Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.docx
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Experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable. It uses experimental and control groups, with the experimental group receiving treatment. Nonexperimental research examines naturally occurring variables that cannot be manipulated. Researchers have less control and cannot definitively say cause and effect. Sampling theory involves selecting a sample representative of the target population. Probability sampling aims for a fair sample while nonprobability is less systematic. Nursing research generalizability depends on a representative sample so results extend to the wider population.
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Respond to this Statistical Significance as described by Was.docx
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Statistical Significance as described by Wasserstein & Lazar (2016) is the “P” value of less than .05, which Pstands for probability. The probability of the research that was not due to chance and that something significant has occurred. The value of the “P” in the study denotes that the true difference between the control and experimental compared groups is as big or if not bigger than reported in the study. The “p” value depends on three factors such as the degree of the effect or the performance difference between the selected group; the number of participants; and the data distribution which commonly measured as variance and standard deviation (Pintea, 2010).
Clinical significance of results or clinical importance is used to assess and evaluate the effects ofinterventions or outcomes that may be relevant to the target subject. To assess clinical significance, it isimportant to perform a systematic and complete evaluation between the advantagesand disadvantages effects of the study (Guyatt et.al, 2013). It is the difference between the two therapyresults that are proven to justify, modify or change the standard of care.
In my opinion, there is a possibility that research study results can support the acceptance of the nullhypothesis and develop clinical significance. An example that I came across was the study conducted byLockyer, Hodgson, Dumville, and Cullum (2013) on wound care. The study reported that 74% (32/43) of thereviewed articles have no clear and solid primary outcome and included a finding that was not significant forthe study. This can happen if the selected sample of the research was too small and missed in describing orestablishing the relationship and difference between the groups being studied. It can also happen if thestatistical test was weak, and the measure utilized during the research was defective or unreliable. Andlastly, if the method that was applied to develop an intervention missed identifying the significant variables orideas of the study (Polit & Beck, 2014).
I believe that questioning the credibility of the result from a qualitative study may contribute to clinicalsignificance in my practice area. Credibility refers to facts and certainty of data collected and theresearcher’s interpretation and understanding of results (Polit and Beck, 2014). Qualitative research is focused on exploring ones’ experiences, establishing trust and rapport and describing a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. The researcher in a qualitative study must demonstrate engagement withthe participants/informants to validate if the data and conclusion were accurately interpreted.
An example is a qualitative inquiry of patients diagnosed with breast cancer (Pederson et.al,2013). Thequalitative study in the discovery of emotions, experiences, and challenges of cancer patients throughout thedisease process helps to recognize the needed support and care from the health care providers (Cope,2014). Measuring .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docx
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Writing the research protocol part 2- Methodology-Dr. Yasser Mohammed Hassana...
Writing the research protocol part 2- Methodology-Dr. Yasser Mohammed Hassana...YasserMohammedHassan1
The document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology and public health research. It defines observational studies like cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies as well as experimental studies. It also includes examples to classify different study scenarios and provides definitions for key terminology related to research methodology and study design.·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docx
·
Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Reply DB5 w9 researchReply discussion boards 1-jauregui.docx
Reply DB5 w9 research
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1-jauregui
Discuss how the quantitative and qualitative data would complement one another and add strength to the study.
Evidently, the use of EBP in healthcare mostly relies on the available qualitative and quantitative data which is supported by scientific or clinical research. In studying the EBP, quantitative data is used to enhance qualitative information and vice versa, because one method complements the other one (Tappen, 2015, p.88). For example, in the selected article the EBP about beliefs and behaviors of nurses showed that the number of the nurses who were certified vs. nurses who were not certified explained why some of the nurses have higher perceived EBP implementation than others (Eaton, Meins, Mitchell, Voss, & Doorenbos, 2015, “Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs and Behaviors”). Quantitative data would improve the study by providing evidence in the form of numbers or amounts such as the scores which show the proficiency of nurses in different areas (Eaton, Meins, Mitchell, Voss, & Doorenbos, 2015, “Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs and Behaviors”). Quantitative data could strengthen the study by providing more detailed information about EBP implementation which will explain certain trends and occurrences as found in the research.
2- rosquete
The qualitative research is exploratory/ descriptive and emphasizes the importance of subjects frame to be referenced and the context of the study. The research will be more concerned with the truth perceived by informants and less concerned with the truth of the objectives. The information from this research will be important in understanding the informants’ behaviors in details. The description of this approach will be used to get the picture and the opinion of nursing caregivers on the use of CNS depressants by the elderly (Susan, Nancy, & Jennifer, 2013).
The method that is used is explorative/descriptive. The strengths of the descriptive method are: effective to analyze non-quantified subjects and issues, the possibility to observe the phenomenon in a natural environment, the opportunity to use qualitative and quantitative method together, and less time consuming than quantitative studies. In the case of exploratory studies, the principal advantage is the flexibility and adaptability to change and it is effective in laying the groundwork that guides to future research. We can find disadvantages in this kind of studies. For example, descriptive studies cannot test or verify the research problem statically, the majority of descriptive studies are not repeatable due to their observational nature, and they are not helpful in identifying cause behind the described phenomenon. Another weak point, that includes exploratory research, is the interpretation of information is subject to bias. These type of studies make use a modest number of samples that may not represent the target population and they are not usually helpful in decision ma.
Validity of Evidence
This summarizes Chapter 4 of Dollaghen (2007) which discusses the concepts of validity in research studies and clinical practice. It outlines the differences between internal and external validity, and how validity relates to both empirical evidence from research as well as clinical situations involving patient preferences. Issues like confounding variables, subjective bias, randomization, and study design types are also examined in relation to evaluating the validity and generalizability of findings.
20 OCT-Hypothesis Testing.ppt
This document discusses hypothesis testing and the scientific method. It provides details on:
- The key steps of the scientific method including observation, formulation of a question, data collection, hypothesis testing, analysis and conclusion.
- The different types of hypotheses such as simple vs complex, directional vs non-directional, null vs alternative.
- The steps of hypothesis testing including stating the null and alternative hypotheses, using a test statistic, determining the p-value and significance level, and deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Examples are given to illustrate hypothesis testing and how the p-value is compared to the significance level to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected.
Research methodology
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terminology related to research such as population, sample, variables, and statistics. It discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as experimental designs like randomized clinical trials. The document also covers topics like formulating research questions and hypotheses, sampling methods, levels of evidence in clinical research, and the various steps involved in the research process from data collection to interpretation and reporting of findings.
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Respond to this Statistical Significance as described by Was.docx
Respond to this
Statistical Significance as described by Wasserstein & Lazar (2016) is the “P” value of less than .05, which Pstands for probability. The probability of the research that was not due to chance and that something significant has occurred. The value of the “P” in the study denotes that the true difference between the control and experimental compared groups is as big or if not bigger than reported in the study. The “p” value depends on three factors such as the degree of the effect or the performance difference between the selected group; the number of participants; and the data distribution which commonly measured as variance and standard deviation (Pintea, 2010).
Clinical significance of results or clinical importance is used to assess and evaluate the effects ofinterventions or outcomes that may be relevant to the target subject. To assess clinical significance, it isimportant to perform a systematic and complete evaluation between the advantagesand disadvantages effects of the study (Guyatt et.al, 2013). It is the difference between the two therapyresults that are proven to justify, modify or change the standard of care.
In my opinion, there is a possibility that research study results can support the acceptance of the nullhypothesis and develop clinical significance. An example that I came across was the study conducted byLockyer, Hodgson, Dumville, and Cullum (2013) on wound care. The study reported that 74% (32/43) of thereviewed articles have no clear and solid primary outcome and included a finding that was not significant forthe study. This can happen if the selected sample of the research was too small and missed in describing orestablishing the relationship and difference between the groups being studied. It can also happen if thestatistical test was weak, and the measure utilized during the research was defective or unreliable. Andlastly, if the method that was applied to develop an intervention missed identifying the significant variables orideas of the study (Polit & Beck, 2014).
I believe that questioning the credibility of the result from a qualitative study may contribute to clinicalsignificance in my practice area. Credibility refers to facts and certainty of data collected and theresearcher’s interpretation and understanding of results (Polit and Beck, 2014). Qualitative research is focused on exploring ones’ experiences, establishing trust and rapport and describing a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. The researcher in a qualitative study must demonstrate engagement withthe participants/informants to validate if the data and conclusion were accurately interpreted.
An example is a qualitative inquiry of patients diagnosed with breast cancer (Pederson et.al,2013). Thequalitative study in the discovery of emotions, experiences, and challenges of cancer patients throughout thedisease process helps to recognize the needed support and care from the health care providers (Cope,2014). Measuring .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docx
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Writing the research protocol part 2- Methodology-Dr. Yasser Mohammed Hassana...
Writing the research protocol part 2- Methodology-Dr. Yasser Mohammed Hassana...YasserMohammedHassan1
The document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology and public health research. It defines observational studies like cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies as well as experimental studies. It also includes examples to classify different study scenarios and provides definitions for key terminology related to research methodology and study design.·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docx
·
Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Reply DB5 w9 researchReply discussion boards 1-jauregui.docx
Reply DB5 w9 research
Reply discussion boards
1-jauregui
Discuss how the quantitative and qualitative data would complement one another and add strength to the study.
Evidently, the use of EBP in healthcare mostly relies on the available qualitative and quantitative data which is supported by scientific or clinical research. In studying the EBP, quantitative data is used to enhance qualitative information and vice versa, because one method complements the other one (Tappen, 2015, p.88). For example, in the selected article the EBP about beliefs and behaviors of nurses showed that the number of the nurses who were certified vs. nurses who were not certified explained why some of the nurses have higher perceived EBP implementation than others (Eaton, Meins, Mitchell, Voss, & Doorenbos, 2015, “Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs and Behaviors”). Quantitative data would improve the study by providing evidence in the form of numbers or amounts such as the scores which show the proficiency of nurses in different areas (Eaton, Meins, Mitchell, Voss, & Doorenbos, 2015, “Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs and Behaviors”). Quantitative data could strengthen the study by providing more detailed information about EBP implementation which will explain certain trends and occurrences as found in the research.
2- rosquete
The qualitative research is exploratory/ descriptive and emphasizes the importance of subjects frame to be referenced and the context of the study. The research will be more concerned with the truth perceived by informants and less concerned with the truth of the objectives. The information from this research will be important in understanding the informants’ behaviors in details. The description of this approach will be used to get the picture and the opinion of nursing caregivers on the use of CNS depressants by the elderly (Susan, Nancy, & Jennifer, 2013).
The method that is used is explorative/descriptive. The strengths of the descriptive method are: effective to analyze non-quantified subjects and issues, the possibility to observe the phenomenon in a natural environment, the opportunity to use qualitative and quantitative method together, and less time consuming than quantitative studies. In the case of exploratory studies, the principal advantage is the flexibility and adaptability to change and it is effective in laying the groundwork that guides to future research. We can find disadvantages in this kind of studies. For example, descriptive studies cannot test or verify the research problem statically, the majority of descriptive studies are not repeatable due to their observational nature, and they are not helpful in identifying cause behind the described phenomenon. Another weak point, that includes exploratory research, is the interpretation of information is subject to bias. These type of studies make use a modest number of samples that may not represent the target population and they are not usually helpful in decision ma.
Validity of Evidence
This summarizes Chapter 4 of Dollaghen (2007) which discusses the concepts of validity in research studies and clinical practice. It outlines the differences between internal and external validity, and how validity relates to both empirical evidence from research as well as clinical situations involving patient preferences. Issues like confounding variables, subjective bias, randomization, and study design types are also examined in relation to evaluating the validity and generalizability of findings.
20 OCT-Hypothesis Testing.ppt
This document discusses hypothesis testing and the scientific method. It provides details on:
- The key steps of the scientific method including observation, formulation of a question, data collection, hypothesis testing, analysis and conclusion.
- The different types of hypotheses such as simple vs complex, directional vs non-directional, null vs alternative.
- The steps of hypothesis testing including stating the null and alternative hypotheses, using a test statistic, determining the p-value and significance level, and deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Examples are given to illustrate hypothesis testing and how the p-value is compared to the significance level to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected.
Research methodology
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terminology related to research such as population, sample, variables, and statistics. It discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as experimental designs like randomized clinical trials. The document also covers topics like formulating research questions and hypotheses, sampling methods, levels of evidence in clinical research, and the various steps involved in the research process from data collection to interpretation and reporting of findings.
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The document provides an overview of various healthcare research methods including experimental studies, qualitative studies, consensus methods, program evaluation, and screening/diagnostic tests. Experimental studies examine the effects of interventions by randomly assigning participants to intervention and control groups. Key aspects of experimental studies discussed are defining outcomes, selecting appropriate controls, blinding participants, randomization techniques, and analyzing results. Qualitative research aims to understand participant perspectives and experiences through techniques like interviews and focus groups. The document also outlines consensus methods such as the Delphi Method, program evaluation frameworks, and considerations for evaluating diagnostic tests.
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The document provides an overview of various healthcare research methods including experimental studies, qualitative studies, consensus methods, program evaluation, and screening/diagnostic tests. Experimental studies examine the effects of interventions by randomly assigning participants to intervention and control groups. Key aspects of experimental studies discussed are defining outcomes, selecting appropriate controls, blinding participants, randomization techniques, and analyzing results. Qualitative research aims to understand participant perspectives and experiences through techniques like interviews and focus groups. The document also outlines consensus methods such as the Delphi Method, program evaluation frameworks, and considerations for evaluating diagnostic tests.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase knowledge and understanding. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Research must be directed, empirical, carefully designed and recorded. It helps inform decision making by identifying risks, alternatives and helping address problems. The key types of research discussed are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. The research process involves selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting data, analyzing results and interpreting findings. Observational study designs described include case reports, case series, cross-sectional
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This document discusses developing a research question. It states that formulating the right research question is important as it guides all subsequent planning and analysis. The process begins by selecting a topic of interest and exploring it through literature review to identify a research problem and refine it into a research question. Well-developed research questions consider importance, feasibility, populations, a rationale supported by literature, and specific variables. The research question is then translated into testable hypotheses or objectives.
Asking Resaerch Question.pptx
This document discusses developing a research question. It states that formulating the right research question is important as it guides the study. A good question is developed through selecting a topic of interest and exploring it in the literature to identify a problem and refine it into a question. Key aspects that shape the question are evaluating its importance and feasibility, specifying the population and variables, and developing a rationale supported by literature. The research question guides the objectives and hypotheses.
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This document discusses various study designs used in research including observational and interventional studies. It describes the key characteristics and uses of descriptive studies like case reports and cross-sectional surveys. Analytical observational studies examined include ecological, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies. Experimental or interventional studies such as randomized controlled trials are also outlined. The document provides examples and discusses the hierarchy and appropriate uses of different study designs.
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studies
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
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This document provides a critique of 4 recent meta-analyses published in Health Psychology. It finds problems with transparency and completeness in how the meta-analyses were reported. It also notes a dependence on small, underpowered original trials of generally poor quality. The document questions the clinical validity and utility of conclusions drawn from these meta-analyses due to issues like clinical heterogeneity among studies and lack of consideration of methodological quality. Overall, it aims to encourage more rigorous standards for meta-analyses to avoid inaccurate or exaggerated conclusions.
Research methodology
This document discusses research methodology and how it can be applied to homeopathy. It defines different types of study designs including observational studies, treatment studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. It explains how to apply these research methodologies to homeopathy through drug provings, clinical research studies, and disease-related studies while respecting homeopathic principles. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses are important for providing evidence but must be designed carefully to fit within homeopathic individualization and philosophy.
Research methodology
This document discusses research methodology and how it can be applied to homeopathy. It defines different types of study designs including observational studies, treatment studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. It explains how to apply research methodologies like randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses to homeopathic drug provings and clinical research while respecting homeopathic principles. Clinical research in homeopathy should involve screening and confirming diagnoses, individualized case taking and prescribing for all patients regardless of group allocation in a blinded manner.
An overview of clinical research the lay of the land
Many clinicians today feel unable to critically read medical literature due to increasing time constraints. The authors aim to address this by providing a primer on clinical research methods. They describe the main study designs used in clinical research, which fall into experimental and observational categories depending on whether the investigator assigns exposures. Within these are randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional and case series reports. Understanding these designs is important for critically evaluating studies and their implications for clinical practice.
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This document provides an overview of nonexperimental research design. It begins with definitions of nonexperimental research as research that observes phenomena as they naturally occur without introducing external variables or controlling settings. The document then discusses reasons for using nonexperimental design such as when variables cannot be ethically or practically manipulated. It also outlines various types of nonexperimental research design including surveys, Delphi surveys, correlation design, methodological studies, and comparative studies.
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This document discusses sampling methods used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and sampling techniques. It explains that sampling involves selecting a representative segment of the population to study. The main types of sampling techniques discussed are probability sampling methods like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, and non-probability sampling methods. It provides details on how to implement simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, along with their merits and limitations. The document emphasizes that the goal of sampling is to select a sample that accurately represents the population.
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The document discusses three research questions and proposed study designs to address each question.
The first question asks whether soap and water or alcohol-based rubs are more effective in preventing infections. An experimental quantitative design is proposed to manipulate the independent variables and compare infection rates.
The second question asks about the effectiveness of anti-depressants on anxiety and depression. A qualitative design is proposed to explore patient experiences.
The third question asks about differences in male and female college students' attitudes toward condoms. A qualitative descriptive design is proposed to understand beliefs without manipulating variables. Strengths and limitations of each design are discussed.
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Running head SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE1SEARCHING .docx
Running head: SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE 1
SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE 4
Searching and Critiquing the Evidence
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Searching and Critiquing the Evidence
There are various research studies that have been done on the outcome of self-care on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. In most of the studies, the most prevalent results are that self-care is an effective method of improving the health and lifestyle outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes patients. Krishna and Boren (2008) conducted a systematic review of evidence-based studies done between 1996 and 2007. The study analyzed 18 researches done within the selected time period and found that using phone calls and text messages to assist diabetes patients could improve the self-management outcomes. Shrivastava et al. (2013) analyzed the effectiveness of self-management for the diabetes mellitus patients. The study found that self-care helps to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality among diabetes patients.
In addition, Steinsbekk et al. (2013) conducted a meta-analysis comparing the differences between the outcomes of group based self-management education and routine treatment for Type 2 diabetes patients. The study analyzed 21 studies that included studied on 2833 participants. The results of the meta-analysis showed that group-based self-management education helped to improve the psychosocial, clinical, and lifestyle outcomes among the diabetes patients. Lastly, Tang et al. (2008) examined the impact of social support and quality of life on the self-care behaviors of African American Type 2 diabetes patients. The study followed an observational design with 89 African-American adults, who were aged 40 and above. The study found that social support is vital for self-management to be effective in diabetes treatment.
The selected studies have helped to strengthen the merit of my selected theoretical framework. The theory selected for the study was Dorothea Orem’s Self Care Theory. These studies have helped to demonstrate some important evidence-based facts about the effectiveness of self-care for diabetes patients hence helping to prove the credibility of the theory. The scrutiny of these studies has helped to discover the degree of effectiveness of this theory and the best application methods that can make it an effective approach to improving the outcomes of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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Running head SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE1SEARCHING .docx
Running head: SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE 1
SEARCHING AND CRITIQUING THE EVIDENCE 4
Searching and Critiquing the Evidence
Student’s Name
Institution
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Searching and Critiquing the Evidence
There are various research studies that have been done on the outcome of self-care on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. In most of the studies, the most prevalent results are that self-care is an effective method of improving the health and lifestyle outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes patients. Krishna and Boren (2008) conducted a systematic review of evidence-based studies done between 1996 and 2007. The study analyzed 18 researches done within the selected time period and found that using phone calls and text messages to assist diabetes patients could improve the self-management outcomes. Shrivastava et al. (2013) analyzed the effectiveness of self-management for the diabetes mellitus patients. The study found that self-care helps to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality among diabetes patients.
In addition, Steinsbekk et al. (2013) conducted a meta-analysis comparing the differences between the outcomes of group based self-management education and routine treatment for Type 2 diabetes patients. The study analyzed 21 studies that included studied on 2833 participants. The results of the meta-analysis showed that group-based self-management education helped to improve the psychosocial, clinical, and lifestyle outcomes among the diabetes patients. Lastly, Tang et al. (2008) examined the impact of social support and quality of life on the self-care behaviors of African American Type 2 diabetes patients. The study followed an observational design with 89 African-American adults, who were aged 40 and above. The study found that social support is vital for self-management to be effective in diabetes treatment.
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Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.docx
- 1. Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper Quantitative Research Essay Discussion PaperProvide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each.Experimental research is where a researcher can have compelling proof of a connection between trigger and impact. This is achieved by showing that manipulations of a variable known as treatment variable, yield various effects in a related variable, which is referred to as a dependent variable (Grove, Gray & Burns, 2014). The investigator requires an experimental group and a control group in experimental research, and one particular variable that can be conveniently modified to confirm the study. The medication, treatment, or intervention is not obtained by the control group but is obtained by the experimental group. All group members normally conduct a pre-test and post-test to obtain the findings. In this sort of study, drug testing is a prime illustration Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERENon-experimental research comprises variables in a study that are not controlled by the researcher but examined as they occur instead. A rationale for utilizing non-experimental research is that it is not possible to modify certain variables of concern in science since they are category variables such as mode of learning, socioeconomic class, gender, or some other individual trait or feature. An instance is that, since they are naturally occurring characteristics, a researcher should not randomly position participants in different categories centered on learning style or gender. A researcher depends on perception, evaluation, or experiences in non- experimental studies to infer. Usually, this suggests that the non-experimental researcher needs to depend on case studies, surveys, or associations and does not prove a vital connection between cause and impact (Reio, 2016) Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.The key distinction is that researchers can perform studies on individuals and modify the variables in experimental research; however non-experimental research forces the researcher to analyze and evaluate what is noted. It cannot be said with utter surety by non- experimental researchers that X results in Y. This may be that certain aspects could not be observed.Describe sampling theory and provide examples to illustrate your definition. Discuss generalizability as it applies to nursing research.The Sampling theory includes an analysis of correlations between samples and a population obtained from the population. Researchers must take into account to the greatest extent possible the sample to be reflective of the target population when conducting a study, with the minimum potential defect without any replacement or inadequacy. The sampling method refers to the mechanism of choosing a population sample from the target group. Sampling methods exist
- 2. in two main groups: probability sampling methods in which all individuals in the target population own fair opportunities of being included in the study; and non-probability sampling methods in which the sample population is chosen in a non-systematic manner which does not ensure fair opportunities for all individuals in the target group. The sample chosen through probability sampling techniques are much more reflective of the target group (Elfil & Negida, 2017) Quantitative Research Essay Discussion PaperAn illustration of probability sampling theory would be the performance of a study on hypertensive patients and the advantages of regular patient weight monitoring. Patients with hypertension are unique, but their age, ethnicity, and gender are arbitrary. In other institutions, this analysis can be replicated to expand the sample group. The composite research findings will then be extended to a broad target group of all patients suffering from hypertension. An illustration of the nonprobability sampling would be to perform a tele-floor study of all clients to assess if the level of noise during nighttime on the facility was alarming. Since various facilities possess different factors and client expectations can be unique, this study cannot be extended to a wider population (Polit & Beck, 2010)Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.ORDER HEREGeneralizability refers to a situation where a researcher applies to the wider population their study results and assumptions from a population sample. When the sample population is strongly reflective of the wider population, generalizability is valid Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper.ReferencesElfil, M., & Negida, A. (2017). Sampling methods in clinical research; an educational review. Emergency, 5(1).Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2014). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (6th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier.Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies. International journal of nursing studies, 47(11), 1451-1458.Reio, T. G. (2016). Nonexperimental research: Strengths, weaknesses and issues of precision. European Journal of Training and Development.1. Provide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each. 2. Describe sampling theory and provide examples to illustrate your definition. Discuss generalizability as it applies to nursing research. Please provide 2 peer reviewed journal references for each question Quantitative Research Essay Discussion Paper