Python - An Introduction

INTRODUCTION
▪ Python is an interpreted high-level programming
language for general-purpose programming. Created
by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991,
Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code
readability, notably using significant whitespace. It
provides constructs that enable clear programming
on both small and large scales. In July 2018, the
creator Guido Rossum stepped down as the leader in
the language community after 30 years.

▪ According To Van Rossum, he was looking for a "hobby"
programming project that would keep him occupied
during the week around Christmas. His office ... would be
closed, Hence he decided to write an interpreter for the
new scripting language he had been thinking about lately:
a descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix. He chose
Python as a working title for the project, being a big
Monty Python’s flying circus (A Sketch Comedy Group
Series) Fan.
ORIGIN

Python Has InfluencedPython Is Influenced By
ABC
ALGOL 68
C
C++
CLU
Dylan
Haskell
Icon
Java
Lisp
Modula-3
Perl
Boo
Cobra
CoffeeScript
D
F#
Falcon
Genie
Go
Apache Groovy
JavaScript
Julia
Nim
Ring
Ruby
Swift

WHY WAS PYTHON CREATED
"My original motivation for creating Python was the
perceived need for a higher level language in the Amoeba
[Operating Systems] project.
I realized that the development of system administration
utilities in C was taking too long. Moreover, doing these
things in the Bourne shell wouldn't work for a variety of
reasons. ...
So, there was a need for a language that would bridge the
gap between C and the shell”
- Guido Van Rossum

Web and Internet Development :
Python lets you develop a web application without too much trouble. It has libraries for internet
protocols like HTML and XML, JSON, e-mail processing, FTP, IMAP, and easy-to-use socket
interface. Yet, the package index has more libraries
Scientific and Numeric Applications :
This is one of the the very common applications of python programming. With its power, it comes
as no surprise that python finds its place in the scientific community.
Python Applications in Education :
Thanks to its simplicity, brevity, and large community, Python makes for a great introductory
programming language. Applications of python programming in education has huge scope as it is
a great language to teach in schools or even learn on your own.
USES & APPLICATIONS

USES & APPLICATIONS
Games and 3D Graphics :
PyGame, PyKyra are two frameworks for game-development with Python. Apart from these, we
also get a variety of 3D-rendering libraries.
Software Development Application :
Software developers make use of python as a support language. They use it for build-control and
management, testing, and for a lot of other things:
Business Applications :
Python is also used to build ERP and e-commerce systems.
In Conclusion Python is almost
everywhere and now that we know python Applications. We can do with it, we feel
more powerful than ever.

The following primary factors cited by Python users seem to be these:
Python is object-oriented - Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism,
operation overloading, and multiple inheritance.
It's free (open source) - Downloading and installing Python is free and easy Source
code is easily accessible.
It's powerful - Dynamic typing, Built-in types and tools, Library utilities, Third party
utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, SciPy), Automatic memory management,
It's portable - Python runs virtually every major platform used today, As long as you
have a compatible Python interpreter installed, Python programs will run in exactly the
same manner, irrespective of platform.
WHY DO PEOPLE USE PYTHON

Readability: Python's syntax is clear and readable. The way Python's syntax is
organized imposes some order to programmers. Experts and beginners can easily
understand the code and everyone can become productive in Python very quickly.
It Is Simple to Get Support: The Python community always provides support to
Python users. As we already know, Python code is freely available for everyone.
Therefore, thousands of developers worldwide are working hard to find bugs and create
patches to fix those bugs.
Reusability: Python encourages program reusability by implementing modules and
packages. A large set of modules has already been developed and is provided as The
Standard Python Library, which is part of the Python distribution. You can easily share
functionality between your programs by breaking the programs into modules, and
reusing the modules as components of other programs.
WHY DO PEOPLE USE PYTHON

DIFFERENCE OF PYTHON FROM OTHER LANGUAGES
▪ Python code does not declare the types of variables -- just assign to them and go.
▪ Python raises a runtime error if the code tries to read from a variable that has
not been given a value.
▪ Like C++ and Java, Python is case sensitive so "a" and "A" are different variables.
▪ The end of a line marks the end of a statement, so unlike C++ and
▪ Java, Python does not require a semicolon at the end of each statement.
▪ You can include semicolons at the end of Python statements (perhaps just out of
habit), but it's not the best style.
▪ Comments begin with a '#' and extend to the end of the line.

PYTHON DATA TYPES
Numbers
Python numbers variables are created by the standard Python method. Most of the time using the standard Python number type
is fine. Python will automatically convert a number from one type to another if it needs. But, under certain circumstances that a
specific number type is needed (ie. complex, hexidecimal), the format can be forced into a format by using additional syntax.
String
Create string variables by enclosing characters in quotes. Python uses single quotes ' double quotes " and triple quotes """ to
denote literal strings. Only the triple quoted strings """ also will automatically continue across the end of line statement
List
Lists are a very useful variable type in Python. A list can contain a series of values. List variables are declared by using brackets [ ]
following the variable name.
Tuple
Tuples are a group of values like a list and are manipulated in similar ways. But, tuples are fixed in size once they are assigned. In
Python the fixed size is considered immutable as compared to a list that is dynamic and mutable. Tuples are defined by
parenthesis ().

PYTHON DATA TYPES
Dictionary
Dictionaries in Python are lists of Key:Value pairs. This is a very powerful datatype to hold a lot of related information that can be
associated through keys. The main operation of a dictionary is to extract a value based on the key name. Unlike lists, where index
numbers are used, dictionaries allow the use of a key to access its members. Dictionaries can also be used to sort, iterate and
compare data.
Dictionaries are created by using braces ({}) with pairs separated by a comma (,) and the key values associated with a colon(:). In
Dictionaries the Key must be unique.

KEYWORDS IN PYTHON
Print: print to console
While: controlling the flow of the program
For: iterate over items of a collection in order that they appear
Break: interrupt the (loop) cycle, if needed
Continue: used to interrupt the current cycle, without jumping out of the whole cycle.
New cycle will begin.
If: used to determine, which statements are going to be executed.
Elif: stands for else if.If the first test evaluates to False,
then it continues with the next one
Else: is optional. The statement after the else keyword is executed,
unless the condition is True
Is: tests for object identity

KEYWORDS IN PYTHON
Not: negates a boolean value
Or: at least one condition must be met.
Import: import other modules into a Python script
From: for importing a specific variable, class or a function from a module
Def: used to create a new user defined function
Return: exits the function and returns a value
Global: access variables defined outside functions
Try: specifies exception handlers
Except: catches the exception and executes codes
Finally: is always executed in the end. Used to clean up resources.

HOW TO INSTALL PYTHON
1. Install Anaconda Directory
On Your Computer
2. Open 'Anaconda Cmd‘
from start menu

HOW TO INSTALL PYTHON
3. Now Open a text editor And Write
your Python code and save it with
extension .py
4. Then in Anaconda CMD type
'Python' and file name and hit
enter.

PYTHON PROGRAMS
Program For Hello World
Print (“Hello World!!!”)

PYTHON PROGRAMS
Program For Addition
X = 50
Y = 60
Print (X+Y)

PYTHON PROGRAMS
Program For Factorial
num = int(input("enter a number: "))
fac = 1
for i in range(1, num + 1):
fac = fac * i
print("factorial of ", num, " is ", fac)

PYTHON PROGRAMS
Program For Swapping
a = 30
b = 20
a, b = b, a
print("After swaping a = %d and b = %d" %(a, b))

PYTHON PROGRAMS
Program For Fabbionaci Series
Number = int(input("Please Enter the Range Number: "))
# Initializing First and Second Values of a Series
i = 0
First_Value = 0
Second_Value = 1
# Find & Displaying Fibonacci series
while(i < Number):
if(i <= 1):
Next = i
else:
Next = First_Value + Second_Value
First_Value = Second_Value
Second_Value = Next
print(Next)
i = i + 1

COMPILER REQUIREMENTS
Python has a compiler! You just don't notice it because it runs automatically. You can
tell it's there, though: look at the .pyc (or .pyo if you have the optimizer turned on)
files that are generated for modules that you import or write yourself.
Also, it does not compile to the native machine's code. Instead, it compiles to a byte
code that is used by a virtual machine. The virtual machine is itself a compiled
program. This is very similar to how Java works; so similar, in fact, that there is a
Python variant (Jython) that compiles to the Java Virtual Machine's byte code
instead! There's also IronPython, which compiles to Microsoft's CLR (used by .NET).
(The normal Python byte code compiler is sometimes called CPython to
disambiguate it from these alternatives.)

LIMITATIONS
Speed:
Python is slower than C or C++. But of course, Python is a high-level language, unlike C or C++ it's not closer to hardware.
Mobile Development:
Python is not a very good language for mobile development . It is seen as a weak language for mobile computing. This is the
reason very few mobile applications are built in it like Carbonnelle.
Memory Consumption:
Python is not a good choice for memory intensive tasks. Due to the flexibility of the data-types, Python's memory consumption is
also high.
Database Access:
Python has limitations with database access . As compared to the popular technologies like JDBC and ODBC, the Python's database
access layer is found to be bit underdeveloped and primitive . However, it cannot be applied in the enterprises that need smooth
interaction of complex legacy data .
Runtime Errors:
Python programmers cited several issues with the design of the language. Because the language is dynamically typed , it requires
more testing and has errors that only show up at runtime .

COMPETITORS
That depends on what you define as “competitor”. In the early 2000’s, it used to be
Ruby; Ruby on Rails in the web development field. Nowadays, JavaScript and
JQuery are probably the main web competitors.
For data science, R is the primary competitor. Perl is still popular for some people
for scripting, while PHP is still considered a primary language when it comes to L
AMP/WAMP stacks.
Cross-platform development is frequently handled by Java, though C# can be found
n a number of areas (not as common though). For low-level programming, C/C++
are still king, mostly because interpreted languages just can’t do the same type of
work.

FUTURE
This Graph shows that In the last 10 years
only 2 programming languages (Javascript
and python) have shown growth, whilst
every other language has seen a
potential decline in their popularity.
Javascript, which is mainly a web
application language is booming due to
its immense functionality and features,
which has created a whole new
generation of web development and UI
Designing.
While Python, because of its many
features and advantages over other languages as we have seen
previously in this presentation

FUTURE
Python has become the core language as far as the success of these technologies are concerned.
Let’s dive into the technologies which uses python as a core element for research, production
and further developments.
 Python programming language is undoubtedly dominating the other languages when future
technologies like Artificial Intelligence(AI) comes into the play.
 The future scope of python programming language can also be predicted by the way it has
helped big data technology to grow. Python has been successfully contributing in analyzing
the large amount of data sets across computer clusters through its high performance toolkits
and libraries.
 Networking is the another field in which python has a brighter scope in the future. Python
programming language is used to read, write and configure routers and switches and perform
other networking automation tasks in a cost effective and secure manner.

CONCLUSION
Python is an easy to learn and powerful programming language
as it is known in common parlance, there is nevertheless need
of a good introduction and tutorial on the Python language.

Python - An Introduction

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