The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Nouns ها اسم
benefit a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help سود
–
منفعت
–
مزیت
–
مصلحت
celebrity
/səˈleb.rə.ti/
someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment
business
مشهور فرد
–
نامدار شخص
–
برجست شخصیت یا ستاره
ه
جماعت
combination
/ˌkɒm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
the mixture you get when two or more things are combined ترکیبی
–
ترکیب
–
آمی
زش
economics
/ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪks/
the way in which trade, industry, or money is organized, or the
study of this
اقتصاد
–
اقتصاد علم
–
اقتصادیات
forest
/ˈfɒr.ɪst/
a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger
than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves
جنگل
joke
/dʒəʊk/
something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done
in order to make people laugh
شوخی
–
لطیفه
–
طنز
-
خوش
مزگی
3. journalist
/ˈdʒɜː.nə.lɪst/
a person who writes news stories or articles for a
newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio
or television
نگار روزنامه
relationship
/rɪˈleɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp/
the way in which two things are connected ارتباط
–
نسبت
-
وابستگی
–
مراوده
roof the covering that forms the top of a building,
vehicle, etc… سقف
–
بام
–
طاق
–
خانه بام
–
مسکن
trend
/trend/
a general development or change in a situation or in
the way that people are behaving روند
–
گرایش
–
تمایل
Verbs افعال
admire
/ədˈmaɪər/
to find someone or something attractive and
pleasant to look at
کردن تحسین
–
پسند
کردن
–
کردن تعجب
4. Adjectives صفات
critical
/ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/
saying that someone or something is bad or wrong انتقادی
–
بحرانی
–
وخیم
–
منتقدانه
eco-friend
/ˈiː.kəʊˌfrend.li/
Eco-friendly products have been designed to do the least
possible damage to the environment: eco-friendly detergent
زیس محیط با سازگار
ت
ridiculous
/rɪˈdɪk.jə.ləs/
stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at:
Do I look ridiculous in this hat?
مضحک
–
دار خنده
–
آمیز مسخر
risky the possibility of something bad happening خطر پر
–
دار ریسک
–
مخاطره پر
sustainable
/səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/
able to continue over a period of time: Solutions put in place
now must be sustainable.
تحمل قابل
–
تاب
آوردنی
-
پایدار
5. Video vocabulary (Frank Gehry) تبار کانادایی آمریکایی معاصر مشهور معمار ِریگ فرانگ
achievement (n) a thing that someone has done successfully موفقیت
–
پیروزی
-
یاب دست
ی
–
انجام
innovative (adj) describing something new that uses new ways of
thinking
خالقانه
-
miracle (n) something wonderful and impossible to explain معجزه
–
انگیز شگفت واقعه
client a person who uses the services or advice of a
professional person or organization
مشتری
-
موکل
struck by a feeling of being impressed by something unusual,
interesting, or attractive
گرفته قرار تأثیر تحت
-
مجذوب
-
شده خرسند
-
خوشاین
د
آمده
self-conscious worried about what other people will think about
you
آگاه خود
–
خجالتی
-
خجول
disturbed very anxious and unhappy about something مختل
–
پریشان
–
شده مختل
–
مضطرب
6. basket case someone who is extremely stressed or
nervous
عصابی
–
حال پریشان
–
گرفته
rumpled (v) Unorganized دادن چین و تاه
–
منظم نا
کردن
alter ego (n) a personality different from your own, but
shows or acts as another side of your
personality
خود دیگر
–
کاذب تغییر
شخصیت
conviction (n) a strong opinion or belief عقیده
-
محکومیت
out of line (adj) Outlandish خط از خارج
–
از خارج
معمولی حدود
evolution (n) the process of change and development over
time
تکاملی سیر
–
تکامل
–
تدریجی تکامل
getting at implying در گرفتن
...
–
بکار
در گرفتن
...
8. Nouns ها اسم
concrete
/ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/
a very hard building material made by mixing together cement,
sand, small stones, and water
کانکریت
–
ذات اسم
insect
/ˈɪn.sekt/
a type of very small animal with six legs, a body divided into
three parts and usually two pairs of wings, or, more generally,
any similar very small animal
حشره
–
ریز کرم
poison
/ˈpɔɪ.zən/
a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them if
they eat or drink it
زهر یا سم
predator
/ˈpred.ə.tər/
an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals درنده
–
یغماگر
shape
/ʃeɪp/
the particular physical form or appearance of something دهنده بشکل
–
بش
کل
آورنده در
site
/saɪt/
a place where something is, was, or will be built, or where
something happened, is happening, or will happen
سایت
–
محل
–
مکان
–
مقر
9. skin
/skɪn/
the natural outer layer that covers a person, animal, fruit, etc. پوست
–
جلد
-
انسان پوست
sound
/saʊnd/
something that you can hear or that can be heard صدا
–
صوت
–
بانگ
warning
/ˈwɔː.nɪŋ/
something that makes you understand there is a possible
danger or problem, especially one in the future
هشدار
–
اخطار
-
اعالم
–
زنگ
خطر
wing
/wɪŋ/
the flat part of the body that a bird, insect, or bat uses for
flying, or one of the flat, horizontal structures that stick out
from the side of an aircraft and support it when it is flying
بال
–
جناح
–
شاخه
–
شعبه
Adjectives صفات
straight
/streɪt
continuing in one direction without bending or curving مستقیم
–
راست
–
صریح
–
ُکر
urban
/ˈɜː.bən/
of or in a city or town: urban development شهری
–
مس بناحیه وابسته
کونی
10. Verbs افعال
advise
/ədˈvaɪz/
to give someone advice دادن مشوره
camouflage
/ˈkæm.ə.flɑːʒ/
to use leaves, branches, paints, or clothes to hide soldiers or
military equipment so that they cannot be seen against the area
around them: The troops had camouflaged themselves so
effectively that the enemy didn't notice them approaching.
پوشاندن
–
کردن مخفی
–
پنهان
جنگی وسایل کردن
change
/tʃeɪndʒ/
to exchange one thing for another thing, especially of a similar
type
دادن تغییر
–
کردن عوض
–
تبد
یل
کردن
fight to use physical force to try to defeat another person or group
of people
کردن مبارزه
–
جنگیدن
–
نزاع
کردن
hide to put something or someone in a place where that thing or
person cannot be seen or found, or to put yourself somewhere
where you cannot be seen or found
کردن مخفی
–
کردن پنهان
–
نهفتن
match a sports competition or event in which two people or teams
compete against each other
داشتن همخوانی
–
دادن وصلت
–
با بودن جور
...
survive
/səˈvaɪv/
to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to
dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or
threatening situation
ماندن زنده
–
گذراندن
–
بیشتر
از بودن زنده
...
11. Phrasal Verbs گانه چند عبارات
(
بخشی
)
blend in to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things and
therefore not be easily noticeable: We tried to blend into the
crowd.
در شدن مخلوط
-
یکجا
در شدن
stand out to be very noticeable - to be much better than other similar
things or people
کردن ایستادگی
–
برج
سته
شدن
–
آوردن دوام
Video vocabulary (Colour Branding) رنگی سازی عالمت یا برندسازی
update (v) to make something more modern رسانی روز به
–
کردن جدید
–
آوردن در امروزی بصورت
consistent (adj) always behaving in the same way استوار
–
نامتناقض
–
ثابت
قدم
faded (adj) to make something paler or less bright شده کمرنگ
-
پژمرده
right on (phr.) correct, accurate ًادقیق
corporately (adv) relating to corporations همکاری
–
شرکت بصورت
-
ًامشترک
13. Nouns ها اسم
Actions the process of doing something, especially when dealing with a
problem or difficulty
اقدام
–
عمل
–
کنش
–
حرکت
Anger a strong feeling that makes you want to hurt someone or be
unpleasant because of something unfair or unkind that has
happened
عصبانیت
–
خشم
–
غضب
Behaviour
/bɪˈheɪ.vjər/
the way that someone behaves رفتار
–
سلوک
–
اخالق
–
طرزرفتار
Courtesy
/ˈkɜː.tə.si/
polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark نیت حسن
–
تواضع
–
و ادب
مهربانی
Etiquette
/ˈet.ɪ.ket/
the set of rules or customs that control accepted behaviour in
particular social groups or social situations
معاشرت آداب
–
معاشرت آئین
–
آداب
Growth
/ɡrəʊθ/
The growth of a person, animal, or plant is its process of
increasing in size
رشد
–
افزایش
-
پیشرفت
–
تر
قی
Increase
/ɪnˈkriːs/
to (make something) become larger in amount or size افزایش
–
رشد
–
توسعه
–
فزون
ی
14. Influence the power to have an effect on people or things, or a person or
thing that is able to do this
نفوذ
–
اعتبار
-
تأثیر
–
برت
ری
Manners
/ˈmæn·ərz
ways of behaving toward people, esp. ways that are socially
correct and show respect for their comfort and their feelings
شیوه
–
چگونگی
–
طرز
–
رفتار
Principle a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something
happens or works
اصل
–
قاعده
-
ُلیک قاعده
–
اصول و مبادی
Rage
/reɪdʒ/
(a period of) extreme or violent anger خشم
–
مفرط میل
-
غیظ
-
دیوانگی
Respect
/rɪˈspekt/
admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you
believe has good ideas or qualities
توجه
–
احترام
–
تکریم
–
عزت
–
رابطه
Society
/səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/
a large group of people who live together in an organized way,
making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work
that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several
similar countries, can be referred to as a society
جامعه
–
انجمن
–
اجتماع
-
مجمع
Violence
/ˈvaɪə.ləns/
actions or words that are intended to hurt people خشونت
–
شدت
-
حرمتی بی
-
سختی
15. Adjectives صفات
Attentive
/əˈten.tɪv/
listening carefully مواظب
–
مراقب
-
دقت با
–
ملتفت
Courteous
/ˈkɜː.ti.əs/
polite and showing respect مؤدب
-
خوشرفتار
–
خوش
معاشرت
Impolite
/ˌɪm.pəlˈaɪt/
behaving in a way that is not socially correct and
shows a lack of understanding of and care for other
people's feelings
ادب بی
-
تربیت بی
–
خشن
-
زمخت
Important
/ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/
necessary or of great value مهم
–
اهمیت با
–
عمده
–
العاده فوق
Polite
/pəˈlaɪt/
behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows
understanding of and care for other people's feelings
ادب با
-
مهذب
-
خلیق
–
خوشخو
Rude
/ruːd/
not polite; offensive or embarrassing ادب بی
-
گستاخ
–
خشن
–
زشت
Valuable
/ˈvæl.jə.bəl/
worth a lot of money ارزشمنند
-
گرانبها
-
نفیس
-
قیمتی
-
پربها
16. Verbs افعال
Admit
/ədˈmɪt/
to agree that something is true, especially
unwillingly
کردن اقرار
-
پذیرفت
ن
-
کردن تصدیق
Improve to (cause something to) get better کردن بهتر
-
بهبودی
دادن
-
کردن اصالح
Scream
/skriːm/
to cry or say something loudly and usually
on a high note, especially because of strong
emotions such as fear, excitement, or anger
زدن جیغ
–
زدن فریاد
–
گفتن ناگهانی
Yell
/jel/
to shout something or make a loud noise,
usually when you are angry, in pain, or
excited
کشیدن نعره
-
جیغ
زدن
–
کردن هلهله
17. Phrasal Verbs گانه چند عبارات
(
بخشی
)
Deal with to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your
job
چیزی با داشتن سروکار
...
Shout out an occasion when someone who is talking on the television or
radio mentions someone in order to thank them or wish them
well
زدن فریاد
–
سپاسگزاری
کردن
Model Verbs (کمکی )افعال
Should used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do باید
–
بایست
Shouldn’t You shouldn't do things like that. نباید
–
نبایستی
Adverbs ()قیود
Frequently
/ˈfriː.kwənt.li/
Often: frequently asked questions ًامکرر
–
ًاغالب
–
بارها
–
زود
زود
Often
/ˈɒf.ən/ /ˈɒf.tən/
many times: I often see her in the garden. ًاغالب
–
اوقات خیلی
–
خیلی
زیاد
-
بسی
18. Video vocabulary (Making Small Talk) های صحبت اندازی براه
کوتاه
Rapport a good connection with someone توافق
–
ربط
–
نسب
ت
–
آرامش
Initiate to start, to begin کردن آغاز
–
ابتکار
کردن
–
نهادن بنیاد
snippet a small piece of something قطعه
–
کوچک چیز
–
پارچه
Failing health serious illness االعالج صعب مریضی
Contentious
debate
an angry argument ی انگیز بحث مناظره
ا
انگیز جدال
20. Nouns ها اسم
Clue
/kluː/
a sign or some information that helps you to find the answer to a
problem, question, or mystery
سرنخ
–
نشان
–
راهنما
Demand
/dɪˈmɑːnd/
to ask for something forcefully, in a way that shows that you do not
expect to be refused
تقاضا
–
درخواست
–
طلب
–
نیاز
Developer
/dɪˈvel.ə.pər/
a person or company that makes money from buying land, building
new houses, offices, etc., or by changing existing buildings to sel or
rent
دهنده توسعه
Loss
/lɒs/
the fact that you no longer have something or have less of something ضرر
–
زیا
–
خسران
–
خدشه
Object
/ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/
a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal,
plant, or person
هدف
–
مقصود
–
چیز
–
شیء
Supplies
/səˈplɑɪz/
food and other ordinary goods needed by people every day تدارکات
Version
/vɜː.ʃən//vɜː.ʒən/
a particular form of something that is slightly different from other
forms of the same thing
نسخه
–
متن
–
تفسیر
–
ترجمه
21. Verbs افعال
Calculate
/ˈkæl.kjə.leɪt/
to judge the number or amount of something by using the
information that you already have, and adding, taking away,
multiplying, or dividing numbers
کردن محاسبه
–
حساب
کردن
Estimate
/ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something زدن تخمین
–
سنجیدن
–
کردن برآرود
Realize
/ˈrɪə.laɪz/
to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly بخشیدن تحقق
–
فهمی
دن
–
کردن درک
Update
/ʌpˈdeɪt/
to make something more modern or suitable for use now by adding
new information or changing its design
در امروزی بصورت
آوردن
–
کردن جدید
Adjectives صفات
Instant
/ˈɪn.stənt/
happening immediately, without any delay فوری
Original
/əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl/
existing since the beginning, or being the earliest form of
something
اصلی
–
اصیل
–
اصل
22. Phrasal Verbs گانه چند عبارات
(
بخشی
)
Figure out
/ˈfɪɡər aut/
to understand or solve something کردن کشف
–
فهمیدن
–
سنجیدن
Phrase ()عبارت
Sold out to sell all of the supply that you have of something شده فروخته
Video vocabulary (Kids Learn About Finance) میاموزند تجارت زمینۀ در کودکان
Majority (n) the largest group of a people or things اکثریت
Investing (n) buying property or shares in a company to make
money
کردن گذاری سرمایه
-
Grasp (v) to understand فهمیدن
–
آوردن بچنگ
Returns on their
investments (n.phr)
money made from investing کمائی
24. Nouns
Ancestor a person related to you who lived a long time ago نیاکان
/
اجداد
appearance an occasion when someone appears in public ظاهر
coincidence an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time,
especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising
تصادف
database a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that
it can be easily looked at or changed
بحث
/
مذاکره
identity a person's name and other facts about who they are هویت
input something such as energy, money, or information that is put into a system,
organization, or machine so that it can operate
ورودی
participant a person who takes part in or becomes involved in a particular activity کننده اشتراک
Slave a person who is legally owned by someone else and has to work for that
person
برده
tendency If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it
or like it
گرایش
/
تمایل
twin either of two children born to the same mother on the same occasion دو
گانه
/
قلو دو
25. Verbs
adopt
to legally take another person's child into your own family and take care of him or
her as your own child
فرزندی
inherit
to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died بردن ارث به
search
to look somewhere carefully in order to find something
کردن تحقیق
Adjective
biological connected with the natural processes of living things
بیالوژیکی
Phrasal verb
fit in
to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by that group کردن مطابقت
/
داشت
ن
26. Video Vocabulary
reunion A social occasion for people who have
not seen each other for long time
با
هم
پیوستگ
ی
long-lost That you have not received news from or
seen for a long time
دیر
مدت
nosy Too interested in things that do not
concern you
کنجکاو
/
خبر
چین
28. Nouns ها اسم
Advisor
/ədˈvaɪ.zər/
someone whose job is to give advice about a subject
مشاور
–
راهنما
–
رایزن
Colleague
/ˈkɒl.iːɡ/
one of a group of people who work together
همکار
-
همقطار
–
هم
کار
–
شریک
Consumer
/kənˈsjuː.mər/
a person who buys goods or services for their own use
کننده مصرف
Craft
/krɑːft/
skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects; a job or
activity that needs skill and experience, or something produced using
skill and experience
مهارت
–
وری پیشه
–
هنر
–
صنعت
Decade
/ˈdek.eɪd/
a period of ten years, especially a period such as 2010 to 2019
دهه
–
ساله ده دوره
–
ده عدد
Fair
/feər/
a large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from
tables that have been specially arranged for the event, and where there
is often entertainment
نمایشگاه
29. Inventor
/ɪnˈven.tər/
someone who has invented something or whose job
is to invent things
مخترع
Review
/rɪˈvjuː/
to think or talk about something again, in order to
make changes to it or to make a decision about it
مرور
–
خالصه
–
نظر تجدید
–
بازدید
Adjectives صفات
Complicated
/ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is
difficult to understand
بغرنج
–
پیچیده
–
مغلق
Self-sufficient
/ˌself.səˈfɪʃ.ənt/
able to provide everything you need, especially
food, for yourself without the help of other people
مستغنی
–
بسن خود
ده
–
غیر از نیاز بی
30. Verbs افعال
Market
/ˈmɑː.kɪt/
the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the
world where something is sold
کردن عرضه بازار به
–
فروختن
–
قرار فروش معرض
دادن
Produce
/prəˈdʒuːs/ /prəˈduːs/
to make something or bring something into existence کرده تولید
–
داده ارائه
–
زاییدن
Promote
/prəˈməʊt/
to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support
something
کردن ترویج
–
دادن ترقی
–
دادن ترفیع
Publish
/ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/
to make information available to people, especially in a book,
magazine, or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book,
magazine, or newspaper
کردن منتشر
–
کردن چاپ
–
کردن نشر و طبع
–
صادر
کردن
Repair
/rɪˈpeər/ - /rɪˈper/
to put something that is damaged, broken, or not working
correctly, back into good condition or make it work again
کردن دایر دوباره
–
تعمیر
کردن
–
کردن جبران
–
عازم
شدن
31. Phrasal Verbs گانه چند عبارات
(
بخشی
)
Get involved To establish an association, typically work related, with
something or some organization.
شدن گیر در
/
بودن
–
کاری در ماندن گیر
..
.
Phrase ()عبارت
Could you explain …? کنید تشریح میتوانید
...
؟
Do you mean …? اینست منظورت
...
؟
What does ____mean? این
___________
دارد؟ معنی چه
What's a (n) _____? این
__________
چیزیست؟ چه
Let me explain. دهم توضیح که دهید اجازه
.
That's not what I meant. نیست این منظورم
.
That’s right. است درست
.
What I mean is … که است این منظورم
...
What I'm saying is … که اینست بگویم میخواهم که را چیزی
.
32. Video vocabulary (eBay) ِیا سایت
بی
Retail (n) public events where objects are sold
based on who offers the most money
فروشی خرده
–
فروشی پرچون
Auctions (n) find a better price حراج
–
فروش
Beat it (phr.n) the price at stores مناسب قیمت
–
بهای
بهتر
34. Nouns
compost decaying plant material that is added to soil to improve its quality کود
current of the present time
جاری
/
فعلی
exception someone or something that is not included in a rule, group, or list or
that does not behave in the expected way استثنا
garbage waste material or unwanted things that you throw away
کثافت
landfill the process of getting rid of large amounts of rubbish by burying it,
or a place where rubbish is buried دفن
زباله
Recycling bin recycle bin
دانی کثافت
waste an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy,
abilities, etc زاید مواد
35. Verbs
Attract (of people, things, places, etc.) to pull or draw someone or something towards
them, by the qualities they have, especially good ones جذب
کردن
float to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink
کردن شنا
reduce to become or to make something become smaller in size, amount, degree,
importance, etc. کاهش
دادن
smell to have a particular quality that others can notice with their noses
کرد استشمام
ن
weigh the amount that something or someone weighs
کردن وزن
36. Adjective
deep going or being a long way down from the top or surface, or being of a particular
distance from the top to the bottom عمیق
marine related to the sea or sea transport
دریایی
Phrase
on purpose intentionally
عمدا
Video Vocabulary
unsettling making you feel nervous or worried
ناراحت
کننده
civilization a state of human society that is very developed
تمدن
entangled something caught or twisted in something
افتاده گیر
synthetic artificial
مصنوعی
embedded to fix firmly into something
شده سازی جا
whipping boy someone often blamed or punished for things other people have done
متهم شخص
37. environmentalists a person concerned about the
natural environment
زیست
شناس
guiltless without guilt; innocent گناه بی
torrents a large amount of water moving quickly شدید جریان
آب
39. Noun
agriculture farming
زراعت
allergy a condition that makes a person become sick or develop skin or
breathing problems because they have eaten certain foods or been near
certain substances
گاه نمایش
bacteria باکتریا
climate the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
اقلیم
defense the act of protecting someone or something against attack or criticism
دفاع
dirt dust, soil, or any substance that makes a surface not clean
کثافت
disease (an) illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a
failure of health rather than by an accident
امراض
germ a very small organism that causes disease
میکروب
lack the fact that something is not available or that there is not enough of it
کمبود
sanitation the systems for taking dirty water and other waste products away from
buildings in order to protect people's health
حفظ
ا
لصحه
supply to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities
تدارک
40. Verbs
Decrease to become less, or to make something become less دادن کاهش
Digest to change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use هضم
کردن
Interrupt to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do قطع
کردن
/
کردن اخالل
Adjective
Average the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing
the total by the number of amounts
حد
اوسط
Old-fashioned not modern; belonging to or typical of a time in the past قدیمی
Sensible based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or
understanding:
محسوس
Underground below the surface of the earth; below ground زمینی زیر
Adverb
Automatically If a machine or device does something automatically, it does it
independently, without human control
ب
خودکار طور
41. Video Vocabulary
Mother nature the natural world as it affects the world and
humans
ذاتی
Absorb to take in and keep جذب
کردن
Miraculous like a miracle معجزه
ای
Immunology concerning the body’s immune system, which
protects against disease
شناسی مصونیت
Up to date modern بروز
/
جدید
Common sense the ability to think about things in a practical
way
حس
مشترک