The document discusses the evolution of gender roles, social classes, and cultural identity in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the present. It outlines the social stratification during different periods, including pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, and modern times, emphasizing the impact of colonialism and socioeconomic status. Additionally, it addresses issues of ethnicity and religion, highlighting challenges related to race, nationality, and exceptionality in society.

1. HUMAN CULTURAL
VARIATIONS
Lesson 2

5. From Pre-Colonial
to Present
GENDER
AND
GENDER
ROLES

6. Note to Self
Gender refers to social,
cultural, and psychological
characteristics or traits related
to males and females based on
certain social contexts.
Gender roles refer to attitudes
and behaviors that the society
expects a person to exhibit
based on his/her sex.

7. NOTE TO SELF
During pre-colonial
Philippines, males and
females enjoy the
same rights and
privileges.
Gender roles during
the colonial period
had changed
drastically.

8. From Pre-
Colonial to
Present
SOCIO
ECONOMIC
CLASS

9. PRE-COLONIAL
PERIOD
 Barangay was headed by DATU or
RAHA
 3 DIFFERENT GROUPS :
1) Maharlika
2) Timawa
3) Alipin

10. MAHARLIKA
(LEADERS AND
ROYALS)
 First social class
 Composed of the
leaders (datus and
their families)
 Also called the
group of maginoo,
raha, or gat

11. TIMAWA (FREEMEN)
Second or Middle class
Composed of all the
freemen in the barangay
Consists of warriors,
workers, and others who
are not under debt
bondage
Have their own property
(houses and land)

12. ALIPIN (SLAVES)
Third Class
Serve another person or
family as payment for
debt
Became an alipin when
the family lose in a war
with another family
Are not bound to their
master for life

13. 2 KINDS OF ALIPIN
Aliping Namamahay
Has property
Often from timawa class and
became alipin because of
debt or as punishment for a
wrongdoing
Aliping Saguiguilid
Does not have the right to
own property
Captives in war
Can be sold or exchanged for
goods or other alipin

14. SPANISH COLONIAL
PERIOD
Divided based on
ANCESTRY:
1)Peninsulares
2)Insulares
3)Mestizo
4)Indio

15. PENINSULARES
Spaniards in the
Philippines who were
born in Spain
Came from
“peninsula”, came
directly from the
Spanish peninsula

16. INSULARES
Spaniards who were
of Spanish descent
but were born in
the Philippines
Came from the
word “insular”
meaning “from the
islands”

17. MESTIZO
• Those of mixed
ancestry
• Usually children of
Spanish and Chinese
couples or of Spanish
and Indio couples
• Have both economic
and political power

18. INDIO
• Consist of natives
• The lowest class in
the society
• Were stripped of
their rights and
freedom and were
forced to bow down
to the Spanish
colonizers

19. PRINCIPALIA
 Consist of native leaders in the government and
their families
The children of the principalia who usually studied
in Europe
ILUSTRADOS

20. MODERN
PERIOD
HIGH-INCOME
CLASS
(P200,000/mo or
2.4M/yr) ; rich class
MIDDLE CLASS
(average of
P36,000/mo)
LOW-INCOME
CLASS (less than
P10,000/mo)

21. SOCIAL MOBILITY
• is the movement of people or families within or
between different levels in the society.
• is the division of society based on occupation
and income, wealth or power
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

22. And Its Issues
ETHNICITY

23. ETHNICITY
refers to a group of people,
also called ETHNIC GROUP,
who have a common or
shared culture, language,
history, religion, and
tradition.
Ex. Filipinos, Malays,
Anglo-Saxons, and
Muslims

24. RACE
refers to a group of people
who share the same
physical attributes, such
as skin color, height,
facial features
RACES:
Caucasian, Mongoloid,
Negroid

27. ETHNOLINGUISTIC
GROUPS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 8 MAJOR ETHNOLINGUISTIC
GROUPS
1. Ilokano 6. Ilonggo
2. Kapampangan 7. Cebuano
3. Pangasinense 8. Binisaya(Waray)
4. Tagalog
5. Bikolano
 OTHER ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS
Ibanag Tausug
Ivatan T’boli
Sambal
Subanon

28. ISSUES
ABOUT
RACE AND
ETHNICITY
RACISM is a discrimination or
prejudice based on one’s race
ETHNOCENTRICISM is a
discrimination or prejudice based on
one’s culture
GENOCIDE is the elimination of a
group of people from the same race,
ethnic group, religion, or nation.
ETHNIC CLEANSING is the
harassment, rape, or forced
migration of an ethnic group to
banish them from a certain area.

29. Definition and
Kinds
RELIGION

30. RELIGION
a set of practices and
behaviors that relate to
a group of people’s
belief in a God or a
group of Gods
Some Examples:
CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM,
HINDUISM, TAOISM,
BUDDHISM

31. Definition
EXCEPTIONALITY

32. EXCEPTIONALITY
a quality or a characteristic of
a person that makes him or
her different from an
established norm in a society
various physical and mental
interference or problems that
affect a person and which
makes it difficult for him/her to
function properly in society

33. OVERCOMING
CHALLENGES
AND PROBLEMS
REPUBLIC ACT
7277 or the
MAGNA CARTA
FOR PEOPLE
WITH
DISABILITIES
(PWDs) in 1991

34. Definition
NATIONALITY

35. NATION
is a large aggregate of
people united by
common descent,
history, culture,
language, and economic
life inhabiting a
particular country or
territory

36. NATIONALITY
a person’s instinctive
membership to a
specific nation or
country
Acquired by birth/blood
(jus sanguinis) or by
land or the country
where he is born (jus
soli)

37. NATIONALITY
An individual becomes
a citizen of a country
only when he is
accepted into that
country’s political
framework through
legal terms.

38. NATIONALITY
No one will be able to
change his nationality, but
one can have different
citizenships.
Administrative
Naturalization Law of
2000 (R.A. 9139)
Statelessness is not
having a nationality of any
country.