Question 8- -14 marks- (a) Explain how UV-vis absorption and fluoresce.docx
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Question 8. [14 marks] (a) Explain how UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers differ using fully labelled block diagrams. (10 marks) What is the difference between emission and excitation spectra? Which resembles absorption spectra, and why? (4 marks) (b) Solution a) UV-visible refers to absorption spectroscopy in the UV and visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. When a molecule (typically starting out in a singlet ground state) absorbs a photon it will become an excited state molecule. Following quantum mechanical selection rules, the molecule will be in a singlet excited state. Fluorescence is one of many relaxation processes by which a molecule in the excited state can relax back down to the ground state. In fluorescence, a molecule in the lowest vibrational level of of a singlet excited state emits a photon to return to the ground singlet state. Most commonly molecules return to the ground state by a mechanism referred to as internal conversion and energy is conserved by heat being absorbed by the surroundings. Other relaxation mechanisms include phosphorescence, quenching by either an electron transfer or fluorescence energy transfer. An excited state molecule can also undergo photo-decomposition or photochemistry. The bottom line is that a molecule in the excited state is there for a limited amount of time. Fluorescence is but one mechanism to depopulate the excited state. b) The excitation spectrum shows at what wavelengths the solution uses to produce its fluorescence. The emission spectrum shows what wavelengths are given off from the solution. Since the excitation spectrum has the same peaks as the absorbency spectrum, so excitation spectra resembles absorption spectra. .
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![Question 8. [14 marks] (a) Explain how UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers
differ using fully labelled block diagrams. (10 marks) What is the difference between emission
and excitation spectra? Which resembles absorption spectra, and why? (4 marks) (b)
Solution
a) UV-visible refers to absorption spectroscopy in the UV and visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. When a molecule (typically starting out in a singlet ground state)
absorbs a photon it will become an excited state molecule. Following quantum mechanical
selection rules, the molecule will be in a singlet excited state.
Fluorescence is one of many relaxation processes by which a molecule in the excited state can
relax back down to the ground state. In fluorescence, a molecule in the lowest vibrational level of
of a singlet excited state emits a photon to return to the ground singlet state.
Most commonly molecules return to the ground state by a mechanism referred to as internal
conversion and energy is conserved by heat being absorbed by the surroundings. Other relaxation
mechanisms include phosphorescence, quenching by either an electron transfer or fluorescence
energy transfer. An excited state molecule can also undergo photo-decomposition or
photochemistry.
The bottom line is that a molecule in the excited state is there for a limited amount of time.
Fluorescence is but one mechanism to depopulate the excited state.
b) The excitation spectrum shows at what wavelengths the solution uses to produce its
fluorescence.
The emission spectrum shows what wavelengths are given off from the solution.
Since the excitation spectrum has the same peaks as the absorbency spectrum, so excitation
spectra resembles absorption spectra.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/question8-14marks-aexplainhowuv-visabsorptionandfluoresce-230131184947-30b92da3/85/Question-8-14-marks-a-Explain-how-UV-vis-absorption-and-fluoresce-docx-1-320.jpg)
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Fluorescence as a phenomenon is part of a larger family of related luminescent processes in which a susceptible substance absorbs light, only to reemit light (photons) from electronically excited states after a given time.
Photo luminescent processes that are generated through excitation, whether this is via physical, mechanical, or chemical mechanisms, can generally be subdivided into fluorescence and phosphorescence. Absorption of a light quantum (blue) causes an electron to move to a higher energy orbit. After residing in this “excited state” for a particular time, the fluorescence lifetime, the electron falls back to its original orbit and the fluorochrome dissipates the excess energy by emitting a photon (green).
Compounds that display fluorescent properties are generally termed fluorescent probes or dyes. Often ‘fluorochrome’ and ‘fluorophore’ are used interchangeably. The term ‘fluorophore’ refers to fluorochromes that are conjugated covalently or through adsorption to biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, or proteins. Fluorochromes come in different flavors and include organic molecules (dyes), inorganic ions (e.g., lanthanide ions such as Eu, Tb, Yb, etc.)fluorescent proteins (e.g., green fluorescent protein) atoms (such as gaseous mercury in glass light tubes).
Recently, inorganic luminescent semiconducting nanoparticles, quantum dots, have been introduced as labels for biological assays, bio-imaging applications, and theragnostic purposes (the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in one and the same particle).
Fluorescence microscopy provides an efficient and unique approach to study fixed and living cells because of its versatility, specificity, and high sensitivity.
Fluorescence microscopes can both detect the fluorescence emitted from labeled molecules in biological samples as images or photometric data from which intensities and emission spectra can be deduced. By exploiting the characteristics of fluorescence, various techniques have been developed that enable the visualization and analysis of complex dynamic events in cells, organelles, and sub-organelle components within the biological specimen.
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(A)
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The textbook, \"Technology in Action\", states:
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Aromatic compounds, also known as arenes or aromatics, are chemical compounds that contain conjugated planar ring systems with delocalized pi electron clouds instead of discrete alternating single an double bonds. when they follow huckle rule they are called aromatic this  rule states that if a cyclic, planar molecule has 4n+2 ? electrons, it is considered aromatic. For example benzene, toluene
CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
cyclic compounds are formed when carbon atoms bond together to form ring like structures. All the carbon carbon bonds are single bonds unlike aromatic compounds. For example cyclohexane.
.
type of accountsSolutionSolution- 1- All of the three are types of Acc.docx
type of accounts
Solution
Solution:
1. All of the three are types of Accounts Receivable Uncollectible methods i.e.
2. To arrive at an accurate balance in Bank reconciliation statement, deposits in transit should be subtracted in book . Example - Book balance after deposit of $ 5,000 - $ 10,000
Bank balance during deposit in transit - $ 5,000. In order to match the balance, $ 10,000 - $ 5,000 = $ 5,000
3.To arrive at an accurate balance in Bank reconciliation statement, the service charged should be subtracted or debited from the cash book. Example - Suppose service charged by the bank is $ 50, already subtracted, in order to meet tha balance, this should be subracted from cash book as well.
4. Double declining method and written down value method ignore salvage value of the asset.
5. Current assets can be defined as the assets which held to be sold within in a period od 12 months. Assets which are held for more than 12 months are non-current assets. Further, current assets are either cash or cash equivalents which can be converted into cash within one year or 12 months.
.
Two KPMG auditors- Kevin Hall and Rosemary Meyer- were accused of impr.docx
Two KPMG auditors, Kevin Hall and Rosemary Meyer, were accused of improper professional conduct in the audit of the financial statements of USFoodservice, a distribution company. US Foodservice in?ated the revenue reported by the company by recognizing income from ?ctitious promotional allowances or recognizing the promotional allowance early. The two KPMGauditors identi?ed valuation, existence, and completeness of the promotional income and receivable as a signi?cant audit area. During the audit, they found numerous cases where the company recognized promotional income when they should not have. In vouching vendor payments received by the company, the auditor discovered that the company had recognized signi?cant unearned prepayments of promotional allowances as income. The working papers show that the auditors identi?ed the revenue recognition attached to these prepayments as audit adjustments, but the adjustments were subsequently removed by liquid white-out. The very existence of the prepayments in the vendor payment ?le contradicted management
Solution
1)a)The auditor must state in the auditor\'s report whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principle.
b)The auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal control, to assess the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements whether due to error or fraud, and to design the nature, timing, and extent of further audit procedures.
c) The auditor determines that informative disclosures are not reasonably adequate, the auditor must so state in the auditor\'s report.
In this case, all three points are ignored.
2)No, the auditor not meet the requirements because auditor have improfessional conduct on his report.
3)Auditor failed to do proper Standards of Field Work as well as Standards of Reporting.
.
Question 28 (3 points) A student performs a titration procedure by add.docx
Question 28 (3 points) A student performs a titration procedure by adding NaOH to a solution that contains H+ ions. She added the indicator, phenolphthalein, to the flask containing the H+ ions. What was the purpose of adding the indicator to the flask? The indicator adds more Htions to the solution which allows the titration procedure to proceed O faster The indicator is expected to turn pink when the end point of the neutralization reaction occurs. The indicator was used to determine when the amount of Ht ions was greater than the O concentration of OH- ions. Go to Submit Quiz
Solution
28.
Addition of NaOH to a solution haivng H+ ions.
Indicator is added to,
-The indicator is expected to turn pink when the end point of the neutralization reaction occurs
--
26.
compound that could serve as a reactant in a neutralization reaction is,
H2SO4
--
25.
A solution has [H+] = 1 x 10^-9 M
pH of the solution = -log(1 x 10^-9) = 9
Answer.
9.0
.
Question 26 The stock of Kenny Corp- is owned equally by two brothers-.docx
Question 26
The stock of Kenny Corp. is owned equally by two brothers. During 2008, they transferred land (which had a basis of $300,000 and a fair market value of $320,000) as a contribution to capital to Kenny Corp. During September, 2013, Kenny Corp. adopted a plan of complete liquidation and subsequently made a pro rata distribution of land back to the brothers. At the time of the liquidating distribution, the land had a fair market value of $180,000. What amount of loss can be recognized by Kenny Corp. on the distribution of land?
A. $0.
B. $20,000.
C. $120,000.
D. $140,000.
Question 27
Henry, Emmy, and Frannie, unrelated individuals, own all of the stock in New Corporation with earnings and profits of $1,200,000 as follows: Henry own 1,300 shares; Emmy owns 400 shares; and Frannie owns 300 shares. New Corporation redeems 300 of Henry
Solution
26-b
27-c
28-d
29-b
30-a
31-d
32-b
33-c
34-a
35-b
36-d
37-a
38-c
39-b
40-c
41-a
42-d
43-c
44-b
45-a
46-d
47-c
48-b
49-d
50-c
.
Question 2 Which of the following would be a cash flow from financing.docx
Question 2
Which of the following would be a cash flow from financing activities? (check all that apply)
Proceeds from selling equipment
Payments to suppliers
Proceeds from issuing stock
Repayments of principal portion of debt
Payments to acquire a company
Question 3
A company has the following cash flows:
Which growth stage best describes this pattern of cash flows?
Decline
Early growth
Stable
Perky
Start-up
Solution
Answer:
Following would be a cash flow from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuing stock
Repayments of principal portion of debt
Others:
Proceeds from selling equipment (Its Cash flow from investing activity)
Payments to suppliers(Its Cash flow from operating activity)
Payments to acquire a company(Its Cash flow from investing activity)
.
Question 2 1- Which of the following is not a way managers generally b.docx
Question 2
1.      Which of the following is not a way managers generally benefit from acquisitions?
A.
Increased compensation
B.
Shielding against risk
C.
Political power
D.
Social prominence
E.
Consolidation of other senior executives
Solution
Option E. Consolidation of other senior executives since Acquisition results in the merge of the executives of two companies after acquisition.
.
Question 19 of 20 5 0 Points A important part of weather science is --.docx
Question 19 of 20 5 0 Points A important part of weather science is \"hot air rises\". This is an example of A. conduction B. convection C. radiation es Previous Save F5 FO F F4 F3 F1 F2 Esc
Solution
\'Hot air rises\' is an example of Convection . It takes place due to bulk motion of molecules within a fluid. Gases and liquid can both be considered fluids.
Convection occurs naturally on earth as fluid motion takes places due to differences in density occuring because of change in the temperature gradient. A rise in temperature reduces the density of a fluid and causes it to float over the regions of high density and creates a gap. This gap is filled with surrounding cooler air which rises up again due to heat. This sets up convection current and forms the basis for weather patterns, sea breezes etc
Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. A hot object radiates heat in the form of waves and it does not require any material medium for propogation. Example for radiation is the Sun\'s energy reaching earth through space which basically is Space (vacuum) having no medium while earth\'s atmosphere consists of air (a composition of gases).
.
Question on Exponential and Logarithmic functions Banking The compound.docx
Question on Exponential and Logarithmic functions
Banking The compound interest formula is A = P(l + r/n)nt, where A is the amount earned, P is the principal, r is the annual interest rate, t is the time in years, and n is the number of compounding periods per year. Harry invested $5000 at 5% interest compounded quarterly (4 times per year). How much will the investment be worth after 5 years? When will the investment be worth more than $10,000? What if...? Harry could have invested the same amount in an account that paid 5% interest compounded monthly (12 times per year). How much more would his investment have been worth after 5 years? Critical Thinking What are the coordinates of the point that is common to the graph of f(x) = (2/3)x and the graph of f(x) = (3/2)x?
Solution
22)
a)the investment will be =5000*(1+.0125)^20=$6410.186
b)10000<5000(1+.0125)^n
2<(1.0125)^n
log2<log1.0125*n
log2/log1.0125<n
n> 55quaters or n=14 years
c)new investment=5000*(1+5/1200)^60=$6416.793
gain=$6.607
23)(2/3)^x=(3/2)^x
or (2/3)^x=(2/4)^-x
x=-x
2x=0
x=0
y=f(x)=(2/3)^0
y=1
(points are (0,1)) that are common to both
.
Question Five- State the advantages and a major limitation of each of.docx
Question Five: State the advantages and a major limitation of each of the following methods; i) flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) ii) electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (EAAS) iii) flame emission spectroscopy (FES) and iv) Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) a) (10) b) Explain the advantages of fast Fourier transformation over ensemble averaging enhancement technique. 2)
Solution
a) Advantages of FAAS:
It is inexpensive process,with high precision,and easy to use method.
Disadvantage of FAAS: It is used to analyze only solution of the sample in relatively large amounts,around 1 to 2ml
2)Advantages of EAAS:-No initial addition of chemical reagents required, which minimizes trace metal contamination of the sample.
-Small sample volume is used up,in which entire volume vaporizes
-atom are released in high concentration in small gas volume
-organic molecules breaks up into simpler atoms due to high temperatures before it changes to vapors
-inert gas prevents recombination of atoms
Disadvantage of EAAS:
Imprecision is the major disadvantage of EAAS
Adv of flame emission spectroscopy
-use of inductively coupled plasma gives excellent limit of detection,low chemical interference and multiple element capacity
Disadvantage: several spectral lines and expensive process
Advantage s of AFS
-fluorescence signal has very low background noise so high sensitivity
-resonant excitation offers selective detection of test atom
Disadvantage:poor sensitivity for some elements as they are the ones that absorb visible region wavelengths
B) fast Fourier transformation provides an algorithm converts signal from time domain to frequency domain,that gives much faster computation of discrete Fourier,it being the digitalized version of previous techniques like ensemble averaging
Disadvantage of
.
Question 11- (1 points) (#50 from textbook) The January 2- 2011 eart (1).docx
Question 11: (1 points)
(#50 from textbook)
The January 2, 2011 earthquake in Chile registered a magnitude of 7.1,whereas the one that struck Chile on February 27, 2010 was an 8.8 magnitude earthquake. Compare the intensity of the 2010 earthquake with the one in 2011.
Solution
Richter, R = 20log(I/Io) where Io is magnitude of standard earthquake
I/Io(2011) = 2.2646
I/Io(2010) = 2.7542
Intensity(2010)/Intensity(2011) = 1.216
.
Question Part Points Submissions Used Solution.docx
Solution
slope = -7/8 x intercept = 24/7 y intercept = 3 please rate me
.
Question 11- (1 points) (#50 from textbook) The January 2- 2011 eart.docx
Question 11: (1 points)
(#50 from textbook)
The January 2, 2011 earthquake in Chile registered a magnitude of 7.1,whereas the one that struck Chile on February 27, 2010 was an 8.8 magnitude earthquake. Compare the intensity of the 2010 earthquake with the one in 2011.
Solution
A magnitude 8.8 earthquake is 50 times BIGGER on a seismogram than a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. The magnitude scale is logarithmic, so
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