Some elements borrowed from NME included keeping images and text distinctly separate, and using a drop cap at the beginning of articles. However, the author tried to include their own original ideas as well so it did not appear too similar to NME. Two pieces of audience feedback are also included, with one commenter suggesting brighter images would make the magazine more appealing to secondary audiences like pop fans.
This document discusses intercultural communication and its importance. It defines culture and intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds. Understanding culture is critical for effective communication. Interacting with people from diverse cultures, such as through international camps, is one way to learn about and understand other cultures firsthand while also teaching your own culture. Mastering intercultural communication skills has several benefits, including enhancing problem solving, minimizing stereotypes, and creating opportunities to meet new people.
publication promoting intercultural dialogue and mutual understandingMile Dimkoski
The document summarizes a training report on promoting intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding. It describes a training event hosted by Youth Council Prilep in 2011 that was funded by the Council of Europe and aimed to discuss intercultural dialogue and build understanding between European youth organizations. Over 4 days of workshops and activities, participants explored concepts like cultural diversity, discrimination, conflict management, and human rights to foster intercultural learning and develop ideas for future collaborative projects promoting intercultural dialogue.
Understanding Cross Cultural Communication BarriersSarah Jimenez
Cross-cultural communication is challenging due to different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking. There are three main barriers to effective cross-cultural communication: language, behavior, and emotion. Understanding these barriers and having cross-cultural communication skills are important for businesses operating globally in today's interconnected world. Effective cross-cultural communication requires listening skills, speaking skills, cultural self-awareness, knowledge of other cultures, and the ability to adapt communication styles.
Council of europe developing intercultural competence thorough educationTatiany Sabaini Dalben
This document provides an introduction to developing intercultural competence through education. It defines key concepts such as identity, culture, and intercultural competence. Intercultural competence involves having attitudes, knowledge, understanding, and skills that allow one to understand and respect those with different cultural affiliations and interact with them appropriately. The document was created by the Council of Europe to provide guidance on developing intercultural competence in educational contexts.
The document is the opening address at the 2009 IAU International Conference on the role of higher education in fostering dialogue and understanding. It discusses how the IAU believes universities have an important role in promoting intercultural dialogue and understanding differences. It also notes how knowledge is doubling every 5 years, so higher education needs to educate students to be informed global citizens who can ensure peace and democracy in an increasingly diverse world through open dialogue across cultures. The address encourages participants to make the most of the conference as a platform for listening to different perspectives without judgment and increasing mutual understanding.
Ακολουθώντας και εφαρμόζοντας τη «Στρατηγική συμμετοχής των παιδιών» του Eurochild, το πρόγραμμα EURODIPLOMATS εστιάζει στο να ενδυναμώσει τα παιδιά να ενεργούν ως πολιτιστικοί διπλωμάτες για μια εύρωστη Ευρώπη ικανή να αντιμετωπίσει νέες προκλήσεις και πιθανές «απειλές».
Η επίτευξη του στόχου του προγράμματος βασίζεται στην προσέγγιση της πολιτιστικής διπλωματίας και στη χρήση νέων τεχνολογιών και καινοτόμων και δημιουργικών μεθοδολογιών, όπως η συνεργατική τέχνη, η συλλογική αφήγηση και η ποίηση και η ψηφιακή-πολιτισμική παιδαγωγική.
Barriers Of Intercultural CommunicationJill Crawford
Intercultural communication competency is crucial for effectively managing global communications within an organization. Developing competency requires understanding one's own cultural values and communication styles, as well as those of other cultures. It also involves building relationships with colleagues from diverse backgrounds to gain their perspectives.
Developing intercultural communication competency was essential for my previous role managing U.S. employee communications that often had global impacts. To effectively communicate with international audiences, I needed to understand how cultural differences could influence the reception and interpretation of messages. I began by reflecting on my own cultural lens and communication tendencies. I read literature on cultural
1) Beirut Arab University established a Human Rights Center to promote dialogue and prevent/manage conflicts through various activities like workshops, competitions, and international collaborations.
2) The university also added a mandatory human rights course to encourage discussion of issues like tolerance, equality, and citizenship among students of all backgrounds.
3) Evaluations found these efforts created a more open environment and helped students recognize shared goals and values, despite their differences.
Language is the primary method of human communication and plays a key role in human interaction and society. It defines individuals and how they are perceived by others. Language can be used as a tool of power and influences people's lives in the workplace and their communities. Different communication methods also impact individuals and their ability to effectively convey meaning.
The president of the International Association of Universities welcomed attendees to the inaugural ceremony of the IAU conference on the role of higher education in fostering dialogue and understanding. The conference was being held for the first time in Lebanon in over 60 years. The IAU believes universities have an important role to play in intercultural dialogue and understanding differences. As the world becomes more interconnected, the ability to engage with other cultures will be important. Higher education must contribute to the development of globally minded citizens who can work towards peace, freedom, and democracy. The conference aims to increase understanding between diverse neighbors through open and unconditional dialogue.
Communication Is The Most Fundamental Element. Cross...Lindsey Jones
The document discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in business communication. It states that as globalization has increased interdependence between businesses internationally, cross-cultural communication has become a major challenge. A lack of understanding of cultural differences can negatively impact business performance and partnerships. Specifically, it can lead to cross-cultural communication issues, differences in workplace etiquette across cultures, and not understanding different organizational hierarchies in other cultures. Understanding cultural differences is vital for businesses conducting international operations.
This document discusses global literacy, cultural literacy, and multicultural literacy. It defines global literacy as understanding how the world is interconnected and developing critical thinking skills to address global issues. Cultural literacy is defined as understanding and appreciating similarities and differences between one's own and other cultures. Multicultural literacy involves awareness of how culture impacts beliefs, appreciation of diversity, and skills to address social justice issues. The document emphasizes that global, cultural, and multicultural literacies are important for students to develop skills for living in an interconnected world. Teachers should integrate knowledge of diverse cultures and perspectives into the classroom to promote respect and prepare students for an increasingly multicultural society.
Mariachiara Poggi participated in a European Voluntary Service project in Faro, Portugal from March 2015 to March 2016. During her time there, she helped organize environmental events and workshops, conducted scientific fieldwork, and created educational materials. She gained experience in project management, improved her communication skills in Italian, English, and Portuguese, and enhanced her digital and intercultural competencies. The voluntary service helped Mariachiara develop personally and professionally, allowing her to better understand her role as a citizen in Europe.
Manuela Guilherme, The European Public Sphere in Cosmopolitan Societies: A critical approach to multilingualism and interculturality in professional education.
in Providus conference Diversity Management in Public Administration Organisations: Lessons from Best Practice, June 2011.
Comunicação no projecto us & them, do programa erasmus +, organizada pela...Jorge Humberto
2nd of 5 days of Blended mobility training, project US & THEM, funded by the ERASMUS + program, organized and streamlined by ANJAF in Lisbon. Today we counted with the presence of Dr. Jorge Humberto Fernandes panel streamliner "Adult Educators training on core competences to develop multicultural Skills and Dr. ° Cristina Afonso on the panel" communication and Multiculturalism ". A day full of content and Group activities, where everyone left more" rich "at personal and professional level.
This document discusses globalization, cultural literacy, and multicultural literacy. It defines globalization as the increasing interconnectedness of people and institutions worldwide, driven by factors like technology and trade. Cultural literacy refers to understanding the signs, symbols, and customs of a given culture. Multicultural literacy involves skills and perspectives that allow respectful communication across cultural differences. The document also outlines challenges of teaching cultural literacy in the Philippines and stresses the importance of teachers developing multicultural perspectives to be inclusive of diverse students.
Module 3 communications,connections & collaborationscaniceconsulting
Module 3 delves deeper into how someone can effect change in their communities using communication, collaboration and connections and a range of proven tools to engage to effect change and better outcomes.
O documento argumenta que os Estados Unidos devem abandonar a pena de morte porque (1) ela não é necessária para proteger a sociedade ou punir criminosos, (2) existem erros no sistema legal que levam inocentes à morte, e (3) a maioria dos países já abandonou a pena capital como uma tendência de progresso.
O documento apresenta um projeto de cinco alunos sobre Internet das Coisas (IoT) e comunicação máquina a máquina. O projeto inclui uma introdução ao tema, revisão teórica sobre o histórico, conceitos, tecnologias envolvidas, vantagens, desvantagens e exemplos de uso da IoT. Também apresenta dados estatísticos e conclusões sobre o assunto.
1. O documento apresenta um projeto para criar um produto que proporcione o ato de brincar para crianças surdas e seus pais ouvintes em 2034, melhorando a comunicação entre eles.
2. Foi realizada uma pesquisa sobre surdez, desenvolvimento infantil, brinquedos e tecnologia para entender as necessidades do público-alvo e tendências futuras.
3. O projeto tem como objetivo desenvolver um brinquedo interativo que estimule a interação entre crianças surdas e seus pais por meio do brincar
1. O documento descreve o projeto de criação de uma sanduicheira inspirada nos princípios estéticos da escola Bauhaus, como formas geométricas, cores primárias e linhas retas.
2. Foram desenvolvidos modelos conceituais e um modelo final de uma sanduicheira triangular vermelha baseada nas características da Bauhaus.
3. A pesquisa mostra como a Bauhaus influenciou o design industrial e de produtos, incluindo eletrodomésticos como sanduicheiras.
Este documento discute a fragilidade nas informações fornecidas no Censo Escolar brasileiro, que é usado para distribuir recursos educacionais. A pesquisa analisará o processo de coleta de dados para identificar possíveis deficiências, como a inclusão de "alunos fantasmas", e proporá melhorias no sistema para torná-lo mais confiável.
Após a leitura do artigo de Regina Branski, Recuperação de Informações na Web, foi realizada a atividade de um resumo crítico. Este resumo é de autoria minha, baseado em informações secundárias, através de outras leituras realizadas por mim que se encontram disponíveis nas referências.
Produzido para disciplina de pesquisa bibliográfica.
O documento analisa dois anúncios publicitários. No primeiro anúncio, de uma câmera fotográfica, destaca-se a girafa e o zoom da câmera para seduzir o consumidor. A linguagem é conotativa e a função é apelar ao consumidor de forma exagerada. No segundo anúncio, de medicamentos fracionados, destaca-se o slogan sobre economia e a linguagem é denotativa e referencial para informar o consumidor. Ambos os anúncios visam homens e mulheres como público-alvo.
Seminário realizado em 2014/1 para unidade curricular de sociologia do consumo. Embasado no capítulo de Naomi Klein e em um artigo de Isleide Fontenelle.
Trabalho realizado em 2014/2 para unidade curricular de semiótica, colocando ideias principais dos textos referenciados na lauda e a importância do designer e o processo de design na arte do ver.
Atividade realizada no semestre de 2014/2 para unidade curricular de estética.
A estética é uma palavra muito ampla e tem sentidos muito abrangentes. É de extrema importância conhecer contextos desde sua criação até como utilizamos nos dias atuais para que não nos precipitemos a definir estética= beleza.
Esse texto trata-se de uma síntese. O documento está informal, pois as referências não apresentam-se de maneira correta.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. Sthéfany Cechinel1
Communicate for change
The purpose of this essay is to discuss global citizenship and cultural understanding and the
role that multilingual ability can play in fostering these, reflecting personal, academic, cultural and
national contexts. I cannot talk about personal and academic contexts if I do not define what
citizenship is and how I am exercising my role as a citizen in my country.
Extracted from the Dictionary ( http://www.dictionary.com/browse/citizenship?s=t )
citizenship means: "Citizenship." Noun. 1.The state of being vested with the rights, privileges and
duties of a citizen. 2.The character of an individual viewed as a member of society; behavior in
terms of the duties, obligations and functions of a citizen.
During my course at Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC) I had the opportunity to
know a very nice outreach project called Rondon. According to IFSC, "this project is of a social
nature and involves the voluntary participation of students to promote integration in search of
solutions that contribute to the sustainable development of communities and the expansion of the
population's welfare." (Read more: http://www.ifsc.edu.br/menu-extensao-proj-rondon). I attended
two university operations (editions) and I must say they were awesome experiences. The main
factor is communication. Anywhere we arrive we have to communicate with other people (in this
case could be our team or the secretary of the municipality to ask about the demands of people we
are meeting). During this procedure, we go through a training. We discover a bit more about
ourselves, learn about the others, what my relation with society is and also how to be an agent of
change. We are invited to abandon individualism to join the community and experience the
situations that occur there. We conduct workshops with the themes: drugs, bullying, sexuality,
healthy eating, environmental conservation, composting, recycling, people meeting people, project
design, posture for a first job interview. We also conduct recreational activities for children and
seniors as well as storytelling, theater, music, graffiti, cinema, revitalization of parks, joint effort for
beach cleaning. In addition we talk about the importance of continuing studies and joining a
university. For us, besides providing this awareness to the people of that community, we also came
back with more luggage, knowledge and friends, we heard new stories.
The realities of each environment are different, but can also have similar or even the same
1
Brazilian citizen, 19 years. Graduated in Computer Networks for Higher Education Institute (HEI: IES in
portuguese). I studied Product Design at the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC) for three semesters.
Currently studying the second half of the Executive Secretariat course at the Federal University of Santa Catarina
(UFSC)
2. problems; and speaking/understanding other languages help the exchange of information. "Our
national histories as well as our cultural heritage may differ, but our aspirations and hopes for the
future are in perfect harmony" (see more in Muitas línguas, uma só família; p.10), everybody wants
a better world. Communicating with each other makes us aware of what we have in common and at
the same time increases our mutual respect for cultural differences. "It is necessary to understand
cultural diversity as the common heritage of mankind." (see more in A implementação do
multilinguismo em organizações internacionais; p.23 ) Another "project" worked the dimensions of
how I see myself, how the other sees me, how society sees me, and have empathy for others, is the
youth ministry - a religious organization with a program that consists of four steps: call, nucleation,
initiation and militancy. At the moment, my group and I are in the last step of the third stage, which
is the discovery of the social problem and the organization of the pastoral /project life. These types
of projects, added to familiarity at home, the places I attend - church, university, work,
extracurricular classes (language course, dance) - contribute to the way we interact with people, and
cause us to become more active and better citizens.
Earlier, I spoke briefly about the importance of the communication factor in the situation
shown here. But communication, whether verbal or non-verbal, is important to society in many
ways. Some of the advantages are: to help individuals to express themselves, understanding and
cooperating with each other, sharing their sorrows, joys and skills; to facilitate social cohesion; to
promote partnerships; to create harmonious relations, making it possible, through dialogue, abolish
barriers and build bridges; to reflect some values so as to learn to live better together, in a more
ethical, respectful and dignified manner; to reduce the risk of communities closing themselves,
building a society less vulnerable to conflicts. Communication allows us to visit new environments,
to see new views, establish new contacts, and to change something we do not agree with.
"A language is a tool to convey a thought and a specific look at the world, but the use of a
single language is an obstacle to experience the diversity of cultures and points of view, as well as
it restricts citizens access to information concerning you."(see more in A implementação do
multilinguismo em organizações internacionais; p.11-12) Therefore, respect for multilingualism is a
defense against the single thought. Speaking and/or understanding several languages makes us leave
the comfort zone and to adapt better to the globalization process, breaking barriers, turning
challenges into opportunities. It is possible to capture much more information, perspectives,
possibilities, understanding of what is happening outside their environment.
The multilingualism policy is made for the benefit of the citizen who has the right to speak
and understand their own language, as well as the companies which currently believe that
knowledge generates value. Consumers, whether monolingual or multilingual, prefer to
3. communicate in their language and without this knowledge from the part of the employee,
companies often end up losing potential customers.
To conclude, speaking another language in my own country is important, but the expansion
of a perspective will come with practice, this is one reason for the mobility programs to exist, since
it is easier to immerse in culture whose second, third or other languages you have learned is the
mother tongue, also facilitating access to culture. Although I have not had the experience of living
abroad, I dream in traveling the world. I believe that this dream is already an incentive to learn other
languages.
References:
COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Como aprender línguas. Luxemburgo: Serviço das Publicações da
União Europeia , 2010. 31p. Available on <
http://europedirect.adral.pt/attachments/article/145/Como%20aprender%20l%C3%ADnguas.pdf >.
Accessed 1st February 2016.
COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Muitas línguas, uma só família: as línguas na União Europeia.
Luxemburgo: Serviço das Publicações da União Europeia , 2004. 22p. Available on: <
http://ftp.infoeuropa.eurocid.pt/files/database/000020001-000021000/000020823.pdf >. Accessed
1st February 2016.
COMISSÃO EUROPEIA . Multilinguismo: uma ponte para a compreensão mútua. Luxemburgo:
Serviço das Publicações da União Europeia, 2009. 22p. Available on: <
http://www.cied.uminho.pt/uploads/MULTILINGUISMO.pdf >. Accessed 1st February 2016.
ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA FRANCOPHONIE. A implementação do
multilinguismo nas organizações internacionais: colocar em prática a diversidade linguística.
Paris, 2013. 31p. Available on: < http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/portugais.pdf >. Accessed
1st February 2016.