This document provides tips for teaching English to children. It recommends starting each lesson with a warm-up activity to engage students. The main lesson should focus on one or two simple sentences using familiar words that students can easily remember and practice. It also suggests incorporating games, pictures, and real objects to help students learn and memorize new vocabulary. The document also provides strategies for managing playful students, such as seating them where they cannot distract others and calling on them regularly to answer questions. Finally, it advises teachers to be friendly, give rewards, help students outside of class, and keep lessons varied with new games and activities to help students enjoy learning English.
The document discusses wedge wire screens used for reactor internals and solid/liquid filtration in refining and petrochemical processes. It describes various types of internals including support grids, filter elements, outlet collectors, centrepipes, and scallops. These internals are used in axial and radial flow reactors to retain catalysts and media. The document also mentions applications of wedge wire screens in feedstock filtration and ion exchange to remove contaminants without clogging.
The document discusses Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) which allows IPv6 devices to automatically configure themselves with an IPv6 address without the need for a DHCPv6 server. SLAAC utilizes ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages from routers to provide IPv6 address prefixes and other configuration parameters to hosts, allowing them to generate their own addresses using the EUI-64 method or a random interface identifier. The document provides details on the SLAAC address generation process and configuration examples for routers and clients.
The document discusses the design of an ideal batch reactor for converting chemical A into product R through a liquid reaction. It provides the stoichiometry and rate equation for the reaction and asks the reader to calculate the reaction time needed for the concentration of A to drop from an initial concentration of 1.3 mol/liter to a final concentration of 0.3 mol/liter based on the information given.
This document presents a summary of chemical reactors. It discusses that reactors are vessels designed to contain chemical reactions and are the heart of chemical processes. It then describes different types of reactors including batch, continuous, semi-batch, and classifications based on operation mode, end use, phases, and catalyst. Continuous reactors allow reactants and products to flow continuously while batch reactors process reactants in batches. Reactor design is important for process economics.
Plug Flow Reactor are used to carry out the reactions like suzuki reaction, hoffmann reaction, grignard reaction, oxidation reaction, biocatalysis and many more.
This document provides tips for teaching English to children. It recommends starting each lesson with a warm-up activity to engage students. The main lesson should focus on one or two simple sentences using familiar words that students can easily remember and practice. It also suggests incorporating games, pictures, and real objects to help students learn and memorize new vocabulary. The document also provides strategies for managing playful students, such as seating them where they cannot distract others and calling on them regularly to answer questions. Finally, it advises teachers to be friendly, give rewards, help students outside of class, and keep lessons varied with new games and activities to help students enjoy learning English.
The document discusses wedge wire screens used for reactor internals and solid/liquid filtration in refining and petrochemical processes. It describes various types of internals including support grids, filter elements, outlet collectors, centrepipes, and scallops. These internals are used in axial and radial flow reactors to retain catalysts and media. The document also mentions applications of wedge wire screens in feedstock filtration and ion exchange to remove contaminants without clogging.
The document discusses Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) which allows IPv6 devices to automatically configure themselves with an IPv6 address without the need for a DHCPv6 server. SLAAC utilizes ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages from routers to provide IPv6 address prefixes and other configuration parameters to hosts, allowing them to generate their own addresses using the EUI-64 method or a random interface identifier. The document provides details on the SLAAC address generation process and configuration examples for routers and clients.
The document discusses the design of an ideal batch reactor for converting chemical A into product R through a liquid reaction. It provides the stoichiometry and rate equation for the reaction and asks the reader to calculate the reaction time needed for the concentration of A to drop from an initial concentration of 1.3 mol/liter to a final concentration of 0.3 mol/liter based on the information given.
This document presents a summary of chemical reactors. It discusses that reactors are vessels designed to contain chemical reactions and are the heart of chemical processes. It then describes different types of reactors including batch, continuous, semi-batch, and classifications based on operation mode, end use, phases, and catalyst. Continuous reactors allow reactants and products to flow continuously while batch reactors process reactants in batches. Reactor design is important for process economics.
Plug Flow Reactor are used to carry out the reactions like suzuki reaction, hoffmann reaction, grignard reaction, oxidation reaction, biocatalysis and many more.
This document describes a plug flow reactor (PFR). A PFR is a model used to describe continuous chemical reactions in cylindrical systems where the residence time is the same for all fluid elements. It discusses how PFRs work with agitators along the vessel length to provide horizontal plug flow movement from feed to discharge. Advantages of PFRs include no moving parts, high conversion, and consistent product quality. Disadvantages can include poor temperature control and potential hot spots in exothermic reactions. The document compares the characteristics and performance of PFRs, continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs), and batch reactors.
This document discusses different types of methanol synthesis reactors, including quench converters, ARC converters, tube cooled converters, and adiabatic bed reactors. It provides details on the benefits and drawbacks of each type, such as the quench converter being simple and reliable but prone to temperature maldistribution issues across the catalyst beds. The document also examines techniques for improving reactor design and operation, such as the ARC retrofit developed to improve gas mixing in quench converters.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactors used in industrial processes. It describes basic reactor components like tanks and pipes and operating modes like batch, continuous stirred-tank, and plug flow reactors. Key aspects covered include material and heat transfer, reaction rates, and the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts. Common reactor designs are presented, such as jackets, coils and packed beds for heat exchange. The document also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution AnalysisGerard B. Hawkins
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution Analysis - Case Study: #0630416GB/H; ACME Co. 9,000 MTD MeOH
This converter uses plates instead of tubes to remove the heat from the reaction gas. The use of the plates and the orientation allow the heat transfer within the converter to be more accurately controlled to follow the maximum rate line.
This case study examines the Radial Flow – Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) for ACME Co. 9,000 MTD, based on the Casale Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) design.
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
This document discusses various types of chemical reactors. It begins by defining a reactor as a vessel designed to contain chemical reactions. It then covers basic design principles like reaction type and factors influencing reaction rate. It describes several reactor types classified by mode of operation (batch, continuous, semi-batch), end use application (polymerization, bio, electrochemical), number of phases, and whether a catalyst is used. Specific reactor types covered include CSTR, plug flow, tubular flow, and fixed bed. The document also discusses catalysis, including homogeneous vs heterogeneous catalysts and common catalyst types.
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
This document describes a plug flow reactor (PFR). A PFR is a model used to describe continuous chemical reactions in cylindrical systems where the residence time is the same for all fluid elements. It discusses how PFRs work with agitators along the vessel length to provide horizontal plug flow movement from feed to discharge. Advantages of PFRs include no moving parts, high conversion, and consistent product quality. Disadvantages can include poor temperature control and potential hot spots in exothermic reactions. The document compares the characteristics and performance of PFRs, continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs), and batch reactors.
This document discusses different types of methanol synthesis reactors, including quench converters, ARC converters, tube cooled converters, and adiabatic bed reactors. It provides details on the benefits and drawbacks of each type, such as the quench converter being simple and reliable but prone to temperature maldistribution issues across the catalyst beds. The document also examines techniques for improving reactor design and operation, such as the ARC retrofit developed to improve gas mixing in quench converters.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactors used in industrial processes. It describes basic reactor components like tanks and pipes and operating modes like batch, continuous stirred-tank, and plug flow reactors. Key aspects covered include material and heat transfer, reaction rates, and the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts. Common reactor designs are presented, such as jackets, coils and packed beds for heat exchange. The document also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution AnalysisGerard B. Hawkins
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution Analysis - Case Study: #0630416GB/H; ACME Co. 9,000 MTD MeOH
This converter uses plates instead of tubes to remove the heat from the reaction gas. The use of the plates and the orientation allow the heat transfer within the converter to be more accurately controlled to follow the maximum rate line.
This case study examines the Radial Flow – Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) for ACME Co. 9,000 MTD, based on the Casale Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) design.
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
This document discusses various types of chemical reactors. It begins by defining a reactor as a vessel designed to contain chemical reactions. It then covers basic design principles like reaction type and factors influencing reaction rate. It describes several reactor types classified by mode of operation (batch, continuous, semi-batch), end use application (polymerization, bio, electrochemical), number of phases, and whether a catalyst is used. Specific reactor types covered include CSTR, plug flow, tubular flow, and fixed bed. The document also discusses catalysis, including homogeneous vs heterogeneous catalysts and common catalyst types.
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
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Reactors used in jhbbrefining & petrochemistry
1. PHẦN II: THIẾT BỊ PHẢN ỨNG
CHƯƠNG I. ĐẠI CƯƠNG
CHƯƠNG II. MÔ TẢ MỘT SỐ DẠNG THIẾT BỊ
PHẢN ỨNG ĐỒNG THỂ CƠ BẢN
CHƯƠNG III. ÁP DỤNG PHƯƠNG TRÌNH
THIẾT KẾ
CHƯƠNG IV. HIỆU ỨNG NHIỆT ĐỘ
CHƯƠNG V. THIẾT KẾ HỆ PHẢN ỨNG DỊ THỂ
CHƯƠNG VI. MỘT SỐ DẠNG TBPW ĐƯỢC SỬ
DỤNG TRONG LĨNH VỰC LỌC – HÓA DẦU
1/103
2. CHAPTER VI
REACTORS USED IN REFINING &
PETROCHEMISTRY
1. Catalytic Cracking
2. Catalytic Reforming
3. Aliphatic Alkylation
4. Steam Cracking
2/103
3. 1. Cracking xúc tác (Catalytic Cracking)
Nguyên liệu (VD dạng lỏng) sau khi được gia nhiệt, được
đưa vào TBPW qua bộ phận phun sương Gặp CXT nóng
Hóa hơi
CXT: zeolite acid, rắn, dạng bột mịn, = 20 100 m
Phản ứng dị thể giữa 2 pha K - R
Thường sử dụng công nghệ FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking)
Các phân đoạn nặng
(VD: Vacuum Distillate) CXT
Bẻ gãy mạch
LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas)
Xăng
Gasoil
3/103
4. Thiết bị phản ứng FCC
(Entrained Fluidized bed)
Ống Riser TBPW dạng ống, 2 pha
K-R, tầng XT kéo theo xảy ra các
phản ứng cracking / CXT
là ống hình trụ, H 30m, H/D > 20
thường có D = const, tuy nhiên, D
của phần trên của ống riser có thể
lớn hơn (sự tăng nhanh số phân tử
của hỗn hợp phản ứng). Phần dưới
của riser có D bé hơn zôn tăng tốc
do vận tốc của hỗn hợp tăng nhanh
từ 4,5 6m/s khi vào ống riser đến
18m/s khi ra khỏi đỉnh
4/103
5. 2. Reforming xúc tác (Catalytic Reforming)
Là quá trình tái tạo xăng
CXT: rắn, 2 chức: Pt (+ promotor: Re, Ir, Ge, Sn) / Al2O3
Phản ứng dị thể, 2 pha K – R
Có thể sử dụng TBPW dọc trục hay xuyên tâm với 2 CN:
Semi-regeneration: fixed bed
Continuous: Moving bed
Các phân đoạn nhẹ
P & N (6 10 C)
có RON thấp
CXT
A có số C tương ứng
có RON cao
5/103
12. 3. Alkyl hóa (Aliphatic Alkylation)
Sản xuất xăng có thành phần là các HC nhiều nhánh (iC8)
có RON cao = alkyl hóa các iP (iC4) bởi các olefine (C4
=)
Phản ứng chính: dị thể, 2 pha Lỏng (HC)/Lỏng (Acid), tỏa
nhiệt
i-C4H10 + C4H8 i-C8H18
FCC UnitIsomerization Unit
(giàu olefin)(giàu iP)
CXT lỏng
H2SO4/HF
12/103
13. Sơ đồ công nghệ
1. Với chất xúc tác là H2SO4
a. Công nghệ Stratco
b. Công nghệ Exxon/Kellogg
2. Với chất xúc tác là HF
a. Công nghệ Phillips
b. Công nghệ UOP
13/103
15. a. Công nghệ Stratco (CXT H2SO4)
Loại TBPW tiếp xúc, nằm ngang
Bên trong có 1 chùm ống hình chữ U dọc theo thân TBPW,
chùm ống này chứa tác nhân làm lạnh để duy trì T 1oC.
Một đầu TBPW có gắn cánh quạt nối với turbine hơi khuấy
trộn đều hỗn hợp iC4 + C4
= với H2SO4 nhũ tương
Nhũ tương chuyển động ngoại biên dọc theo thành thiết bị
(%Conv 99 %) vào trong qua hệ thống chùm ống trao
đổi nhiệt để tác nhân lạnh hấp thụ nhiệt của phản ứng lại
được hút vào cánh quạt khuấy trộn tiếp tục như vậy
Năng suất riêng = 0,39 0,44m3 alkylate/m3 TBPW/h
15/103
16. b- Công nghệ Exxon/Kellogg (CXT H2SO4)
TBPW loại khuấy trộn, nhiều ngăn
Thường là 5 ngăn, trong mỗi ngăn có bộ phận khuấy trộn đủ
mạnh tạo nhũ tương HC/H2SO4 có nồng độ như nhau ở
mọi điểm trong bậc đó
iC4 và H2SO4 được dẫn vào ở cùng một đầu và chuyển động
từ ngăn trước sang ngăn tiếp theo nhờ chảy tràn.
C4
= được dẫn đồng thời vào 5 ngăn với tỉ lệ đã chọn trước
Năng suất riêng 0,15 0,18m3 alkylate/m3 TBPW/h
16/103
17. Sơ đồ cấu tạo của thiết bị phản ứng theo công nghệ
Exxon/Kellogg
17/103
19. c- Công nghệ Phillips (CXT HF)
TBPW dạng ống với 2 pha lỏng:
dòng nguyên liệu ban đầu + iC4 hồi lưu bơm vào
phần dưới của TBPW dạng ống qua hệ thống các ống
nhỏ với vận tốc khá lớn.
HF chuyển động tuần hoàn trong TBPW dạng ống này.
Do được bơm vào với vận tốc > HC bị phân tán thành
những hạt nhỏ/môi trường acid nhũ tương chuyển
động từ dưới lên trên/TBPW dạng ống zôn lắng
20 40s
Năng suất riêng 4 7m3 alkylate/m3 TBPW/h
19/103
20. Sơ đồ nguyên
lý TBPW dạng
ống theo công
nghệ Phillips
20/103
21. d- Công nghệ UOP (CXT HF)
TBPW là phần vỏ của 1 thiết bị TĐN thẳng đứng.
Hỗn hợp HC được bơm vào nhiều vị trí khác nhau của thiết bị
TĐN qua hệ thống các ống nhỏ với vận tốc lớn để đảm bảo
tạo thành nhũ tương với acide HF (được bơm vào đáy TBPW).
Nhiệt phản ứng sẽ được tác nhân làm lạnh là nước hấp thụ
Tuỳ năng suất có thể sử dụng 1 hoặc 2 TBPW
Nếu sử dụng 2 TBPW sẽ làm việc liên tục có các thiết bị
lắng riêng kèm theo. HF và iC4 của TBPW I sẽ đi vào TBPW II.
Ngược lại, dòng C4
= ban đầu lại chia đều vào 2 TBPW với mục
đích làm tăng tỉ số iC4/C4
= lên trong mỗi TBPW
Năng suất riêng của TBPW 2m3alkylate/m3 TBPW/h
21/103
22. Sơ đồ nguyên lý 1 TBPW
theo công nghệ UOP
Sơ đồ 2 TBPW làm việc liên
tục theo công nghệ UOP
22/103
23. 4. Quá trình cracking hơi
Đây là quá trình chính để sản xuất C2
= và C3
=
2 phản ứng chính: bẻ gãy mạch C-C và khử H
Thu nhiệt, số phân tử và thuận nghịch Xảy ra
thuận lợi ở điều kiện T cao và P thấp
Yêu cầu của quá trình:
Tiến hành ở T cao (>800oC)
ppHC càng thấp càng tốt
lưu ở T cao rất nhỏ để phản ứng phụ
Làm lạnh nhanh dòng SP ra để dừng phản ứng
23/103
25. Different types of tubes used in Steam Cracking
A. Horizontal tube
B. Vertical tube with uniform diameter
C. Multiple inlet tube with variable diameter
D. Dual inlet tube with variable diameter, type W
E. Dual inlet tube with variable diameter, type U
F. Vertical small diameter tube (millisecond)
25
