The document summarizes a proposal to redesign an underutilized green space adjacent to the Copenhagen Opera House. Currently, the space consists of two empty grass lots with no amenities or reason for people to spend time there. The proposal was informed by a public survey, as well as theories from urban planners like Jan Gehl, Better Block Foundation, and William Whyte. Their research emphasizes designing public spaces that are comfortable and inviting for people through features like shade, wind protection, seating, and access to water. The proposal aims to activate the space by adding these types of amenities and allowing for temporary events and markets.

1. ReConnect
Alli Bennett, Allison Boni, Alex Pegram, Alexi Wordell
R E - D E F I N I N G A C I T Y S P A C E O N
C O P E N H A G E N ' S W A T E R F R O N T
D I S F a l l 2 0 1 6
T h e E u r o p e a n U r b a n E x p e r i e n c e
Copenhagen, DK
Wordell, Alexi. (2016). Opera House green space.

2. INTRODUCTION
The selected case study site is west of the city center across the harbor. This
site is specifically located on Holmen Island in the Dokøen area, which
translates to Dock Island. This area is adjacent to the Copenhagen Opera
House, which was constructed in 2004. There was no public access to the island
up until the nineteen-nineties when the area began to experience a good
amount of residential industry. Later on, the space attracted businesses to buy
office space. The area is in close proximity to the city center, making it easily
accessible for people. The completion of the Inderhavnsbroen pedestrian bridge
in 2016 made it even easier to access Holmen Island. This bridge is solely for
pedestrians and bicyclists use and public transit to the island can be used from
different points of the harbor.
We saw this space as an opportunity to redesign the area next to the
Copenhagen Opera House. As of now, there are two large, grassy lots that are
slightly elevated from the surrounding concrete and few people interact with
the space, though some use the concrete as an exercise space. We would like to
see the dead space recreated into a vibrant and attractive public and
commercial space for locals and visitors. Since the location is central, directly on
the harbor, surrounds amenities, and has access to a variety of transportation
options, the site has potential to become a public space for everyone
throughout the year.
In order to hear from locals, a
Google Form questionnaire was
created. This questionnaire allows
the public to provide insight on how
they image an ideal space. We
specifically sought out Danes, or
people who have lived in
Copenhagen for an extended
period of time, and over the age of
ten years old. To understand what
how they would like to see the
space redefined, we ask about their
favorite places in the city and why,
what the currently do in the Holmen
area, what they would like and not
like to see in the space, and their
overall ideal vision. Additionally,
the survey allows space for short
answers so that participants can
elaborate in more detail.
These ideas are also expressed in
theoretical works and case studies
by urban planners and
organizations such as Jan Gehl, the
Better Block Foundation, and
William H. Whyte. From participant
responses, and the supplemental
theoretical research, we propose
three interventions for the site:
make it more comfortable by
adding minor physical
modifications, increase access to
the water and surrounding area,
and make the space available for
temporary events and markets. The
proposed changes have the
potential to draw more people to
the site, activating it as a
comfortable and lively space that
features water access and a
variety of seasonal and temporary
functions.
Google. (2016). Aerial image of the case study site.

3. SPATIAL ANALYSIS
The Opera House green space is located between the Copenhagen
Opera House and Paper Island. However, the connectivity is lacking
between the surrounding spaces as well as the nearby residential
area. There is only one point of access to the green space from Paper
Island, making it difficult to have a flow between the spaces. Once
there, the purpose of the space is undefined. As seen in the images
from above, there is no clear vision as what visitors can do in the
area because as the space is a vast green area with no amenities,
buildings, or seating. It is used as a cut-through, not a destination
point. In the images above, there are signals that the space is
underutilized: people are seen jogging through the space and tire
skids mark up the pavement.
Not only is the space undefined, it lacks character and basic
amenities. The entire green space simply consists of two grass lots,
split in half by a wide concrete walkway. The green lots are, empty
of vegetation, seating, and people. As there are no trees, seating
options, or places to visit, it is difficult to use this space. Exacerbating
this issue is the lack of protection from the wind, rain, and sun.
Visitors are exposed to the conditions without having a space to seek
refuge. This is evidenced by the lack of residential, commercial,
and public buildings surrounding the space.
Though these current challenges plague the green space, it has
potential to become a well-used and loved public space. The area is
surrounded by the Holmen neighborhood, home to residences, offices,
and schools, which could draw a variety of people to the space.
Additionally, the pedestrian bridge, bike paths, and nearby bus and
ferry routes serve the area, bringing people within a walking distance
to the space. Not only is the space close to many of Copenhagen’s main
attractions, many of which are visible from the waterfront access, the
soon-to-be-redeveloped Paper Island could further attract crowds to
the expansive Opera House Green Space.
Wordell, Alexi. (2016). Photos taken at the Opera House green space.

4. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Prior to strategizing how to tackle the issues of space, we studied
a number of theoretical sources and specific examples of vibrant
public spaces. This research assisted with contextualization and
the creation of a case study framework. The biggest inspiration
and influence is Jan Gehl, Danish urbanist, designer and author.
Gehl’s projects and published works place people and the human
experience at the center of design, as opposed to solely
emphasizing architectural aesthetics. At the core of Gehl’s work
is research, following are urban strategies and recommendations.
This approach assesses current conditions and identifies the
elements of livable public spaces that are present and lacking.
As our case study is the large green space directly out front of
the Copenhagen Opera House, we looked more specifically at the
chapter “Outdoor Activities and Quality of Outdoor Space” in
Life Between Buildings by Gehl. In a city like Copenhagen, where
buildings are relatively low but closely spaced, accommodating
of pedestrians, and there are good outdoor areas nearby
residences and places of work, Gehl argues that this dynamic
makes for a “living city” (Gehl, 2011). In other words, buildings
supplement the usable outdoor space in a way that allows people
to move freely between the indoors and outdoors. Therefore, it is
essential to integrate buildings with good outdoor physical
conditions to create places people want to be in. Isolating
buildings from public spaces does not equate to a cohesive or
active place for community members and visitors.
We supplemented Gehl’s analysis of how to study and design
outdoor spaces by looking at the Better Block Foundation, a
nonprofit that facilitates community engagement to educate and
empower communities to promote creative placemaking and
support public life (Better Block, n.d.). Because the green space is
large and centrally located, temporary and seasonal activities
could be a great success there. Better Block is known for its rapid
prototyping strategies and implementation of temporary uses in
urban settings in efforts to bring high levels of safety, access,
attraction, and amenities to streetscapes and blocks.
By conducting research and community collaboration strategies
and developing community-driven projects, Better Block strives
to serve as a platform for residents wishing to rapidly transform
their neighborhood. The guidebook created by Better Block,
helped us strategize ways to engage with locals and to think
about the Opera House green space as a good candidate for
temporary uses that serve all ages, offers a range of activities,
and is well integrated and connected to the neighborhood and
greater Copenhagen (Better block, n.d.). Images from the
guidebook are seen on the the "Strategies" page.
The expansive outdoor space has a unique opportunity to
improve physical conditions and in turn the overall quality of
the space for daily and social functions, which is best described
by William H. Whyte. In his book The Social Life of Small Urban
Spaces, Whyte describes human behavior in city spaces and
how urban alterations, even minor changes, can noticeably
improve the use of public space (Whyte, 1980). As our case
study space is expansive and currently scarce and vulnerable
to the natural elements, we studied the chapter, “Sun, Wind,
Trees, and Water” in order to understand how these
components can be manipulated to make for a more
comfortable environment, because for people to use a city
space they must first be physically comfortable there.
According to Whyte, if people can find places of warmth with
sunlight exposure and protection from the wind, they are likely
to spend more time in the space (Whyte, 1980). Moreover,
actively used spaces tend to be those with that offer shade and
wind protection as well as sitting places (Whyte, 1980). Trees
act like protective barriers from natural elements, such as wind
and heat, and places of refuge and relaxation, especially in city
spaces. Additionally, Whyte describes the benefits of high
quality water features that are easily accessible, which the
case study space has with the nearby harbor and canals,
though access and waterfront services could be activated.
Overall, analysis of Whyte’s work helped us to think about
working with and improving natural amenities to increase the
physical comfort and appearance of a city space as to attract
more users.
The work of Jan Gehl, Better Block, and William Whyte inspired
us to think of the case study site as a place that allows for
movement and activity by people of all ages and backgrounds.
Moreover, the research showed that places can be modified to
draw people in. Changes that affect the perceived and actual
safety and improve access, community involvement and
amenities could drastically reconnect and redefine the Opera
House green space, transforming into a place for socializing,
shopping, and relaxing for locals and visitors alike (Better
Block, n.d.).
DOT. (2015). Herald Square, NYC by Gehl Architects. Coogan, William. (2014). A Better Block project in Australia. Siklo, Sampo. (2006). Paley Park, NYC studied by William H. Whyte.

5. PROJECT
DESCRIPTION
Following work by Gehl Architects, Better Block Foundation, and other co-
creation planning projects, it was decided that the best way to approach
receiving input on how to improve the space would be to do a Google Form
questionnaire. The survey was intended to reach Copenhagen residents, as
opposed to responses study abroad students and tourists. This focus was
important because we wanted to collect data from locals because of their
investment in the space and so as to make strategies that met their needs.
In doing an online survey, we intended to increase the reach of
participants--instead of only getting responses from people directly in the
area, we wanted to be able to see what would attract people to the space
even it they did not frequent it, as well as decrease the pressure someone
might feel if they were approached in person. The online method allowed
people to take as much time as needed in the privacy of their home.
In total, we received twenty one responses. We asked demographic
questions, such as the gender and age of each participant and where the
respondent lives. This was to get an idea of who was answering and
information about their background and preferences. Additionally, we
asked the participants to answer questions about their favorite place to
visit in the city, how often they visit the Holmen area, and why. We asked
them to elaborate on why they love their favorite areas as well as what
would draw them to the case study site and what interventions they would
and would not like to see.
Following work by Gehl Architects, Better Block Foundation, and other co-
creation planning projects, it was decided that the best way to approach
receiving input on how to improve the space would be to do a Google Form
questionnaire. The survey was intended to reach Copenhagen residents, as
opposed to responses study abroad students and tourists. This focus was
important because we wanted to collect data from locals because of their
investment in the space and so as to make strategies that met their needs.

6. STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

7. STUDY RESULTS
As for the Holmen area, survey answers
showed that 81% of our respondents
visited the area “sometimes,” 9.5% for
both “never” and “frequently,” while no
respondents said “daily.” While there,
84.2% would eat or shop, 73.7% would
socialize, 26.3% would see
entertainment, and 10.5% was there for
business. We then asked what would
draw people to the area: most people
(76.2%) agreed that seasonal activities
like markets, festivals and concerts
would be best; shopping and dining,
waterfront access and amenities, and
event space all tied at 47.6% of votes.
The answers on what people would not
like to see in the area ranged a bit more
widely: nightlife and community centers
came out with the most votes, 6 and 5
respectively. Playgrounds and child-
friendly spaces were also not as
welcome as some of the other potential
options, but this is not particularly
surprising when taking into account that
over 80% of respondents were between
the ages of 21 and 30, less likely to be
excited for children’s space. The
reasoning seemed to be most tied to
making the area lively, while at the same
time keeping it “stately” enough to hang
with neighbors like Amalienborg and the
Opera House.
In the end, people agreed that they
would like to have either temporary
events (like Paper Island) or seasonal
ones. Many specifically stated that a
green, easily accessible, and interactive
space would meet their ideals.

8. STRATEGIES
The spatial analysis and theoretical background research we
conducted provided us a framework with guidelines to develop a
number of strategies to improve the space’s use, identity, and
connection.
Integrating the responses we received from the survey with
Better Block's guidebook, we considered how to active the dead
space. As Better Block suggests, the best sites to pick are those
that are nearby a neighborhood, which the case study site is. In
order for people to want to stay, they need a reason to be there
and to feel like they are a part of the environment. By making
changes that are both rapid and temporary, citizens can assert
their identity into the space. While long lasting changes could
enhance the water's edge and establish the space as an intimate
public park.
Considering the case study site’s central location that places it
near downtown, the waterfront, and the Opera House, its large
size, the low level of activity in its current state, and lack of
vegetation, we decided on the three strategies on the right.
These interventions have the potential to vitalize the space,
turning it into a comfortable and accessible space that changes
functions and amenities throughout the year.
The interventions in detail:
1. The space should be more appealing to the eye but also more
comfortable for everyday use. As of now, the space does not
provide sufficient seating. This makes it hard to have people stay
for a good amount of time. With an increase of seating options,
we would like to incorporate more trees and gardens into the
space. The trees will allow for protection from the sun and the
wind while adding to the beauty of the space.
2. The concrete surrounding the vast green space sits right on
the harbor providing breathtaking views of the Copenhagen’s
main attractions. We plan to enhance access to the waterfront,
whether it is by creating comfortable seating or picnic tables.
Many people will desire to come here to enjoy a nice warm day
by the harbor.
3. Lastly, we would like to propose a temporary/seasonal event
space that includes markets and activities. Paper Island is a
popular space that holds various food vendors. However, we
have noticed that it is an extremely popular place for people to
socialize, drink, and eat. Many people will miss this concept of
food trucks. We would like to carry that idea over to the space
we are working with. There is plenty of room where food trucks
could set up along the concrete surrounding the green space. We
aim to have seasonal events and markets. Christmas markets are
all over Copenhagen and this space would be a perfect addition
to the list of markets.
Better Block (n.d.). "How to Build a Better Block."

9. 1
Make the space more comfortable
for visitors by adding interventions
like trees, benches, bike
parking, signs and cafes.
2Amp up access to the
waterfront and the
surrounding neighborhood.
Make the water a focal
point.
3Allow for seasonal and
temporary events and uses
that provide a variety of
activities throughout the
year.
Gehl Architects. (2014). "Film screening at Largo São Francisco."
James Corner Field Operations. (2011). "Race Street Pier," Philadelphia.
Victoria Homes. (2013). "Alameda Point Antiques Faire."

10. REFLECTIONS + CONCLUSION
Before deciding where our group was going to focus for this
project, we visited other areas in Copenhagen. After considering
sites throughout the city, we saw the green space next to the
Copenhagen Opera House as an area that had the most potential
to become a used public space for a variety of people. The space
is in close proximity to the city center, attractions, residential life
and the harbor, giving the space the ability and potential to draw
in crowds from multiple areas in the city. Theories and work from
Jan Gehl, William H. Whyte, and the Better Block Foundation
inspired us to think about not just a design for the space but the
process of involving the community in ways that best reflect their
needs and desires for the space.
Our approach was greatly influenced by the PlanBude project in
St. Pauli in Hamburg, Germany. PlanBude, a community-organized
planning collective, made a comprehensive survey asking what the
locals would like to see in one of the squares in St. Pauli (PlanBude,
n.d.). PlanBude gave our group insight into a participative urban
planning project.
Using PlanBude as an example, we were able to model their
participative planning process in a questionnaire in order to
receive feedback from the community who would use the space in
the future.
A Google Form questionnaire was created in order to hear from
residents all over Copenhagen. This format enabled us to ask
residents questions like how often they visited the area, how they
feel about the space currently, and what they would like to see in
the redesigned green space. For our project, we wanted to have
the voices of the community to have the most say in planning the
public space. The more involvement from the community results in
a larger chance of success for the green space.
Overall, the survey showed that people rarely visit the case study
site as it currently is. However, many expressed interest in visiting
the space if had more amenities, such as seasonal festivities,
shopping and dining, waterfront access, and event space. On the
other hand, by getting feedback on what the community does not
want, nightlife and community centers, we learned that they would
like to see the area transformed into a lively, changing, accessible,
and beautiful green space.

11. SOURCES
Better Block Foundation, “How to Build a Better2 Block Guidebook”, n.d. Retrieved from:
http://betterblock.org/how-to-build-a-better-block/
Danish Institute for Study Abroad. (2016). Core Course Week Program: Hamburg and Copenhagen. The European
Urban Experience: Why Cities Matter.
Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Washington, DC: Island Press.
PlanBude / Planning Shack: English Summary. (n.d.). Retrieved Dec 5, 2016, from http://planbude.de/planbude-
planning-shackenglish-summary/
Whyte, W. H. (1980). The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation
Wordell, Alexi. Photographs from the Opera House Green Space. 29 September 2016.