This study developed a quantitative method to measure the penetration of coconut oil (CNO) into human hair using radiolabeled CNO. Hair strands were soaked in radiolabeled CNO for 1 or 6 hours. Radioactivity measurements were used to determine the amount of surface oil and total oil (surface + penetrated) in the hair. The method found unexpectedly high total oil values, but correcting for surface oil yielded more reasonable penetrated oil amounts, ranging from 14.5-26.3% after 1 hour and 20.4-21.9% after 6 hours. The radiolabeling method provides a way to quantitatively distinguish surface from penetrated oil and could be applied to other hair-treatment act
PureLizz CST-50 A Revolutionary System for Hair Reshaping developed by Pure K...Daniel Marks
PureLizz CST-50 is the safest and most effective way to change the structural hair fiber into either curly or straight, or as desired by the professional hairdresser.
PureLizz System is a unique and safe process, promoting the cleavage of the keratin disulfide bonds and then reforming them in a new configuration, maintaining the hair in the new shape for 3 – 6 months, providing a bright, silky effect with natural look.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de la privacidad y la seguridad en línea. Explica que los usuarios deben tomar medidas para proteger su información personal en Internet, como usar contraseñas seguras y actualizadas, y estar atentos al phishing. También enfatiza que las empresas deben implementar medidas de seguridad sólidas para proteger los datos de los clientes.
Why You Are Unhappy Practicing Law : Soldiers and Generals in Law FirmsBCG Attorney Search
The document discusses how attorneys can become unhappy practicing law if they do not understand their role as either "soldiers" or "generals" within a law firm. It states that attorneys should start as soldiers, working hard and learning, but must eventually transition to becoming generals who have their own clients and control their own practices. Remaining only a soldier or trying to become a general too soon can lead to career dissatisfaction. The key to happiness is accepting the appropriate role at each career stage and working to transition to and succeed as a general.
SEOGuardian - Cosmética Online España - ActualizaciónBint
Este documento resume un informe sobre el posicionamiento en buscadores del sector de cosmética online en el mercado español entre abril de 2014 y abril de 2016. Analiza los resultados de posicionamiento orgánico y de pago de 28 competidores clave utilizando 400 palabras clave relacionadas con la cosmética online. Proporciona datos sobre el posicionamiento, visibilidad y clicabilidad de cada competidor en los motores de búsqueda españoles.
El documento describe los cinco componentes del sistema de control interno: 1) Ambiente de control, 2) Evaluación de riesgos, 3) Actividades de control gerencial, 4) Información y comunicación, y 5) Supervisión. Cada componente incluye varios principios y actividades relacionadas con su implementación y monitoreo en una entidad.
PureLizz CST-50 A Revolutionary System for Hair Reshaping developed by Pure K...Daniel Marks
PureLizz CST-50 is the safest and most effective way to change the structural hair fiber into either curly or straight, or as desired by the professional hairdresser.
PureLizz System is a unique and safe process, promoting the cleavage of the keratin disulfide bonds and then reforming them in a new configuration, maintaining the hair in the new shape for 3 – 6 months, providing a bright, silky effect with natural look.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de la privacidad y la seguridad en línea. Explica que los usuarios deben tomar medidas para proteger su información personal en Internet, como usar contraseñas seguras y actualizadas, y estar atentos al phishing. También enfatiza que las empresas deben implementar medidas de seguridad sólidas para proteger los datos de los clientes.
Why You Are Unhappy Practicing Law : Soldiers and Generals in Law FirmsBCG Attorney Search
The document discusses how attorneys can become unhappy practicing law if they do not understand their role as either "soldiers" or "generals" within a law firm. It states that attorneys should start as soldiers, working hard and learning, but must eventually transition to becoming generals who have their own clients and control their own practices. Remaining only a soldier or trying to become a general too soon can lead to career dissatisfaction. The key to happiness is accepting the appropriate role at each career stage and working to transition to and succeed as a general.
SEOGuardian - Cosmética Online España - ActualizaciónBint
Este documento resume un informe sobre el posicionamiento en buscadores del sector de cosmética online en el mercado español entre abril de 2014 y abril de 2016. Analiza los resultados de posicionamiento orgánico y de pago de 28 competidores clave utilizando 400 palabras clave relacionadas con la cosmética online. Proporciona datos sobre el posicionamiento, visibilidad y clicabilidad de cada competidor en los motores de búsqueda españoles.
El documento describe los cinco componentes del sistema de control interno: 1) Ambiente de control, 2) Evaluación de riesgos, 3) Actividades de control gerencial, 4) Información y comunicación, y 5) Supervisión. Cada componente incluye varios principios y actividades relacionadas con su implementación y monitoreo en una entidad.
Aspectos tributarios de los precios de transferenciaJorge L Garcia O
Este documento presenta una introducción a los conceptos de precios de transferencia. Explica que los precios de transferencia se refieren a los precios pactados en transacciones entre compañías vinculadas, los cuales podrían ser diferentes a los precios de mercado. También resume los principales métodos para determinar precios de transferencia de acuerdo al principio de plena competencia, así como consideraciones sobre comparabilidad, documentación y normativa aplicable. Finalmente, presenta algunos datos estadísticos sobre comercio internacional entre compañías vinculadas.
Este documento describe los cargadores inalámbricos, cómo funcionan mediante el uso de campos electromagnéticos y bobinas de inducción, y algunas de sus ventajas. Los cargadores inalámbricos transfieren energía entre objetos sin cables utilizando un campo electromagnético creado por bobinas de inducción. Esto convierte los campos electromagnéticos en electricidad para cargar dispositivos. Algunas ventajas incluyen no necesitar cables, permitir la carga de implantes médicos de forma segura, y tener una larg
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
Augusto cury -_a_ditadura_da_beleza_e_a_revolução_das_mulheresNatália Martins
A modelo Sarah tenta suicídio e é internada no hospital, deixando sua mãe Elizabeth desesperada. Elizabeth procura o psiquiatra Marco Polo para entender o que levou sua filha a tomar tal atitude, já que sempre deu tudo para ela. No entanto, a relação entre mãe e filha sempre foi conturbada, com muitos atritos e discussões.
Anemo 2014 - Infusino - Protocol anticoagulation in urologyanemo_site
1) The document discusses guidelines for bridging anticoagulation therapy for patients on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) undergoing elective urological procedures.
2) It proposes a new protocol for patients undergoing ThuLEP which stratifies thromboembolic risk and minimizes or avoids bridging with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH).
3) Preliminary results from 5 patients managed under the new protocol found it was safe and allowed for shorter hospitalization without thromboembolic or bleeding complications compared to standard bridging therapy.
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located in Sicily, Italy. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, erupting frequently since the 17th century. Eruptions deposit fertile ash on the mountain's slopes, allowing for wine grape cultivation. While large eruptions in the past caused many deaths, improved monitoring and evacuation procedures have prevented fatalities from recent eruptions. Etna's activity and composition impact the local environment and population in both positive and negative ways.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
Experimental Investigation on Use of Methyl Ester Kusum Oil and Its Blends In...IOSR Journals
The research on alternative fuels for compression ignition engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products, higher oil prices and its major contribution for pollutants, where vegetable oil promises best alternative fuel. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the present paper, the research efforts directed towards improving the performance of C.I. engine using vegetable oil (Methyl ester kusum oil) as a fuel. The paper deals with results of performance of a single cylinder, four stroke, C.I. engine using kusum oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel. The performance of engine was studied at constant speed, with the engine operated at various loading conditions. Performance parameters considered for comparing are brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, smoke density and part load and peak load performance of the engine. The engine offers increase in thermal efficiency when it is powered by kusum oil and its blends at various loads. The power developed and exhausts gas temperature increases with the increase and specific fuel consumption is higher than diesel fuel
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from rice bran oil. Key points:
1. Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process to reduce its high viscosity and make it suitable for use in a diesel engine.
2. The engine was tested using biodiesel and performance was found to be very close to diesel fuel, while some emissions like NOx and hydrocarbons decreased.
3. When compared to non-esterified rice bran oil, the esterified version produced less smoke and is considered more environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of performance parameters of a single cylinder internal combustion (IC) engine using mustard oil biodiesel. The researchers prepared biodiesel from mustard oil through a transesterification process and tested blends of 10-50% biodiesel with diesel. Test results showed that biodiesel blends had higher density and viscosity than diesel. Fuel consumption was also slightly higher for biodiesel blends due to their lower energy content. B10 and B20 blends performed most similar to diesel in terms of brake specific fuel consumption.
This document investigates the fuel properties of crude rice bran oil methyl ester (RBOME) and its blends with diesel and kerosene. RBOME was produced from crude rice bran oil using a three-stage transesterification process. The properties tested included viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, and fire point. Viscosity and density were found to increase with higher proportions of RBOME in the blends. The calorific value of RBOME and blends was slightly lower than diesel. Blends with 20% RBOME had properties closest to diesel. Replacing some diesel with kerosene in blends did not significantly impact properties. The properties of R
IRJET- Performance and Emission Test of Canola and Neem Bio-Oil Blend With Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that tested the performance and emissions of a diesel engine running on blends of canola and neem biodiesel. Canola and neem oils were converted to biodiesel via a trans-esterification process involving acid pretreatment and alkaline catalyst. Blends of 20% and 30% biodiesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine at varying loads and compared to pure diesel. Results showed that the biodiesel blends improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced harmful emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide relative to diesel. However, nitrogen oxide emissions were slightly higher for the biodiesel blends. Overall, the 20% canola biodiesel blend performed best
The document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated the potential of castor oil-based lubricants blended with mahua oil for automotive applications. The study tested lubricant samples including refined castor oil, mahua oil, and their blends at different ratios, against a commercial servo gear oil. Tests were conducted using a four ball tester to analyze coefficient of friction and wear scar formation at different time intervals and temperatures. The results showed that a 50% castor oil and 50% mahua oil blend produced the lowest coefficient of friction and smallest wear scar. This blend also showed better performance than the commercial servo gear oil in resisting wear under boundary lubrication conditions. The study suggests castor oil has potential as a
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTER...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental and computational analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of plastic oil, neem oil, and their blends with diesel in a multi-fuel engine. The fuels were blended in a 20% ratio with 80% diesel. Testing was conducted on a 5hp single cylinder engine to analyze emissions like NOx, CO, CO2, HC, NO2, and smoke. Since engine testing is time consuming, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Forte was also performed to model the combustion chamber and simulate the blended fuels. The results from both methods validated each other and suggest that plastic-neem oil blends could serve as a viable diesel alternative fuel.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Exploration of the Potential of Reclaimed Waste Cooking Oil for Oil-Immersed ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, reclaimed waste cooking oil is proposed as an alternative insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers. Reclamation is carried out by heating a mixture of waste cooking oil and Fuller’s Earth adsorbent and followed by filtration. Propyl gallate antioxidant is then added into the filtered oil. Four oil samples are investigated in this study: (1) new cooking oil (NCO), (2) waste cooking oil (WCO), (3) reclaimed oil (RWCO) and (4) reclaimed oil with propyl gallate antioxidant (RWCOPG). The AC breakdown voltage, moisture content and total acid number is measured for all oil samples according to the ASTM D1816, ASTM D1533 and ASTM D974 standard test method, respectively. The results show that the AC breakdown voltage is highest for the RWCOPG sample (28.08 kV), which is 0.4% higher than the standard requirement of 20 kV. The moisture content for this sample is 180.60 ppm, which is still below the allowable limit of 200 ppm. However, the total acid number is highest for the RWCOPG sample which suggests that it has high acidity. It is indicated that the antioxidant-reclaimed waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an insulating liquid for oil-immersed power transformers, but much work is still needed to reduce the total acid number of this oil.
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
Effect of CuO nanoparticles on Tribological Properties of Lubricating OilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of adding copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles to lubricating oil. It finds that CuO nanoparticles can significantly improve the tribological and thermophysical properties of base oils. Specifically:
1) CuO nanoparticles reduce wear and friction in lubricating oils, with studies finding reductions in wear of up to 48% and reductions in coefficient of friction of up to 69%.
2) They also increase the thermal conductivity and viscosity of base oils, improving their ability to dissipate heat. Viscosity was found to increase by up to three times with the addition of CuO nanoparticles.
3) The mechanisms for these improvements involve CuO nanoparticles forming protective surface films and polishing
Processing and Quality Evaluation of Menthol Mint Oilinventionjournals
Menthol mint oil is distilled by water steam distillation from leaves of Mentha arvensis and is the most importance source of L-menthol. It contains L-menthol 68.3%, menthone 8.2%, isomenthone 4.4%, menthyl acetate 4.3%, mixture of isomers of menthol 4.5%, cis-3- hexanal 0.2-% and limonene 1.2%, However percentage of components depends on the genetic and ecological conditions. Major component L-Menthol is isolated by freezing at low temperature with the recovery of around 65% in form of menthol flakes and the remaining material is known as DMO or dementholised oil (30%). During the process 1% loss is generally found. All the components are being used in Flavours, Pharmaceuticals, Tobacco and other cosmetic Industries.
Aspectos tributarios de los precios de transferenciaJorge L Garcia O
Este documento presenta una introducción a los conceptos de precios de transferencia. Explica que los precios de transferencia se refieren a los precios pactados en transacciones entre compañías vinculadas, los cuales podrían ser diferentes a los precios de mercado. También resume los principales métodos para determinar precios de transferencia de acuerdo al principio de plena competencia, así como consideraciones sobre comparabilidad, documentación y normativa aplicable. Finalmente, presenta algunos datos estadísticos sobre comercio internacional entre compañías vinculadas.
Este documento describe los cargadores inalámbricos, cómo funcionan mediante el uso de campos electromagnéticos y bobinas de inducción, y algunas de sus ventajas. Los cargadores inalámbricos transfieren energía entre objetos sin cables utilizando un campo electromagnético creado por bobinas de inducción. Esto convierte los campos electromagnéticos en electricidad para cargar dispositivos. Algunas ventajas incluyen no necesitar cables, permitir la carga de implantes médicos de forma segura, y tener una larg
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
Augusto cury -_a_ditadura_da_beleza_e_a_revolução_das_mulheresNatália Martins
A modelo Sarah tenta suicídio e é internada no hospital, deixando sua mãe Elizabeth desesperada. Elizabeth procura o psiquiatra Marco Polo para entender o que levou sua filha a tomar tal atitude, já que sempre deu tudo para ela. No entanto, a relação entre mãe e filha sempre foi conturbada, com muitos atritos e discussões.
Anemo 2014 - Infusino - Protocol anticoagulation in urologyanemo_site
1) The document discusses guidelines for bridging anticoagulation therapy for patients on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) undergoing elective urological procedures.
2) It proposes a new protocol for patients undergoing ThuLEP which stratifies thromboembolic risk and minimizes or avoids bridging with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH).
3) Preliminary results from 5 patients managed under the new protocol found it was safe and allowed for shorter hospitalization without thromboembolic or bleeding complications compared to standard bridging therapy.
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located in Sicily, Italy. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, erupting frequently since the 17th century. Eruptions deposit fertile ash on the mountain's slopes, allowing for wine grape cultivation. While large eruptions in the past caused many deaths, improved monitoring and evacuation procedures have prevented fatalities from recent eruptions. Etna's activity and composition impact the local environment and population in both positive and negative ways.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
Experimental Investigation on Use of Methyl Ester Kusum Oil and Its Blends In...IOSR Journals
The research on alternative fuels for compression ignition engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products, higher oil prices and its major contribution for pollutants, where vegetable oil promises best alternative fuel. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the present paper, the research efforts directed towards improving the performance of C.I. engine using vegetable oil (Methyl ester kusum oil) as a fuel. The paper deals with results of performance of a single cylinder, four stroke, C.I. engine using kusum oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel. The performance of engine was studied at constant speed, with the engine operated at various loading conditions. Performance parameters considered for comparing are brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, smoke density and part load and peak load performance of the engine. The engine offers increase in thermal efficiency when it is powered by kusum oil and its blends at various loads. The power developed and exhausts gas temperature increases with the increase and specific fuel consumption is higher than diesel fuel
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from rice bran oil. Key points:
1. Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process to reduce its high viscosity and make it suitable for use in a diesel engine.
2. The engine was tested using biodiesel and performance was found to be very close to diesel fuel, while some emissions like NOx and hydrocarbons decreased.
3. When compared to non-esterified rice bran oil, the esterified version produced less smoke and is considered more environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of performance parameters of a single cylinder internal combustion (IC) engine using mustard oil biodiesel. The researchers prepared biodiesel from mustard oil through a transesterification process and tested blends of 10-50% biodiesel with diesel. Test results showed that biodiesel blends had higher density and viscosity than diesel. Fuel consumption was also slightly higher for biodiesel blends due to their lower energy content. B10 and B20 blends performed most similar to diesel in terms of brake specific fuel consumption.
This document investigates the fuel properties of crude rice bran oil methyl ester (RBOME) and its blends with diesel and kerosene. RBOME was produced from crude rice bran oil using a three-stage transesterification process. The properties tested included viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, and fire point. Viscosity and density were found to increase with higher proportions of RBOME in the blends. The calorific value of RBOME and blends was slightly lower than diesel. Blends with 20% RBOME had properties closest to diesel. Replacing some diesel with kerosene in blends did not significantly impact properties. The properties of R
IRJET- Performance and Emission Test of Canola and Neem Bio-Oil Blend With Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that tested the performance and emissions of a diesel engine running on blends of canola and neem biodiesel. Canola and neem oils were converted to biodiesel via a trans-esterification process involving acid pretreatment and alkaline catalyst. Blends of 20% and 30% biodiesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine at varying loads and compared to pure diesel. Results showed that the biodiesel blends improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced harmful emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide relative to diesel. However, nitrogen oxide emissions were slightly higher for the biodiesel blends. Overall, the 20% canola biodiesel blend performed best
The document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated the potential of castor oil-based lubricants blended with mahua oil for automotive applications. The study tested lubricant samples including refined castor oil, mahua oil, and their blends at different ratios, against a commercial servo gear oil. Tests were conducted using a four ball tester to analyze coefficient of friction and wear scar formation at different time intervals and temperatures. The results showed that a 50% castor oil and 50% mahua oil blend produced the lowest coefficient of friction and smallest wear scar. This blend also showed better performance than the commercial servo gear oil in resisting wear under boundary lubrication conditions. The study suggests castor oil has potential as a
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTER...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental and computational analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of plastic oil, neem oil, and their blends with diesel in a multi-fuel engine. The fuels were blended in a 20% ratio with 80% diesel. Testing was conducted on a 5hp single cylinder engine to analyze emissions like NOx, CO, CO2, HC, NO2, and smoke. Since engine testing is time consuming, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Forte was also performed to model the combustion chamber and simulate the blended fuels. The results from both methods validated each other and suggest that plastic-neem oil blends could serve as a viable diesel alternative fuel.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Exploration of the Potential of Reclaimed Waste Cooking Oil for Oil-Immersed ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Similar to Quantitative measurement of the penetration of coconut oil into Human hair (NITESH BHALLA) (20)
Quantitative measurement of the penetration of coconut oil into Human hair (NITESH BHALLA)
1. J. Cosmet. Sci., 63, 27–31 (January/February 2012)
27
Quantitative measurement of the penetration of coconut oil
into human hair using radiolabeled coconut oil
V. GODE, N. BHALLA, V. SHIRHATTI, S. MHASKAR,
and Y. KAMATH, Marico Research Centre, Marico Ltd., Mumbai,
India (V.G., N.B., V.S., S.M.), and Kamath Consulting Inc.,
11 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852 (Y.K.).
Accepted for publication June 9, 2011.
INTRODUCTION
Applying oil to hair and skin is an age-old tradition in Asian and African countries. The
traditional system of medicine in India, Ayurveda, has several formulations of oils (based
mainly on coconut and sesame) with herbal extracts. These oils are supposed to benefit both
hair and the hair follicle. Generally, these oils are applied as prewash hair dressings. This is
also true of plain oils without any herbal actives. In either case, the hydrophobicity of the oil
plays an important role in protecting hair from damage. Surface lubrication is the first level
of defense against abrasive damage in grooming. A more significant factor is the protec-
tion of hair and especially the hair follicle from surfactant damage. Low-molecular-weight
surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in shampoos can penetrate easily into the
structure of hair and interfere with the formation of secondary valence bonds such as hydro-
gen bonds and salt linkages. This can weaken hair. On the positive side, penetrated oil can
reduce the amount of water absorbed in the hair, leading to a lowering of swelling. This can
result in lower hygral fatigue (repeated swelling and deswelling), a factor which can
damage hair. The softening effect of moisture is replaced by the plasticizing effect of oil.
As far as the follicle is concerned, the oil can fill the gap between the hair and the follicle
wall and prevent the penetration of the surfactant solution into the follicle. Surfactant
molecules like SLS, when penetrated into the follicle, can interfere with the adhesion of
follicular structures, leading to loosening of hair in the follicular cavity, ultimately leading
to hair loss. Applying oil on a regular basis can eliminate follicular damage leading to
hair loss. The overall effect is a head full of rich and long hair.
The first attempt to show the penetration of hair by coconut oil (CNO) was made by
Ruetsch, Kamath, et al. (1). The method used was time-of-flight secondary ion mass spec-
trometry (TOF-SIMS), which was able to map the molecules of CNO in the cross section
of hair treated with CNO. Although the method could show the depth of penetration,
it was incapable of yielding quantitative (how much) data. Since then, the TOF-SIMS
method has been used by Hornby et al. (2) to study the penetration of other vegetable oils.
2. JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE28
However, the TOF-SIMS method, by its very nature, is qualitative. It cannot be used to
determine the amount of oil that has penetrated into the hair. Therefore, the present work
is aimed at developing a method that can provide quantitative data on the penetration of
CNO into human hair, using radiolabeled CNO.
EXPERIMENTAL
MATERIALS
CNO was provided by Marico Limited, Mumbai, India. Solvents, such as alcohol, dioxane,
and toluene, were of AR grade and were obtained locally. This work was done at Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai, India.
PREPARATION OF RADIOLABELED (3
H SUBSTITUTED (TRITIATED)) CNO
A known amount of CNO was dissolved in dioxane, and the solution was heated in the
presence of tritium gas at 120°C for two hours in the presence of a catalyst (of proprietary
composition). Following tritiation, the solvent was evaporated on a Rotovap, and the
tritiated CNO (TCNO) was brought to a final volume of 1.5 ml with unlabeled oil. This
oil mixture was used in all the studies presented in this communication.
HAIR TREATMENT
A 10-cm-long strand of Indian hair weighing 100 mg was soaked in 1.5 ml of TCNO. Hair
specimens were taken from this sample after one and six hours for further analysis. Surface oil
was determined with two single hair fibers, and penetrated oil was determined on five single
hair fibers taken from the 100-mg sample. Measurements for each treatment time (one and
six hours) were made in triplicate sets. The hair specimens were gently blotted on tissue
paper soon after their removal from the oil-soaked strand in order to remove the extraneous oil.
The approximate weights of two and five hair fibers were 1.22 mg and 6.1 mg, respectively.
RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
A unique property of tritium is that it is a beta emitter, and therefore, to register its emission
it has to be in direct contact with the scintillation fluid. This means that the TCNO inside
the hair is not registered. This enables the measurement of substantive surface oil separately.
In a typical measurement two hair fibers were immersed in 10 ml of the scintillation fluid and
placed into the counter (Hidex, efficiency 32%). The counts per minute (CPM) were recorded.
For the determination of total oil in the hair (surface oil plus penetrated oil), five hair
fibers were solubilized in 400 μ1 of 10% NaOH at approximately 70°C for one hour or
until the solubilization of the sample was complete. Five microliters of the hydrolyzed
hair solution was added to 10 ml of the scintillation fluid, and the CPM was recorded
after the solution was placed in the scintillation counter (Hidex).
3. COCONUT OIL PENETRATION INTO HAIR 29
RESULTS
STANDARDIZATION OF THE RADIOACTIVITY OF THE ORIGINAL TCNO
Twenty microliters of the 1.5-ml original TCNO sample was diluted with 10 ml of toluene,
of which 20 μl was added to 10 ml of scintillation fluid and placed in the Hidex scintil-
lation counter, which gave a CPM of 45,000. Radioactivity is expressed in units of curie
(Ci), which refers to decay of 3.7 × 1010
per second (or 2.22 × 1012
per minute) CPM. The
radioactivity of the original oil is given by:
12
45,000 CPM×10,000 l toluene ×1500 l TCNO
20 l×20 l×2.22×10 CPM Ci ×0.32 efficiency of Hidex
which is 2.4 mCi/1.5 ml or 1.6 mCi/ml of TCNO. This number will be used to convert
CPM into the volume of TCNO in the hair specimens.
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE OIL
In a typical measurement, two hair fibers were immersed in 10 ml of the scintillating
fluid and placed into the Hidex counter. A CPM value of 106,458 was recorded. From
this number we can calculate milligrams of oil in the hair as shown below. Please note
that from the definition of curie, 1 μCi = 2.22 × 106
CPM:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )μ μ μ6
106,458 CPM ×0.92 sp. gr. oil ×100
2.22×10 CPM Ci ×0.32 eff. of Hidex × 1.6 Ci l × 1.22 mg, wt. of hair
The above calculation gives a value of 7.1%. The calculation can be abbreviated as follows:
-6
Wt.% surface oil= sample CPM ×80.9×10 wt. of hair
MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL OIL
In this procedure a known weight of TCNO-treated hair is solubilized in 400 μl of 10%
NaOH and a 5-μl sample is used to get the scintillation counts. The total amount of oil
can be calculated exactly as above using one additional factor: (400/5) = 80. Therefore,
-6
Wt.% total oil= sample CPM ×80.9×10 ×80 wt. of hair
For a CPM of 47,100 for one of the samples, the wt.% total oil is 50%. Subtracting the
surface oil from the total gives the oil penetrated into the fiber. The amount of surface oil in
the sample taken for the total oil measurement can be calculated by the following formula:
4. JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE30
Wt.% surface oil× wt. of hair for total oil
wt. of hair for surface oil
This is given in Table I. Data for surface and penetrated oil are summarized in Table I.
Percentages are based on the weight of the treated hair.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The results in Table I show that the method can determine surface oil. The values for
surface oil are slightly on the higher side, which indicates that just dabbing with ab-
sorbent paper does not remove all of the surface oil. It probably cannot remove oil re-
siding at the scale edges. The bulk oil amounts are unexpectedly high. It is not possible
to have such high values for the total oil without the swelling of the fiber, and CNO
does not swell the hair fiber. The high values obtained for the bulk oil in this study suggest
that most of it is indeed surface oil. If we correct for the surface oil in the sample taken
for the total oil measurement (column 4 minus column 6), then the results for the pen-
etrated oil appear to be more reasonable, especially for the samples treated for one and
six hours.
CONCLUSIONS
The work presented in this communication shows that radiolabeling with tritium can be
a suitable method for the quantification of the oil penetrated into hair. The method can
distinguish between the surface deposited oil and the oil absorbed into the bulk of the
fiber. This would suggest that the method can be used to quantify other actives that are
deposited mainly on the surface of hair. The method can be further refined by extracting
the hair sample briefly in a solvent like hexane to remove the surface oil. By doing this
prior to analysis, we can confirm the validity and internal consistency of the surface, total,
and penetrated oil results obtained by this method. The researchers plan to do this work
in the near future.
Table I
Distribution of TCNO in Human Hair (wt.% based on hair) Treated with TCNO for One and Six Hours
Sample
name
CPM
Total
oil
CPM
Surface
oil
Wt.%
Total
oil
Wt.%
Surface
oil
Wt.% of surface
oil in the total
oil test sample
Wt.%
Penetrated
oil
1A 47,100 106,458 50.0 7.1 35.5 14.5
1B 45,300 80,000 48.5 5.4 27.0 21.5
1C 45,200 — 48.4 — — —
6A 61,000 116,000 65.3 7.8 39.0 26.3
6B 62,000 138,000 66.4 9.2 46.0 20.4
6C 62,000 133,000 66.4 8.9 44.5 21.91
All percentages are based on the weight of the treated hair.
5. COCONUT OIL PENETRATION INTO HAIR 31
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Dr. Harishchandra and Dr Meenakshi Nikam, BRIT, Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, for help and support in conducting these experiments.
REFERENCES
(1) S. B. Ruetsch, Y. K. Kamath, A. S. Rele, and R. B. Mohile, Secondary ion mass spectrometric investiga-
tion of penetration of coconut and mineral oils into human hair fibers: Relevance to hair damage,
J. Cosmet. Sci., 52, 169–184 (2001).
(2) S. Hornby, Y. Appa, S. B. Ruetsch, and Y. Kamath, Mapping penetration of cosmetic compounds
into hair fibers using time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS), IFSCC Magazine,
8, 99–104 (2005).
(3) K. Keis, D. Persaud, Y. K. Kamath, and A. S. Rele, Investigation of penetration abilities of various oils
into human hair fibers, J. Cosmet. Sci., 56, 283–295 (2005).