Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines under the most intense safety monitoring in US history. VITAS Healthcare offer an educational presentation for our partner organizations to use for their own in-house or staff training.
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Low Lee Lee, Infectious Disease Physician at the Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
This editorial discusses the UK government's decision to extend the interval between the first and second doses of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines from 3 weeks to 12 weeks. While this was intended to maximize the number of people receiving initial doses due to vaccine supply limitations, the editorial notes that vaccine efficacy data from trials only supports a 21-day dosing schedule. It examines the evidence cited for the extended interval and potential implications, concluding there is incomplete evidence to justify the policy change given concerns about prolonged protection from the first dose alone and decreased public confidence in the vaccines.
Update on COVID-19 Innovation: Detection and VaccineRohimah Mohamud
briefly mentioned about the research activities by my research group at Immunology Department, School of Medical Sciences, USM which focusing on both fundamental and applied research. As the theme of this conference is more to ASEAN SDG, I highlighted on the challenges and issues facing by ASEAN as reported in ASEAN SDG Indicators Baseline Report 2020 (only briefly- especially on the data compilation etc - you may refer to this report). Then, I moved on to the diagnosis and vaccine development for COVID-19.
There are a total of 237 vaccine candidates, according to Milken institute COVID-19 treatment and vaccine tracker, as of December 1, 2020. There are 40 confirmed vaccine candidates in clinical evaluation, while 197 vaccine candidates are still in the preclinical stage. There are 9 vaccine candidates in Phase III of clinical evaluation. Studies in clinical trials showed that the vaccine candidates showed good safety and efficacy in terms of producing antibodies and prevent infection.
Global & Malaysia data has consistently shown that after 2 doses of Sinovac, a Pfizer/AstraZeneca booster is more effective than a 3rd dose of Sinovac, especially Omicron. And despite a third dose of Sinovac, levels of ‘neutralizing’ antibodies, tend to remain low.
Role of Personal Protective Measures in Prevention of COVID-19 Spread Among P...NurFathihaTahiatSeeu
1) The study examined the role of personal protective measures in preventing the spread of COVID-19 among physicians in Bangladesh.
2) It found that physicians who were unaware of contact with COVID-19 patients or the status of patients during aerosol-generating procedures had higher odds of testing positive.
3) Wearing an N95 mask during aerosol-generating procedures and face shields/goggles during usual patient care were associated with lower odds of infection, but most associations were not statistically significant due to the small sample size.
This study examined the effects of hydroxychloroquine treatment on outcomes in 1376 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. The primary outcome was a composite of intubation or death. 811 patients (58.9%) received hydroxychloroquine treatment. There was no significant association between hydroxychloroquine use and the primary outcome after adjusting for baseline differences, with a hazard ratio of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.32). Randomized controlled trials are still needed to determine if hydroxychloroquine provides any benefit for COVID-19.
This document provides information about COVID-19 vaccines, including their development process and types. It discusses the phases of clinical drug trials, with Phase 1 trials testing safety in a small group and Phase 3 trials comparing the new vaccine to the standard treatment in thousands of participants. The document also outlines regulatory bodies involved in vaccine development and describes two main types - mRNA vaccines, which introduce mRNA coding for the antigen, and viral vector vaccines, which use another virus to produce the spike protein antigen.
Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines under the most intense safety monitoring in US history. VITAS Healthcare offer an educational presentation for our partner organizations to use for their own in-house or staff training.
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Low Lee Lee, Infectious Disease Physician at the Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
This editorial discusses the UK government's decision to extend the interval between the first and second doses of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines from 3 weeks to 12 weeks. While this was intended to maximize the number of people receiving initial doses due to vaccine supply limitations, the editorial notes that vaccine efficacy data from trials only supports a 21-day dosing schedule. It examines the evidence cited for the extended interval and potential implications, concluding there is incomplete evidence to justify the policy change given concerns about prolonged protection from the first dose alone and decreased public confidence in the vaccines.
Update on COVID-19 Innovation: Detection and VaccineRohimah Mohamud
briefly mentioned about the research activities by my research group at Immunology Department, School of Medical Sciences, USM which focusing on both fundamental and applied research. As the theme of this conference is more to ASEAN SDG, I highlighted on the challenges and issues facing by ASEAN as reported in ASEAN SDG Indicators Baseline Report 2020 (only briefly- especially on the data compilation etc - you may refer to this report). Then, I moved on to the diagnosis and vaccine development for COVID-19.
There are a total of 237 vaccine candidates, according to Milken institute COVID-19 treatment and vaccine tracker, as of December 1, 2020. There are 40 confirmed vaccine candidates in clinical evaluation, while 197 vaccine candidates are still in the preclinical stage. There are 9 vaccine candidates in Phase III of clinical evaluation. Studies in clinical trials showed that the vaccine candidates showed good safety and efficacy in terms of producing antibodies and prevent infection.
Global & Malaysia data has consistently shown that after 2 doses of Sinovac, a Pfizer/AstraZeneca booster is more effective than a 3rd dose of Sinovac, especially Omicron. And despite a third dose of Sinovac, levels of ‘neutralizing’ antibodies, tend to remain low.
Role of Personal Protective Measures in Prevention of COVID-19 Spread Among P...NurFathihaTahiatSeeu
1) The study examined the role of personal protective measures in preventing the spread of COVID-19 among physicians in Bangladesh.
2) It found that physicians who were unaware of contact with COVID-19 patients or the status of patients during aerosol-generating procedures had higher odds of testing positive.
3) Wearing an N95 mask during aerosol-generating procedures and face shields/goggles during usual patient care were associated with lower odds of infection, but most associations were not statistically significant due to the small sample size.
This study examined the effects of hydroxychloroquine treatment on outcomes in 1376 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. The primary outcome was a composite of intubation or death. 811 patients (58.9%) received hydroxychloroquine treatment. There was no significant association between hydroxychloroquine use and the primary outcome after adjusting for baseline differences, with a hazard ratio of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.32). Randomized controlled trials are still needed to determine if hydroxychloroquine provides any benefit for COVID-19.
This document provides information about COVID-19 vaccines, including their development process and types. It discusses the phases of clinical drug trials, with Phase 1 trials testing safety in a small group and Phase 3 trials comparing the new vaccine to the standard treatment in thousands of participants. The document also outlines regulatory bodies involved in vaccine development and describes two main types - mRNA vaccines, which introduce mRNA coding for the antigen, and viral vector vaccines, which use another virus to produce the spike protein antigen.
- COVID-19 booster shots are recommended for various groups when vaccine-induced immunity has waned, typically 3-6 months after the primary vaccination series. Effectiveness against infection declines more rapidly than against severe outcomes like hospitalization and death.
- Studies show a third dose of mRNA vaccines like Pfizer significantly increases antibody levels in transplant recipients and the immunocompromised whose immune response is weaker.
- Countries providing data found waning vaccine protection against infection over time but sustained effectiveness against severe disease, supporting the need for boosters in vulnerable populations.
This study examined the association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death in 1376 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. The primary outcome was a composite of intubation or death. 811 patients (58.9%) received hydroxychloroquine. There was no significant association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death in the primary analysis or sensitivity analyses. Randomized controlled trials are still needed to determine if hydroxychloroquine is effective for treating COVID-19.
The document discusses various aspects of COVID vaccines in India, including their development and clinical trials. It describes the Covishield and Covaxin vaccines in detail - Covishield is developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, while Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech. It provides statistics on vaccination rates in India and challenges like vaccine hesitancy. Other vaccines mentioned include Sputnik V, Pfizer and Moderna.
Favipiravir is an antiviral drug being studied for the treatment of COVID-19. The document summarizes several studies on favipiravir including: a randomized controlled trial from China finding favipiravir led to faster viral clearance and improved chest imaging outcomes compared to lopinavir/ritonavir; observational data from Japan showing clinical improvement in most patients, especially those with mild/moderate disease; and a Russian study demonstrating improved viral clearance and fever relief with favipiravir versus standard of care. The document also reviews favipiravir's mechanism of action, potential adverse effects, and prescribing guidelines.
This slide presentation historically, statistically and attractively explains various vaccines for covid19 available in India. (Please update the statistical data to current values)
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Clinical Guideline on COVID-19 Vaccination for Adolescents (12 – 17 years)
Prepared by Dr Nik Khairulddin Nik Yusoff, Paediatrician at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II
This document summarizes several clinical studies investigating potential COVID-19 treatments remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin. For remdesivir, Phase 3 trials showed treatment for up to 10 days was well tolerated and improved clinical outcomes. An observational study of hydroxychloroquine found no significant benefit for hospitalized patients. A large observational study across six continents found increased mortality and arrhythmias associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, with or without macrolides.
This document summarizes a clinical trial of an influenza vaccine. The trial aims to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a self-administered intradermal influenza vaccine to a nurse-administered intradermal vaccine. It describes the trial design as a randomized, open-label study. The primary objective is to show non-inferior immunogenicity of the self-administered vaccine. Safety and ability of participants to self-administer will also be assessed. The trial involves vaccination, follow-up of adverse events, and measurement of antibody response to evaluate the objectives. Standard clinical trial procedures for informed consent, safety monitoring, and regulatory compliance are discussed.
The document discusses the state of the COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic pipeline. It notes that as of October 23, 2020 there were 4 main vaccine platforms under development, with 10 candidates in Phase 3 trials. These include nucleic acid, viral vector, protein subunit, and virus-based platforms. It also summarizes some of the leading monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapeutic candidates and their stages of development, noting over 100 actionable therapeutic trials expected to readout by the end of 2020. Lastly, it discusses considerations for large-scale manufacturing and deployment of vaccines, including cold chain requirements and monitoring for safety.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the antiviral remdesivir in 1062 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients received either intravenous remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, then 100 mg daily for up to 9 more days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was time to recovery, defined as hospital discharge or hospitalization for non-infectious reasons only. Patients who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days compared to 15 days for placebo patients, and were more likely to have clinical improvement at day 15. Mortality by day 29 was 11.4% for rem
FOGSI POSITION STATEMENT COVID VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT & BREASTFEEDING WOMENNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document discusses recommendations and guidelines regarding COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women. It provides information on the current COVID-19 situation globally and in India, the different types of COVID vaccines available in India, benefits of vaccination for the general population and pregnant women, safety of the vaccines for pregnant women, and international recommendations that vaccination should be offered to pregnant women similar to non-pregnant individuals based on risk-benefit analysis. The document concludes by stating current recommendations in India do not support vaccination of pregnant or breastfeeding women due to lack of safety data, but international organizations support vaccination for pregnant women.
Perception and Behavioural Outcome towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students an...Kailash Nagar
The document summarizes a study that assessed perceptions and behaviors toward COVID-19 vaccines among nursing students and faculty in Gujarat, India. The study found that the majority of participants willingly received the vaccine, did not experience severe side effects, and had a good perception of the vaccine's safety and importance. Specifically:
- Over 96% of participants were below age 25. Most received the vaccine willingly and free of cost.
- Around 80% experienced no severe side effects from the first or second dose. The most common side effect was mild fever lasting 1-2 days.
- Over 73% of participants had a good perception of the COVID-19 vaccine, while 23% had a moderate perception
This document outlines Bambang Budiono's presentation on COVID-19 vaccines. It discusses the body's natural immune response, how vaccines work to train the immune system, the development of different COVID-19 vaccines using various platforms, their efficacy rates in clinical trials, potential side effects, and who can safely receive the vaccines. The presentation covers cellular and humoral immunity against COVID-19, the parts of the virus best suited for vaccine development, how approved vaccines like Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca and Sinovac function, and considerations around long term protection.
The Community Health Center, Inc. and its Weitzman Institute have received Joint Accreditation for Interprofessional Continuing Education, allowing it to award continuing education credits to a wide range of health professionals for its ECHO program. The document discusses disclosure information for the presentation and encourages participants to fill out evaluation forms to receive continuing education credits through new accrediting bodies. It then provides an agenda for a conversation on COVID-19 vaccine efforts, with presentations from medical center and health organization representatives discussing their vaccine distribution challenges and successes.
This bulletin is a publication of the CRC networks in Perak (Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun Ipoh, Hospital Seri Manjung and Hospital Taiping).
This issue emcompasses various research articles written by CRC staff, a research scope write-up to emphasize on the research focus this coming year, programmes conducted in 2021 as well as upcoming events across the CRC Perak Network this year.
(e-ISSN Number: 2682-7867).
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Richard Lim Boon Leong is a Consultant Palliative Medicine Physician and Head of Palliative Care Unit, Selayang Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Our client volunteered for phase 3 trials of the Covishield vaccine at Sri Ramachandra Medical College. He was assured the vaccine was safe based on information provided. However, 11 days after receiving the vaccine, he experienced severe headache, vomiting, altered mental state and was hospitalized. For over a week in the ICU he was disoriented, unable to recognize people, and displayed symptoms of extreme pain. Various tests were unable to determine the cause of his condition. The legal notice is being sent to investigate whether his adverse reaction was caused by the Covishield vaccine.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It states that SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus surrounded by a nucleoprotein and matrix protein capsid. It has at least six open reading frames in its genome that encode for structural and accessory proteins. The two large overlapping ORFs encode for the four main structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
Assignment on Covid 19 | Tutors India.pptxTutors India
Tutors india thesis and dissertation writing help guarantees that your dissertation is confidential, and so you do not have to worry about it.
For #Enquiry:
World: https://www.tutorsindia.com
UK: https://www.tutorsindia.com/uk
UAE: https://tutorsindia.com/ae/
Australia:https://www.tutorsindia.com/au/
Newzealand: https://www.tutorsindia.com/nz/
(UK): +44-1143520021
Mail: info@tutorsindia.com
Mail: info@tutorsuk.co.uk
(Whatsapp): +91-8754446690
Vaksinasi Booster COVID-19 di Indonesia (Booster 1, Booster 2, Prioritas)
1) Vaksinasi booster COVID-19 di Indonesia hanya mencapai sekitar 30% dan perlu ditingkatkan, khususnya untuk kelompok prioritas seperti lansia, komorbid, dan imunokompromais.
2) Vaksinasi booster 1 saat ini untuk usia 18 tahun ke atas. Persiapan sedang berlangsung untuk vaksinasi booster ke-2.
3) Kelompok prioritas tertinggi
The British Islamic Medical Association recommends the COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca for eligible individuals in the Muslim community for protection against COVID-19 when used in accordance with regulatory approval. They note efficacy was shown to be 70.42% with mostly mild adverse reactions reported. While vaccines are now available, vigilance with preventive measures like masks and distancing remain important given continued high transmission rates disproportionately impacting ethnic minorities.
- COVID-19 booster shots are recommended for various groups when vaccine-induced immunity has waned, typically 3-6 months after the primary vaccination series. Effectiveness against infection declines more rapidly than against severe outcomes like hospitalization and death.
- Studies show a third dose of mRNA vaccines like Pfizer significantly increases antibody levels in transplant recipients and the immunocompromised whose immune response is weaker.
- Countries providing data found waning vaccine protection against infection over time but sustained effectiveness against severe disease, supporting the need for boosters in vulnerable populations.
This study examined the association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death in 1376 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. The primary outcome was a composite of intubation or death. 811 patients (58.9%) received hydroxychloroquine. There was no significant association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death in the primary analysis or sensitivity analyses. Randomized controlled trials are still needed to determine if hydroxychloroquine is effective for treating COVID-19.
The document discusses various aspects of COVID vaccines in India, including their development and clinical trials. It describes the Covishield and Covaxin vaccines in detail - Covishield is developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, while Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech. It provides statistics on vaccination rates in India and challenges like vaccine hesitancy. Other vaccines mentioned include Sputnik V, Pfizer and Moderna.
Favipiravir is an antiviral drug being studied for the treatment of COVID-19. The document summarizes several studies on favipiravir including: a randomized controlled trial from China finding favipiravir led to faster viral clearance and improved chest imaging outcomes compared to lopinavir/ritonavir; observational data from Japan showing clinical improvement in most patients, especially those with mild/moderate disease; and a Russian study demonstrating improved viral clearance and fever relief with favipiravir versus standard of care. The document also reviews favipiravir's mechanism of action, potential adverse effects, and prescribing guidelines.
This slide presentation historically, statistically and attractively explains various vaccines for covid19 available in India. (Please update the statistical data to current values)
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Clinical Guideline on COVID-19 Vaccination for Adolescents (12 – 17 years)
Prepared by Dr Nik Khairulddin Nik Yusoff, Paediatrician at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II
This document summarizes several clinical studies investigating potential COVID-19 treatments remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin. For remdesivir, Phase 3 trials showed treatment for up to 10 days was well tolerated and improved clinical outcomes. An observational study of hydroxychloroquine found no significant benefit for hospitalized patients. A large observational study across six continents found increased mortality and arrhythmias associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, with or without macrolides.
This document summarizes a clinical trial of an influenza vaccine. The trial aims to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a self-administered intradermal influenza vaccine to a nurse-administered intradermal vaccine. It describes the trial design as a randomized, open-label study. The primary objective is to show non-inferior immunogenicity of the self-administered vaccine. Safety and ability of participants to self-administer will also be assessed. The trial involves vaccination, follow-up of adverse events, and measurement of antibody response to evaluate the objectives. Standard clinical trial procedures for informed consent, safety monitoring, and regulatory compliance are discussed.
The document discusses the state of the COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic pipeline. It notes that as of October 23, 2020 there were 4 main vaccine platforms under development, with 10 candidates in Phase 3 trials. These include nucleic acid, viral vector, protein subunit, and virus-based platforms. It also summarizes some of the leading monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapeutic candidates and their stages of development, noting over 100 actionable therapeutic trials expected to readout by the end of 2020. Lastly, it discusses considerations for large-scale manufacturing and deployment of vaccines, including cold chain requirements and monitoring for safety.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the antiviral remdesivir in 1062 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients received either intravenous remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, then 100 mg daily for up to 9 more days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was time to recovery, defined as hospital discharge or hospitalization for non-infectious reasons only. Patients who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days compared to 15 days for placebo patients, and were more likely to have clinical improvement at day 15. Mortality by day 29 was 11.4% for rem
FOGSI POSITION STATEMENT COVID VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT & BREASTFEEDING WOMENNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document discusses recommendations and guidelines regarding COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women. It provides information on the current COVID-19 situation globally and in India, the different types of COVID vaccines available in India, benefits of vaccination for the general population and pregnant women, safety of the vaccines for pregnant women, and international recommendations that vaccination should be offered to pregnant women similar to non-pregnant individuals based on risk-benefit analysis. The document concludes by stating current recommendations in India do not support vaccination of pregnant or breastfeeding women due to lack of safety data, but international organizations support vaccination for pregnant women.
Perception and Behavioural Outcome towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students an...Kailash Nagar
The document summarizes a study that assessed perceptions and behaviors toward COVID-19 vaccines among nursing students and faculty in Gujarat, India. The study found that the majority of participants willingly received the vaccine, did not experience severe side effects, and had a good perception of the vaccine's safety and importance. Specifically:
- Over 96% of participants were below age 25. Most received the vaccine willingly and free of cost.
- Around 80% experienced no severe side effects from the first or second dose. The most common side effect was mild fever lasting 1-2 days.
- Over 73% of participants had a good perception of the COVID-19 vaccine, while 23% had a moderate perception
This document outlines Bambang Budiono's presentation on COVID-19 vaccines. It discusses the body's natural immune response, how vaccines work to train the immune system, the development of different COVID-19 vaccines using various platforms, their efficacy rates in clinical trials, potential side effects, and who can safely receive the vaccines. The presentation covers cellular and humoral immunity against COVID-19, the parts of the virus best suited for vaccine development, how approved vaccines like Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca and Sinovac function, and considerations around long term protection.
The Community Health Center, Inc. and its Weitzman Institute have received Joint Accreditation for Interprofessional Continuing Education, allowing it to award continuing education credits to a wide range of health professionals for its ECHO program. The document discusses disclosure information for the presentation and encourages participants to fill out evaluation forms to receive continuing education credits through new accrediting bodies. It then provides an agenda for a conversation on COVID-19 vaccine efforts, with presentations from medical center and health organization representatives discussing their vaccine distribution challenges and successes.
This bulletin is a publication of the CRC networks in Perak (Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun Ipoh, Hospital Seri Manjung and Hospital Taiping).
This issue emcompasses various research articles written by CRC staff, a research scope write-up to emphasize on the research focus this coming year, programmes conducted in 2021 as well as upcoming events across the CRC Perak Network this year.
(e-ISSN Number: 2682-7867).
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Richard Lim Boon Leong is a Consultant Palliative Medicine Physician and Head of Palliative Care Unit, Selayang Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Our client volunteered for phase 3 trials of the Covishield vaccine at Sri Ramachandra Medical College. He was assured the vaccine was safe based on information provided. However, 11 days after receiving the vaccine, he experienced severe headache, vomiting, altered mental state and was hospitalized. For over a week in the ICU he was disoriented, unable to recognize people, and displayed symptoms of extreme pain. Various tests were unable to determine the cause of his condition. The legal notice is being sent to investigate whether his adverse reaction was caused by the Covishield vaccine.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It states that SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus surrounded by a nucleoprotein and matrix protein capsid. It has at least six open reading frames in its genome that encode for structural and accessory proteins. The two large overlapping ORFs encode for the four main structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
Assignment on Covid 19 | Tutors India.pptxTutors India
Tutors india thesis and dissertation writing help guarantees that your dissertation is confidential, and so you do not have to worry about it.
For #Enquiry:
World: https://www.tutorsindia.com
UK: https://www.tutorsindia.com/uk
UAE: https://tutorsindia.com/ae/
Australia:https://www.tutorsindia.com/au/
Newzealand: https://www.tutorsindia.com/nz/
(UK): +44-1143520021
Mail: info@tutorsindia.com
Mail: info@tutorsuk.co.uk
(Whatsapp): +91-8754446690
Vaksinasi Booster COVID-19 di Indonesia (Booster 1, Booster 2, Prioritas)
1) Vaksinasi booster COVID-19 di Indonesia hanya mencapai sekitar 30% dan perlu ditingkatkan, khususnya untuk kelompok prioritas seperti lansia, komorbid, dan imunokompromais.
2) Vaksinasi booster 1 saat ini untuk usia 18 tahun ke atas. Persiapan sedang berlangsung untuk vaksinasi booster ke-2.
3) Kelompok prioritas tertinggi
The British Islamic Medical Association recommends the COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca for eligible individuals in the Muslim community for protection against COVID-19 when used in accordance with regulatory approval. They note efficacy was shown to be 70.42% with mostly mild adverse reactions reported. While vaccines are now available, vigilance with preventive measures like masks and distancing remain important given continued high transmission rates disproportionately impacting ethnic minorities.
Die britische Regierung räumt ein, dass Impfstoffe das natürliche Immunsystem von Doppelgeimpften geschädigt haben. Die britische Regierung hat zugegeben, dass Sie nach einer Doppelimpfung nie wieder eine vollständige natürliche Immunität gegen Covid-Varianten – oder möglicherweise gegen andere Viren – erlangen können. Sehen wir also zu, wie die „echte“ Pandemie jetzt beginnt! In seinem „COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Report“ (Woche 42) räumt das britische Gesundheitsministerium auf Seite 23 ein, dass „die N-Antikörperspiegel bei Menschen, die sich nach zwei Impfdosen infizieren, niedriger zu sein scheinen“. Es heißt weiter, dass dieser Rückgang der Antikörper im Wesentlichen dauerhaft ist. Was bedeutet das? Wir wissen, dass Impfstoffe eine Infektion oder Übertragung des Virus nicht verhindern (tatsächlich zeigt der Bericht an anderer Stelle, dass geimpfte Erwachsene jetzt viel wahrscheinlicher infiziert werden als ungeimpfte). Die Briten stellen nun fest, dass der Impfstoff die Fähigkeit des Körpers beeinträchtigt, nach einer Infektion Antikörper zu bilden, nicht nur gegen das Spike-Protein, sondern auch gegen andere Teile des Virus. Insbesondere scheinen geimpfte Personen keine Antikörper gegen das Nukleokapsid-Protein, die Hülle des Virus, zu bilden, das ein entscheidender Teil der Reaktion bei ungeimpften Personen ist. Langfristig sind die Geimpften deutlich anfälliger für eventuelle Mutationen im Spike-Protein, auch wenn sie bereits einmal oder mehrmals infiziert und geheilt wurden. Die Ungeimpften hingegen werden eine dauerhafte, wenn nicht sogar dauerhafte Immunität gegen alle Stämme des angeblichen Virus erlangen, nachdem sie auch nur einmal auf natürliche Weise damit infiziert wurden. Quelle: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1027511/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-42.pdf Die
OXFORD UNIVERSITY covid-19 phase II/III clinical trail explainedSrinivasaReddy137
The document summarizes a clinical trial being conducted by the Oxford Vaccine Centre to test a new COVID-19 vaccine called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. The purpose is to test the vaccine's safety and ability to generate immune responses in healthy volunteers across different age groups. The vaccine is made from a weakened adenovirus that has been modified to produce COVID-19 spike proteins to generate an immune response. Participants will receive either the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or a control MenACWY vaccine and will be monitored for side effects and COVID-19 infection rates to determine the vaccine's effectiveness. Results will depend on transmission rates in the community.
COVID-19 vaccines in cancer patients Dr. Nabil El-HadiNabil El-Hady
This document provides information about COVID-19 vaccination in cancer patients by answering common questions. It discusses that cancer patients are eligible for COVID-19 vaccines as long as they have no contraindications. While vaccines have not been tested in cancer patients, post-authorization studies are planned. The document recommends vaccination timing and managing expected side effects. It also reviews guidelines on vaccination for different cancer types and treatments.
This document provides a 3-section expert statement on the use of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty) in adolescents. Section 1 argues that vaccination of adolescents is unnecessary because COVID-19 is typically mild in this group and immunity is widespread. Section 2 claims that Pfizer's efficacy claims are misleading and specious. Section 3 states that the vaccine's safety profile is "catastrophically bad" and regulatory agencies failed to properly assess health risks. The conclusion is that using this vaccine in adolescents should not be permitted and its use in all age groups should be stopped immediately. The document provides detailed arguments and evidence to support each claim.
Booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine: Rationales, implications and way forward f...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document discusses rationales for COVID-19 vaccine booster doses in African countries. It notes that while many African countries obtained initial vaccine doses, obtaining booster doses has proven difficult. Booster doses are recommended to maintain sufficient protection against infection as immunity from initial doses wanes over time. However, African countries face challenges with weak vaccine supply chains and fragile health systems in obtaining adequate booster doses for their populations. The document examines rationales for boosters, supply issues challenging African countries, and implications and recommendations regarding boosters on the continent.
The document provides clinical considerations for use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine based on information submitted to the FDA for Emergency Use Authorization. It discusses administration of the two-dose vaccine schedule, considerations for special populations including pregnant and breastfeeding women, importance of completing the two-dose series, and contraindications.
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Rizah Mazzuin Razali, the head of Geriatric Unit and Internal Medicine Physician working in Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Version 10th August 2021.
Addendum to Ministry of Health, Malaysia's Guidelines Version 2, Dated 23rd June 2021 For the full list of updates, please visit https://cutt.ly/c19vak
1. A crucial component of COVID-19 prevention is rapid antigen testing to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus by identifying viral proteins. In contrast to antibody tests, antigen tests directly detect the presence of the virus.
2. The CDC recommends a second COVID booster dose for those over 50 and other at-risk groups to maintain immunity levels as vaccine protection declines after 4 months. Additional boosters reduce symptoms and spread to vulnerable groups.
3. Older adults and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk for COVID complications, so a second booster provides better protection for these groups based on evidence that immunity wanes over time.
1. A crucial component of COVID-19 prevention is rapid antigen testing to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus by identifying viral proteins. In contrast to antibody tests, antigen tests directly detect the presence of the virus.
2. The CDC recommends a second COVID booster dose for those over 50 and other at-risk groups to maintain immunity levels as vaccine protection declines after 4 months. Additional boosters reduce symptoms and spread to vulnerable groups.
3. Studies show additional boosters bolster the immune system against severe illness from variants like Delta and Omicron. Those over 60 or immunocompromised benefit most from a second booster now.
Journal club covid vaccine neurological complications ZIKRULLAH MALLICK
the risks of adverse neurological events following SARS-CoV-2 infection are much greater than those associated with vaccinations, highlighting the benefits of ongoing vaccination programs.
This document discusses COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. It notes that pregnant women infected with COVID-19 have higher risks of preterm birth, pregnancy loss, and severe illness. While COVID-19 vaccines were not tested in pregnant women during clinical trials, studies since have shown the vaccines generate protective antibodies in pregnant and lactating women as well as in umbilical cord blood and breast milk. The vaccines have shown mild and temporary side effects similar to non-pregnant individuals. Health organizations now recommend pregnant individuals discuss COVID-19 vaccination with their doctors given the risks of infection and limited safety data on the vaccines during pregnancy.
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
The study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in adolescents ages 12-15. Over 2,000 adolescents received two doses of either the vaccine or placebo. The vaccine had a favorable safety profile with mainly mild or moderate side effects. It produced a greater immune response in 12-15 year olds compared to young adults. Among participants without prior COVID-19 infection, no cases of COVID-19 occurred in the vaccine group 7 days after the second dose, compared to 16 cases in the placebo group, indicating 100% efficacy of the vaccine.
Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individualsMattisHallsteinVolla
This study examined the incidence of COVID-19 among 52,238 employees in an American healthcare system over 5 months. The study found:
1) The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 remained almost zero among those previously infected who remained unvaccinated, those previously infected who were vaccinated, and those not previously infected who were vaccinated.
2) In contrast, there was a steady increase in cumulative incidence among those not previously infected who remained unvaccinated.
3) Not one of the 1,359 previously infected subjects who remained unvaccinated had COVID-19 over the duration of the study.
The results suggest individuals who have had COVID-19 are unlikely to benefit from vaccination, and vaccines
Sanción de AEPD al Ministerio de Justicia por LexNETVerificaRTVE
El documento describe un incidente de seguridad en el sistema LexNET del Ministerio de Justicia de España que permitió a usuarios acceder a buzones de correo ajenos. La brecha fue detectada el 27 de julio de 2017 y corregida en menos de 5 horas. La investigación encontró que la versión 4.10.1.0 de LexNET, implementada el 20 de julio, omitió validaciones que verificaban el acceso autorizado a buzones. Esto permitió a usuarios visualizar notificaciones en buzones ajenos introduciendo el número de identificación del usuario. No se acc
Documento sobre tasas de mortalidad COVID-19 por comunidades autónomasVerificaRTVE
Este documento analiza la mortalidad por COVID-19 entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021 en las diferentes comunidades autónomas de España. Muestra que Madrid tiene la segunda tasa de mortalidad más alta después de Castilla-La Mancha, a pesar de la propaganda oficial que destaca el éxito de su gestión. El análisis de cinco indicadores clave muestra que Madrid también tuvo una de las peores gestiones, con altas tasas de incidencia, baja trazabilidad, y alta ocupación hospitalaria. Esto sugiere que la alta mortalidad en
El falso síndrome de alienación parentalVerificaRTVE
Tesis doctoral de Dolores Padilla Racero. Universidad de Málaga (2017). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho Público. Doctorado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales.
Timo Telefónica marcación 0# febrero 2005VerificaRTVE
Telefónica de España publicó un comunicado para aclarar informaciones confusas sobre un supuesto fraude telefónico donde llamadas podrían ser facturadas a otro número marcando 90#. Según estudios técnicos de Telefónica, es imposible facturar llamadas a otro número de esta manera. Telefónica también ofrece detalles de facturación en línea para que clientes puedan verificar sus llamadas. En más de seis años desde que se difundió el supuesto fraude, Telefónica no ha recibido ninguna reclamación relacionada ni queja sobre
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendaciones Preliminares de la OMS sobre la vacuna de AstraZeneca
1. -1-
Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222
(ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-
19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
Interim guidance
10 February 2021
Background
This interim guidance has been developed on the basis of the advice issued by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on
Immunization at its extraordinary meeting on 8 February 2021 (1).
Declarations of interests were collected from all external contributors and assessed for any conflicts of interest. Summaries of the
reported interests can be found on the SAGE meeting website and SAGE Working Group website.
These interim recommendations apply to AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford
University (United Kingdom) and AstraZeneca as well as to ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccines against COVID-19 produced by
other manufacturers that rely on the AstraZeneca core clinical data, following demonstrated equivalence in their regulatory review
and once emergency use listing (EUL) has been obtained from WHO.
The guidance is based on the evidence summarized in the Background document on AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19 developed
by Oxford University and AstraZeneca and the Background paper on COVID-19 disease and vaccines. Both these documents are
available on the SAGE COVID-19 webpage: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-
immunization/covid-19-materials.
Methods
SAGE applies the principles of evidence-based medicine and has set in place a thorough methodological process for issuing and
updating recommendations (2). A detailed description of the methodological processes as they apply to COVID-19 vaccines can be
found in the SAGE evidence framework for COVID-19 vaccines (3). This framework contains guidance on considering data
emerging from clinical trials in relation to the issuance of vaccine-specific evidence-based recommendations.
General goal and strategy for the use of the AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, as well as major social, educational
and economic disruptions. There is an urgent global need to develop effective and safe vaccines and to make them available at scale
and equitably across all countries.
The AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19 has an efficacy of 63.09% (95% CI 51.81; 71.73) against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2
infection, as shown by the primary analysis of data irrespective of interdose interval (data cut 7 December 2020) from trial
participants in the United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa who received 2 standard doses. Vaccine efficacy tended to be higher
when the interval between doses was longer. This, together with the finding of higher antibody levels with increasing interdose
interval, supports the conclusion that longer dose intervals within the 4–12 weeks range are associated with greater vaccine efficacy.
No vaccinated persons were hospitalized as from 22 days after dose 1, compared with 14 unvaccinated persons who were
hospitalized for COVID-19 in the same time frame. At the time of analysis, the median follow-up time after the second dose was
80 days. More detailed data on the efficacy and safety of this vaccine can be found in the Background document on AZD1222
vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca (https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-
group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials). The data reviewed by WHO support the conclusion that the known and
2. Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
-2-
potential benefits of AZD1222 outweigh the known and potential risks. As sufficient vaccine supply will not be immediately
available to immunize all who could benefit from it, countries are recommended to use the WHO Prioritization Roadmap (4) and
the WHO Values Framework (5) as guidance for their prioritization of target groups. As long as vaccine supplies are very limited
(stage I in the WHO Prioritization Roadmap), in settings with community transmission, the Roadmap recommends that priority be
given initially to health workers and older people with and without comorbidities. Protecting health workers has a threefold purpose:
(i) to protect the individual health workers; (ii) to protect critical essential services during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (iii) to
prevent onward transmission to vulnerable people. Protecting older people will have the greatest public health impact in terms of
reducing the number of deaths. As more vaccine becomes available, additional priority groups should be vaccinated as outlined in
the WHO Prioritization Roadmap (4), taking into account national epidemiological data, vaccine-specific characteristics as outlined
in product information approved by regulatory authorities, and other relevant considerations.
Intended use
Persons aged 18 years and above.
Administration
The recommended schedule is two doses (0.5 ml) given intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle. According to the manufacturer’s
product label, the vaccine can be administered with an interval of 4-12 weeks (6). In light of the observation that two-dose efficacy
and immunogenicity increase with a longer interdose interval, WHO recommends an interval of 8 to 12 weeks between the doses.
If the second dose is inadvertently administered less than 4 weeks after the first, the dose does not need to be repeated. If
administration of the second dose is inadvertently delayed beyond 12 weeks, it should be given at the earliest possible opportunity.
It is recommended that all vaccinated individuals receive two doses.
Booster doses
There is currently no evidence indicating a need for further doses once an individual has received two doses. The need for, and
timing of, additional doses will be evaluated as further data accumulate.
Interchangeability with COVID-19 vaccines
No data are available on the interchangeability of doses of this vaccine with other COVID-19 vaccines. It is currently recommended
that the same product should be used for both doses. Recommendations may be updated as further information becomes available
on interchangeability.
Co-administration with other vaccines
There should be a minimum interval of 14 days between administration of this vaccine and any other vaccine against other conditions.
This recommendation may be amended as data on co-administration with other vaccines become available.
Contraindications
A history of anaphylaxis to any component of the vaccine is a contraindication to vaccination. People who have an anaphylactic
reaction following the first dose of this vaccine should not receive a second dose of the same vaccine.
Precautions
No severe allergic reactions or anaphylaxis caused by AZD1222 have been recorded in the context of clinical trials. However, as
for all vaccines, AZD1222 should be given under health care supervision, with the appropriate medical treatment available in case
of allergic reactions. As for any other vaccine, an observation period of 15 min after vaccination should be ensured.
Anyone with an acute febrile illness (body temperature over 38.5 ºC) should postpone vaccination until they are afebrile. However,
the presence of a minor infection, such as a cold, or low-grade fever should not delay vaccination.
3. Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
-3-
Vaccination of specific populations
Populations for which supportive data are available from immunogenicity and clinical trials
Persons aged 65 years and over
Because a relatively small number of participants aged 65 years or over were recruited into the clinical trials, there were few cases
of COVID-19 in either the vaccine or the control group in this age category, and thus the confidence interval on the efficacy estimate
is very wide. More precise efficacy estimates for this age group are expected soon, from both ongoing trials and vaccine effectiveness
studies in countries that are using this vaccine. Immune responses induced by the vaccine in older persons are well documented and
similar to those in other age groups. This suggests it is likely that the vaccine will be found to be efficacious in older persons. The
trial data indicate that the vaccine is safe for this age group. The risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19 increases steeply
with age. Older adults are identified as a priority group in the WHO SAGE Prioritization Roadmap. This prioritization is supported
by vaccine impact modelling work, even for vaccine efficacy that is substantially below that observed among younger adults
administered AZD1222. Taking the totality of available evidence into account, WHO recommends the vaccine for use in persons
aged 65 years and older.
Persons with comorbidities
Certain comorbidities have been identified as increasing the risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death. The clinical trials
demonstrated that the vaccine has similar safety and efficacy profiles in persons with various underlying medical conditions,
including those that place them at increased risk for severe COVID-19. The comorbidities studied in the clinical trials included
obesity, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and diabetes. Vaccination is recommended for persons with comorbidities that
have been identified as increasing the risk of severe COVID-19.
Populations for which limited or no data exist from the clinical trials
Children and adolescents below the age of 18 years
There are currently no efficacy or safety data for children or adolescents below the age of 18 years. Until such data are available,
vaccination of individuals below 18 years of age is not recommended.
Pregnant women
Pregnant women are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 compared with women of childbearing age who are not pregnant, and
COVID-19 has been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. The available data on AZD1222 vaccination of pregnant
women are insufficient to assess vaccine efficacy or vaccine-associated risks in pregnancy. However, it should be noted that
AZD1222 is a nonreplicating vaccine.
Animal developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies are ongoing. Preliminary findings show no indication of harm to
the development of the foetus. Further studies are planned in pregnant women in the coming months, including a pregnancy sub-
study and a pregnancy registry. As data from these studies become available, recommendations on vaccination will be updated
accordingly. In the interim, pregnant women should receive AZD 1222 only if the benefit of vaccination to the pregnant woman
outweighs the potential vaccine risks, such as if they are health workers at high risk of exposure or have comorbidities that place
them in a high-risk group for severe COVID-19. Information and, if possible, counselling on the lack of safety data for pregnant
women should be provided.
WHO does not recommend pregnancy testing prior to vaccination. WHO does not recommend delaying pregnancy because of
vaccination.
Lactating women
Breastfeeding offers substantial health benefits to lactating women and their breastfed children. Vaccine efficacy is expected to be
similar in lactating women as in other adults. It is unknown whether AZD1222 is excreted in human milk. As the AZD1222 vaccine
is a non-replicating vaccine, it is unlikely to pose a risk to the breastfeeding child. On the basis of these considerations, a lactating
woman who is part of a group recommended for vaccination, e.g., health workers, should be offered vaccination on an equivalent
basis. WHO does not recommend discontinuing breastfeeding after vaccination.
4. Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
-4-
Persons living with HIV
Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Persons living with HIV
were not included in the primary analyses of the trials and safety data in subgroups of HIV-positive subjects are awaited. Data on
administration of the vaccine are currently insufficient to allow assessment of vaccine efficacy or safety for persons living with HIV.
It is possible that the immune response to the vaccine may be reduced, which may lower its clinical effectiveness. In the interim,
given that the vaccine is nonreplicating, persons living with HIV who are part of a group recommended for vaccination may be
vaccinated. Information and, where possible, counselling should be provided to inform individual benefit–risk assessment. It is not
necessary to test for HIV infection prior to vaccine administration.
Immunocompromised persons
Immunocompromised persons are at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Available data are currently insufficient to assess vaccine
efficacy or vaccine-associated risks in severely immunocompromised persons, including those receiving immunosuppressant
therapy. It is possible that the immune response to the vaccine may be reduced, which may lower its clinical effectiveness. In the
interim, given that the vaccine is nonreplicating, immunocompromised persons who are part of a group recommended for
vaccination may be vaccinated. Information and, where possible, counselling about vaccine safety and efficacy profiles in
immunocompromised persons should be provided to inform individual benefit–risk assessment.
Persons with autoimmune conditions
No data are currently available on the safety and efficacy of AZD1222 in persons with autoimmune conditions. Persons with
autoimmune conditions who are part of a group recommended for vaccination may be vaccinated.
Persons who have previously had SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vaccination may be offered regardless of a person’s history of symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral or
serological testing for prior infection is not recommended for the purpose of decision-making about vaccination. Available data
from the pooled analyses indicate that AZD1222 is safe in people with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. In participants
who were seropositive at baseline, antibody levels were boosted after dose 1, with no further boosting after dose 2. The added
protection of vaccinating previously infected individuals is yet to be established. Currently available data indicate that symptomatic
reinfection within 6 months after an initial infection is rare. Thus, persons with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the
preceding 6 months may delay vaccination until near the end of this period. When more data on duration of immunity after natural
infection become available, the length of this time period may be revised.
Persons with current acute COVID-19
Persons with acute PCR-confirmed COVID-19, including those with onset of PCR-confirmed infection between doses, should not
be vaccinated until after they have recovered from acute illness and the criteria for discontinuation of isolation have been met.
Persons with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection may delay vaccination for 6 months. When more data on duration of immunity
after natural infection become available, the length of this delay may be revised.
Persons who previously received passive antibody therapy for COVID-19
Currently there are no data on the safety or efficacy of vaccination in persons who received monoclonal antibodies or convalescent
plasma as part of COVID-19 treatment. Hence, as a precautionary measure, vaccination should be deferred for at least 90 days to
avoid interference of the antibody treatment with vaccine-induced immune responses.
Special settings
Persons in settings such as refugee and detention camps, prisons, slums, and other settings with high population densities, where
physical distancing is not implementable, should be prioritized for vaccination as outlined in the WHO Prioritization Roadmap (4),
taking into account national epidemiological data, vaccine supply and other relevant considerations.
As noted in the WHO Prioritization Roadmap, national programmes should give special consideration to groups that are
disproportionately affected by COVID-19 or that face health inequities as a result of social or structural inequities. Such groups
5. Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
-5-
should be identified, barriers to vaccination should be addressed, and programmes should be developed to allow equitable access to
vaccines.
In the current period of very limited vaccine supply, preferential vaccination of international travellers would counter the principle
of equity. Because of this and the lack of evidence on whether vaccination reduces the risk of transmission, WHO currently does
not recommend COVID-19 vaccination of travellers (unless they are also part of a high-risk group or in epidemiological settings
identified in the WHO Prioritization Roadmap (4)). As vaccine supply increases, these recommendations will be revisited.
Other considerations
SARS-CoV-2 variants
SARS-CoV-2 viruses undergo evolution. Some new virus variants may be associated with higher transmissibility, disease severity,
risk of reinfection, or a change in antigenic composition resulting in lower vaccine effectiveness.
Preliminary analyses have shown a slightly reduced vaccine effectiveness of AZD1222 against B1.1.1.7 in the V002 trial in the
United Kingdom which is associated with only a limited reduction in neutralizing antibody. Preliminary analyses from the Phase
1/2a trial (COV005) in South Africa indicate marked reduction in vaccine effectiveness against mild and moderate disease due to B
1.351 based on a small sample size and substantial loss of neutralizing antibody activity. This study was designed to assess efficacy
against disease of any severity, but the small sample size did not allow a specific assessment of vaccine efficacy against severe
COVID-19. Indirect evidence is compatible with protection against severe COVID-19; however, this remains to be demonstrated
in ongoing clinical trials and post-implementation evaluations.
In view of this, WHO currently recommends the use of AZD1222 vaccine according to the Prioritization Roadmap (4) even if
variants are present in a country. Countries should conduct a benefit-risk assessment according to the local epidemiological situation
including the extent of circulating virus variants.
These preliminary findings highlight the urgent need for a coordinated approach for surveillance and evaluation of variants and their
potential impact on vaccine effectiveness. WHO will continue to monitor the situation; as new data become available,
recommendations will be updated accordingly.
SARS-CoV-2 tests
Prior receipt of the vaccine will not affect the results of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification or antigen tests for diagnosis of
acute/current SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it is important to note that currently available antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 assess
levels of IgM and/or IgG to the spike or the nucleocapsid protein. The vaccine contains the spike protein; thus, a positive test for
spike protein IgM or IgG could indicate either prior infection or prior vaccination. To evaluate for evidence of prior infection in an
individual who has received the AZD1222 vaccine, a test that specifically evaluates IgM or IgG to the nucleocapsid protein should
be used. A positive nucleocapsid protein-based assay indicates prior infection, while a negative nucleocapsid protein-based assay is
expected after vaccination (unless a natural infection has occurred). Antibody testing is not currently recommended to assess
immunity to COVID-19 following AZD1222 vaccination.
Role of vaccines among other preventive measures
As there is not yet sufficient evidence of an effect of the vaccine on transmission, nonpharmaceutical interventions must continue,
including use of face masks, physical distancing, handwashing and other measures as appropriate in particular settings, depending
on the COVID-19 epidemiology and potential risks of emerging variants. Government advice on nonpharmaceutical interventions
should continue to be followed by vaccinated individuals, as well as those who have not yet been vaccinated. This advice will be
updated as information on the impact of vaccination on virus transmission and indirect protection in the community is assessed.
Community engagement, effective communication, and legitimacy
Community engagement and effective communication (including risk communication) are essential to the success of COVID-19
vaccination programmes. Prioritization decisions should be made through transparent processes that are based on shared values, the
best available scientific evidence, and appropriate representation and input by affected parties. Furthermore, communication about
the mechanism of action of vector-based vaccines, and efficacy and safety data derived from clinical trials and post-marketing
studies, as well as background mortality, maternal and neonatal outcomes and rates of adverse events of special interest (AESI) in
groups prioritized for vaccination, needs to be strengthened. Strategies should include: (i) culturally acceptable and linguistically
6. Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca
-6-
accessible communications regarding COVID-19 vaccination made freely available; (ii) active community engagement and
involvement of community opinion leaders and trusted voices to improve awareness and understanding of such communications;
and (iii) inclusion of diverse and affected stakeholder opinions in decision-making. Such efforts are especially important in
subpopulations who may be unfamiliar with or distrustful of health care systems and immunization.
Vaccination logistics
The vaccine is presented as a 10-dose vial with stopper (elastomeric with aluminium overseal), delivered in packs containing 10
multidose vials. Unopened multidose vials should be stored in a refrigerator (2 °C to 8 °C) and should not be frozen. Once a vial
has been opened (first needle puncture), it should be handled according to the WHO open vial policy and be discarded at the end of
the immunization session or within six hours of opening, whichever comes first. Within this period, the product may be kept and
used at temperatures up to 30 °C (6, 7).
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product
should be clearly recorded in patient records.
When scheduling vaccination for occupational groups, e.g., health workers, consideration should be given to the reactogenicity
profile of AZD1222 vaccine observed in clinical trials, which may occasionally lead to time off work in the 24–48 hours following
vaccination.
In considering the programme implications of implementing these recommendations, particular attention should be given to equity,
including the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of the programme in resource-constrained settings.
Recommendations on addressing current knowledge gaps through further research
WHO recommends the following post-authorization monitoring activities and research.
• Safety surveillance and monitoring:
− serious adverse events, anaphylaxis and other serious allergic reactions, Bell`s palsy, transverse myelitis, cases of
multisystem inflammatory syndrome following vaccination, cases of COVID-19 following vaccination that result
in hospitalization or death;
− background rates of AESIs, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and mortality in groups prioritized for vaccination.
• Vaccine effectiveness:
− vaccine effectiveness in older persons;
− vaccine effectiveness in relation to time interval between the first and second dose;
− vaccine effectiveness in relation to new virus variants;
− vaccine effectiveness over time and whether protection can be prolonged by booster doses;
− booster studies with heterologous vaccines;
− studies to investigate whether this vaccine reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission and viral shedding;
− assessment and reporting of breakthrough infections and virus sequence information;
− head-to-head studies with other vaccines on extent and duration of immunity using standardized neutralization,
T-cell and mucosal immunity assays.
• Subpopulations:
− prospective studies on the safety of AZD1222 vaccine in pregnant and lactating women;
− randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of vaccination in persons below the age of 18 years;
− safety data on vaccination in immunocompromised persons, including persons living with HIV and persons with
autoimmune disease.
• Vaccination logistics
− immunogenicity and safety studies of co-administration with other vaccines, including influenza and
pneumococcal vaccines, to adults and older persons;
− safety, immunogenicity, and impact of a delayed second dose, as currently implemented by certain countries;
− interchangeability and “mix and match” studies within and across COVID-19 vaccine platforms;
− stability of vaccine under alternative cold-chain distribution and storage conditions.