This document discusses developing a research question. It states that formulating the right research question is important as it guides the study. A good question is developed through selecting a topic of interest and exploring it in the literature to identify a problem and refine it into a question. Key aspects that shape the question are evaluating its importance and feasibility, specifying the population and variables, and developing a rationale supported by literature. The research question guides the objectives and hypotheses.
Bivariate RegressionRegression analysis is a powerful and comm.docxhartrobert670
Bivariate Regression
Regression analysis is a powerful and commonly used tool in business research. One important step in regression is to determine the dependent and independent variable(s).
In a bivariate regression, which variable is the dependent variable and which one is the independent variable?
· What does the intercept of a regression tell? What does the slope of a regression tell?
· What are some of the main uses of a regression?
Provide an example of a situation wherein a bivariate regression would be a good choice for analyzing data.
Justify your answers using examples and reasoning. Comment on the postings of at least two peers and state whether you agree or disagree with their views.
Types of Regression Analyses
There are two major types of regression analysis—simple and multiple regression analysis. Both types consist of dependent and independent variables. Simple linear regression has two variables—dependent and independent. Multiple regression consists of dependent variable and two or more independent variables.
· How does a multiple regression compare with a simple linear regression?
· What are the various ways to determine what variables should be included in a multiple regression equation?
· Compare and contrast the following processes: forward selection, backward elimination, and stepwise selection.
Justify your answers using examples and reasoning.
Critical Analysis
Critical analysis involves thinking about what you're reading and interpreting it and evaluating it.
Critical analysis of the books, papers, articles, and research that you read for your classes is an important skill. It is also an important skill in the workplace. Generally speaking, when you engage in critical analysis, you do the following things:
Critical Analysis Principles
Example Questions or Statements
Identify and challenge starting assumptions
Questions:
Did the authors base their conclusions on the appropriate facts? Did the author consider the social conditions of the appropriate time period? Did the author use the appropriate resources to adequately address the question?
Example:
The author used widely-held social beliefs in 2007 to explain social changes that occurred in 1910.
Distinguish facts from opinions, and distinguish objectivity from bias
Questions:
Has the author stated the facts from a research study, or did he just give us his opinion? Has the author explained the situation fairly? Did the author allow her personal opinion or involvement to prejudice her explanation and cloud her judgment?
Example:
This drug has been reported to be an effective treatment. However, all the reports come from the company that created and is selling the drug. There are no independent reports from uninvolved parties that support this claim.
Make inferences from the facts
Questions:
What do these findings mean? What are the implications of these findings? Do these findings impact other areas or concepts? Did the author interpret the findings in a reas ...
Evidenced Based Practice (EVP): GRADE Approach to Evidenced Based Guideline D...Michael Changaris
This slide show explores how to review literature and develop an understanding of the quality of the clinical evidence for a treatment modality. Reviews the development of a guideline based on evidence based GRADE process.
Bivariate RegressionRegression analysis is a powerful and comm.docxhartrobert670
Bivariate Regression
Regression analysis is a powerful and commonly used tool in business research. One important step in regression is to determine the dependent and independent variable(s).
In a bivariate regression, which variable is the dependent variable and which one is the independent variable?
· What does the intercept of a regression tell? What does the slope of a regression tell?
· What are some of the main uses of a regression?
Provide an example of a situation wherein a bivariate regression would be a good choice for analyzing data.
Justify your answers using examples and reasoning. Comment on the postings of at least two peers and state whether you agree or disagree with their views.
Types of Regression Analyses
There are two major types of regression analysis—simple and multiple regression analysis. Both types consist of dependent and independent variables. Simple linear regression has two variables—dependent and independent. Multiple regression consists of dependent variable and two or more independent variables.
· How does a multiple regression compare with a simple linear regression?
· What are the various ways to determine what variables should be included in a multiple regression equation?
· Compare and contrast the following processes: forward selection, backward elimination, and stepwise selection.
Justify your answers using examples and reasoning.
Critical Analysis
Critical analysis involves thinking about what you're reading and interpreting it and evaluating it.
Critical analysis of the books, papers, articles, and research that you read for your classes is an important skill. It is also an important skill in the workplace. Generally speaking, when you engage in critical analysis, you do the following things:
Critical Analysis Principles
Example Questions or Statements
Identify and challenge starting assumptions
Questions:
Did the authors base their conclusions on the appropriate facts? Did the author consider the social conditions of the appropriate time period? Did the author use the appropriate resources to adequately address the question?
Example:
The author used widely-held social beliefs in 2007 to explain social changes that occurred in 1910.
Distinguish facts from opinions, and distinguish objectivity from bias
Questions:
Has the author stated the facts from a research study, or did he just give us his opinion? Has the author explained the situation fairly? Did the author allow her personal opinion or involvement to prejudice her explanation and cloud her judgment?
Example:
This drug has been reported to be an effective treatment. However, all the reports come from the company that created and is selling the drug. There are no independent reports from uninvolved parties that support this claim.
Make inferences from the facts
Questions:
What do these findings mean? What are the implications of these findings? Do these findings impact other areas or concepts? Did the author interpret the findings in a reas ...
Evidenced Based Practice (EVP): GRADE Approach to Evidenced Based Guideline D...Michael Changaris
This slide show explores how to review literature and develop an understanding of the quality of the clinical evidence for a treatment modality. Reviews the development of a guideline based on evidence based GRADE process.
Assignment BriefExcelsior College PBH 321 .docxssuser562afc1
Assignment Brief
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
PRO MISING NEW D RUG FOR ARTH RITIS P AIN – OR SAME OLD STORY?
Use this commentary as an example for how you are expected to respond to questions critiquing the article.
Side notes from the instructor to you, which are simply informational, are in [* ].
Q: What were the study’s rationale/hypothesis and objectives?
This study aimed to test the safety, efficacy, and possible side effects of a new drug for treatment of
osteoarthritis of the knee. Given the limited existing treatment options for the condition, and a small Phase 1
trial which suggested possible benefits of tanezumab, the investigators aimed to compare treatment of
arthritis pain with different injected doses of the drug to treatment with a placebo injection.
Q: What were the assigned treatment and control groups, and how were they defined?
Individuals were randomly allocated to treatment with either 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 ug of tanezumab
via injection, or a placebo (control group), also injected.
Q: Was there any way that the blinding of treatment status could have been compromised (in other words,
if the investigator somehow figures out treatment status)? If so, what might have been its potential impact?
The pharmacist preparing the dosage (either the drug or placebo) was aware of the subject’s
randomization to treatment or placebo. It is unlikely the pharmacist would have (accidentally or purposefully)
changed someone’s treatment from their randomly assigned one, and since the pharmacist presumably played
no part in the analysis of study data, their awareness of treatment status did not likely affect the study’s
findings. Similarly, the statistician’s knowledge would not be expected to have an impact, barring unethical
research practices from this individual. An opportunity for un-blinding may have been presented if individuals
assigned to placebo experienced significantly more knee pain, or if individuals assigned to tanezumab
experienced many side effects – but this is really only likely to occur when the investigator ascertains the
outcome directly (such as by interviewing or examining the patient). Because participants self-reported all of
their outcome information (i.e., instead of being directly assessed by a physician) throughout the study, and
this information was summarized later by the investigators, compromise of the investigator’s blinding to
subject treatment status was unlikely and probably did not constitute a major source of bias in this study.
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
Q: What was the outcome of interest for this study? How was it measured? Do you see any problems with
the way the outcome of interest was measured? If so, suggest some alternatives.
Pain while walking and overall knee pain was recorded by the patient in a daily diary. The patient’s
overall assessment of their pain during the trial (called “global ass ...
Although many of you may not be interested in the psychometric details of the ORS and SRS, it does bear importantly on whether there are seen as credible. Jeff Reese and I (Duncan & Reese, 2013) recently exchanged views with Halstead, Youn, and Armijo (2013), debating when a measure is too brief and when it is too long. Here is our paper. First regarding when a measure is too brief: There is no doubt that 45 items, 30 items, or even 19 items is psychometrically better than 4 items, and that the increased reliability and validity of longer measures likely result in better detection, prediction, and ultimate measurement of outcome. But how much better is the really the question. Are these differences clinically meaningful and do they offset the low compliance rates and resulting data integrity issues from missing data? These are the questions that require empirical investigation to determine how brief is too brief, although from my experience, the verdict has already been rendered. But when is a measure too long? The answer is simple: When clinicians won’t use it.
Applied Research Essay example
Ethics in Research Essay
Research Critique Essay example
Essay on Types Of Research
Methodology of Research Essay examples
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
Essay about Sampling
Sample Methodology Essay
Research Methods Essay
Fundamentals of Research Essay
Experimental Research Designs Essay
Sampling Methods Essay
10
Assignment
Sampling, Article Review, and Scales of Measurement
by
Your Name
MAC 2205 Statistics and Probability
Prof:
2019
Sample and Population
In statistics the term population is defined as whole part or group of phenomena that has something in common - the entire collection of individuals. While sample is a subset or portion of that population that containing the individuals or elements that are observed. For example, in the scenario of the author’s dissertation he defined the population as the 2053 students of the University in South Florida and as a sample 307 students that are enrolled in algebra class.
Variables
The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment
Hypothesis
The null and alternative hypotheses are two mutually exclusive statements about a population. A hypothesis test uses sample data to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
Null hypothesis (H0)
The null hypothesis states that a population parameter (such as the mean, the standard deviation, and so on) is equal to a hypothesized value. The null hypothesis is often an initial claim that is based on previous analyses or specialized knowledge.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
The alternative hypothesis states that a population parameter is smaller, greater, or different than the hypothesized value in the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true.
Bias in Research (Ex: Confounding Bias)
Bias in content of research is a proper research that must be double blinded not only for the participants; the control or experimental group should not be aware if they are receiving the placebo or the experimental variable. Bias can be the result of improper conducted experiment where the data does not reflect properly the true.
Levels of Measurement
There are four levels of measurement in statistics:
Nominal is the lower level that could be exclusive or exhaustive, is referring to a quality or attribute that is only named examples of the will be: gender, ethnicity, marital status, and medical diagnosis.
Ordinal is attribute that can be ordered, and the distance is meaningless, can also be categories, and rank. Examples of ordinals variables are: acute pain, military rank, level of preferences, and categories of the professor.
Interval the distances is meaningful, there is no absolute zero, examples of interval are: Fahrenheit scale and centigrade scale.
Ratio is the highest form of measurement, which has an absolute zero point, where zero the property is absent, examples of ratio are: blood pressure, pulse, respiration, weight, body mass index (MBI), and laboratory values.
Sampling Procedure
In this ...
·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docxlanagore871
·
Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Assignment BriefExcelsior College PBH 321 .docxssuser562afc1
Assignment Brief
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
PRO MISING NEW D RUG FOR ARTH RITIS P AIN – OR SAME OLD STORY?
Use this commentary as an example for how you are expected to respond to questions critiquing the article.
Side notes from the instructor to you, which are simply informational, are in [* ].
Q: What were the study’s rationale/hypothesis and objectives?
This study aimed to test the safety, efficacy, and possible side effects of a new drug for treatment of
osteoarthritis of the knee. Given the limited existing treatment options for the condition, and a small Phase 1
trial which suggested possible benefits of tanezumab, the investigators aimed to compare treatment of
arthritis pain with different injected doses of the drug to treatment with a placebo injection.
Q: What were the assigned treatment and control groups, and how were they defined?
Individuals were randomly allocated to treatment with either 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 ug of tanezumab
via injection, or a placebo (control group), also injected.
Q: Was there any way that the blinding of treatment status could have been compromised (in other words,
if the investigator somehow figures out treatment status)? If so, what might have been its potential impact?
The pharmacist preparing the dosage (either the drug or placebo) was aware of the subject’s
randomization to treatment or placebo. It is unlikely the pharmacist would have (accidentally or purposefully)
changed someone’s treatment from their randomly assigned one, and since the pharmacist presumably played
no part in the analysis of study data, their awareness of treatment status did not likely affect the study’s
findings. Similarly, the statistician’s knowledge would not be expected to have an impact, barring unethical
research practices from this individual. An opportunity for un-blinding may have been presented if individuals
assigned to placebo experienced significantly more knee pain, or if individuals assigned to tanezumab
experienced many side effects – but this is really only likely to occur when the investigator ascertains the
outcome directly (such as by interviewing or examining the patient). Because participants self-reported all of
their outcome information (i.e., instead of being directly assessed by a physician) throughout the study, and
this information was summarized later by the investigators, compromise of the investigator’s blinding to
subject treatment status was unlikely and probably did not constitute a major source of bias in this study.
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
Q: What was the outcome of interest for this study? How was it measured? Do you see any problems with
the way the outcome of interest was measured? If so, suggest some alternatives.
Pain while walking and overall knee pain was recorded by the patient in a daily diary. The patient’s
overall assessment of their pain during the trial (called “global ass ...
Although many of you may not be interested in the psychometric details of the ORS and SRS, it does bear importantly on whether there are seen as credible. Jeff Reese and I (Duncan & Reese, 2013) recently exchanged views with Halstead, Youn, and Armijo (2013), debating when a measure is too brief and when it is too long. Here is our paper. First regarding when a measure is too brief: There is no doubt that 45 items, 30 items, or even 19 items is psychometrically better than 4 items, and that the increased reliability and validity of longer measures likely result in better detection, prediction, and ultimate measurement of outcome. But how much better is the really the question. Are these differences clinically meaningful and do they offset the low compliance rates and resulting data integrity issues from missing data? These are the questions that require empirical investigation to determine how brief is too brief, although from my experience, the verdict has already been rendered. But when is a measure too long? The answer is simple: When clinicians won’t use it.
Applied Research Essay example
Ethics in Research Essay
Research Critique Essay example
Essay on Types Of Research
Methodology of Research Essay examples
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
Essay about Sampling
Sample Methodology Essay
Research Methods Essay
Fundamentals of Research Essay
Experimental Research Designs Essay
Sampling Methods Essay
10
Assignment
Sampling, Article Review, and Scales of Measurement
by
Your Name
MAC 2205 Statistics and Probability
Prof:
2019
Sample and Population
In statistics the term population is defined as whole part or group of phenomena that has something in common - the entire collection of individuals. While sample is a subset or portion of that population that containing the individuals or elements that are observed. For example, in the scenario of the author’s dissertation he defined the population as the 2053 students of the University in South Florida and as a sample 307 students that are enrolled in algebra class.
Variables
The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment
Hypothesis
The null and alternative hypotheses are two mutually exclusive statements about a population. A hypothesis test uses sample data to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
Null hypothesis (H0)
The null hypothesis states that a population parameter (such as the mean, the standard deviation, and so on) is equal to a hypothesized value. The null hypothesis is often an initial claim that is based on previous analyses or specialized knowledge.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
The alternative hypothesis states that a population parameter is smaller, greater, or different than the hypothesized value in the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true.
Bias in Research (Ex: Confounding Bias)
Bias in content of research is a proper research that must be double blinded not only for the participants; the control or experimental group should not be aware if they are receiving the placebo or the experimental variable. Bias can be the result of improper conducted experiment where the data does not reflect properly the true.
Levels of Measurement
There are four levels of measurement in statistics:
Nominal is the lower level that could be exclusive or exhaustive, is referring to a quality or attribute that is only named examples of the will be: gender, ethnicity, marital status, and medical diagnosis.
Ordinal is attribute that can be ordered, and the distance is meaningless, can also be categories, and rank. Examples of ordinals variables are: acute pain, military rank, level of preferences, and categories of the professor.
Interval the distances is meaningful, there is no absolute zero, examples of interval are: Fahrenheit scale and centigrade scale.
Ratio is the highest form of measurement, which has an absolute zero point, where zero the property is absent, examples of ratio are: blood pressure, pulse, respiration, weight, body mass index (MBI), and laboratory values.
Sampling Procedure
In this ...
·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docxlanagore871
·
Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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Asking Resaerch Question.pptx
1. RESEARCH
QUESTION
PORTNEY, L.G. AND WATKINS, M.P. (2008) FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH: APPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE. 3RD EDITION. PRENTICE HALL.
NEW YORK.
2. Research is about answering
questions. But before we can get to
the answers, we must be able to ask
the right question. What we ask will
depend on our goal.
This is the most important and often
most difficult part of the research
process, because it controls the
direction of all subsequent planning
and analysis.
3. THE PROCESS STARTS WITH:
selection of a research topic
that sparks some interest.
exploration of that topic by
examining issues in clinical
practice and theory, and
reading the professional
literature.
This information leads to the
identification of a research
problem, a broad statement
that begins to focus the
direction of study.
The problem is then refined to a
research question, which is
specific and defined.
4.
5. SEVERAL
COMPONENTS
WILL SHAPE THE
QUESTION
evaluation of its importance and
feasibility,
specification of the population to be
studied,
development of a research rationale to
support the question, and a
description of the specific variables to be
studied.
6. Throughout this process, the researcher relies on a comprehensive
review of the literature to provide the background necessary for
decision making.
The research question is then translated into a statement that
reflects the expected outcomes of the study, clarifying the research
objectives in the form of hypotheses or a statement of purpose for
the study.
7. AIM
framework for developing and refining a
feasible research question,
to define the different types of variables
that form the basis for the question,
to describe how research objectives guide
a study,
to discuss how the review of literature
contributes to this process.
8. FINDING GAPS AND CONFLICTS IN THE
LITERATURE
Professional literature provides the basis for
developing a research problem:
It will clarify holes in professional
knowledge, areas where we do not have
sufficient information for making clinical
decisions.
Derives ideas from conflicts in the
literature, when studies present
contradictory findings.
9. EXAMPLE
the effect of patellar taping for reduction of pain associated
with patellofemoral syndromes.
However, studies have variously shown significant effects,
short-lived effects, or no change in patellar alignment.
Whittingham and colleagues addressed this inconsistent
evidence by designing a randomized trial to investigate the
effect of exercise and taping on pain and function in patients
with knee pain.
10. identify disagreements due to differences or flaws in study design or
measurement methods.
For example, a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of common
interventions for tears of the rotator cuff in adults showed little evidence to
support or refute the superiority of conservative or surgical interventions. This
supports the need for well designed clinical trials that incorporate consistent
methods for defining interventions and validated outcome measures.
Research questions may also arise out of data from descriptive studies,
which document trends, patterns or characteristics that can subsequently
be examined more thoroughly using alternative research approaches.
For example, several descriptive studies have documented characteristics of
individuals who have suffered spinal cord injuries. These studies have
provided the foundation for testing new devices to improve function.
11. REPLICATION
to correct for design limitations
to examine outcomes with different populations or in
different settings.
A study may be repeated using the same variables and
methods or slight variations of them.
Replication is an extremely important process in research,
because one study is never sufficient to confirm a theory or
to verify the success or failure of a treatment.
We are often unable to generalize findings of one study to a
larger population because of the limitations of small sample
size in clinical studies.
12. EXAMPLE
Miltner and co-workers studied the effects of constraint-induced movement
therapy in patients with chronic stroke. They cited previous research in American
laboratories showing success of this intervention to improve use of the affected
upper extremity. They were able to replicate these results in Germany, where the
health care system and context of therapy is different than in the United States.
13. THE RESEARCH
RATIONALE
Once the research problem has been defined, a full review of
literature will establish the background for the research
question.
This foundation will clarify the research rationale that will
support the research question, guide decisions in designing
the study, and most importantly, provide the basis for
interpreting results.
The rationale presents a logical argument that shows how and
why the question was developed.
It provides a theoretical framework by explaining the
constructs and mechanisms behind the question.
It helps us understand why the question makes sense.
The research rationale includes references to previous
research as well as logical assumptions that can be made
from current theory. Without a strong rationale, the results of a
study will be hard to interpret.
15. VARIABLES
Variables are the building blocks of
the research question.
A variable is a property that can
differentiate members of a group or
set.
It represents a concept, or factor,
that can have more than one value.
16. EXAMPLE
if we wanted to compare levels of back pain
between men and women, then pain and gender
are the variables of interest.
Pain can take on a range of values, depending on
how we measure it, and gender can take on two
"values" (male and female).
If, however, in another study, we compare the
effects of two different treatments for decreasing
back pain in men, then gender is no longer a
variable. It has only one "value" (male) and is,
therefore, a constant. In this latter example, type
of treatment and pain are the variables of
interest.
17. In descriptive and correlational studies, variables represent the phenomena being examined, and
their measurement may take many forms. The investigator looks at these characteristics one at a
time, describes their values and their interrelationships.
In exploratory and experimental studies the investigator exam ines relationships among two or more
variables to predict outcomes or to establish that one variable influences another.
For these types of studies, research variables are generally classified as independent or dependent,
according to how they are used.
18. INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
A predictor variable is an
independent variable. It is a
condition, intervention or
characteristic that will
predict or cause a given
outcome.
The outcome variable is
called the dependent
variable, which is a response
or effect that is presumed to
vary depending on the
independent variable.
19. VARIABLES IN EXPLORATORY STUDIES
independent and dependent variables are usually measured together, to determine if they have a
predictive relationship.
Example, researchers have studied the relationship between back pain and age, gender, cognitive status,
ambulatory status, analgesic use, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in a long-term care population.
The dependent variable (the outcome variable) was the presence of back pain
The independent variables (predictor variables) were the characteristics of age, gender, cognitive status
and so on.
These types of studies often involve several independent variables, as the researcher tries to establish
how different factors interrelate to explain the outcome variable.
20. VARIABLES IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
involve comparison of different conditions to investigate causal relationships, where
the independent variable is controlled and the dependent variable is measured.
For instance, researchers have compared the effect of a back class versus usual
medical care to determine if the back class was an effective program for reducing pain
in those with acute low back pain.
Outcomes included changes in a disability score and a pain scale rating.
In this example the independent variable is the back class (intervention), and the two
dependent variables are the disability and pain scores (response). A change in the
dependent variables is presumed to be caused by the "value" of the independent
variable; that is, the dependent variable is a function of the condition of the
independent variable.
21. Comparative studies can be designed with more than one independent variable.
We could look at the patients' gender in addition to intervention,
for instance, to deter mine if effectiveness of a back class is different for males and females.
We would then have two independent variables: type of intervention and gender.
A study can also have more than one dependent variable. In the previously mentioned study,
researchers measured both disability rating and pain.
22. LEVELS OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
In comparative studies, independent variables are given "values" called levels.
The levels represent groups or conditions that will be compared. Every independent variable will have
at least two levels. Dependent variables are not described as having levels.
For example, in the study comparing a back class and usual care, the independent variable of
"intervention" has two levels: back class and usual care. If the study had included additional
interventions, such as physical therapy or bed rest, it would have changed the number of levels of the
intervention variable, not the number of variables.
23. OPERATIONAL
DEFINITIONS
defines a variable according to its
unique meaning within a study
The operational definition should
be sufficiently detailed that
another researcher could replicate
the procedure or condition.
24. Independent variables are operationalized according to
how they are manipulated by the investigator
For example, in the study comparing a back class and
usual care, an operational definition for the
independent variable "back class" should include the
number of sessions, the type of training and materials,
expectations of compliance, who will teach the class
and so on. The subjects' activities and other treatment
specifications should be included. We also need to
describe the control group's activities of usual care.
Operational definitions for independent variables must
differentiate the various levels of the variable.
25. Dependent variables are operationally defined by describing the method of
measurement, including delineation of tools and procedures used to obtain
measurements.
A variable like "low back pain" could be defined operationally as the score on a
visual analog scale (VAS), reflecting the magnitude of pain at a particular time of
day under specific activity conditions.
An individual reading this definition should be able to know precisely how the
variable "pain" could be interpreted in this study.