For the purpose of Arts and Graphics.

1. PUBLICATION
LAYOUT AND
DESIGN
Nafyad Boja

2. What is
graphic
design? It is a set of skills and techniques like
typography, photography, illustration
and printmaking employed in the design
of all printed matter.

3. Functions • Make the page and the stories on the page
attractive and easy to read – readability.
• Give the newspaper an identity, which reflect
its aims; give it personality (it may look fun,
bright or intelligent).
• Make best use of the premium resource -
space.
• Accommodate both the news stories and the
advertising, without making the advertising
seem more important than the news.

4. Principles
of Design
• Planning: the design must be planned in accordance
with the intended audience.
• Organization: the elements of the text need to be
arranged in the way that captures the readers’
attention and directs the eye toward important points.
• Simplicity: By reducing the visual clutter, using as few
lines and boxes as possible, keeping one main visual
element on each page and using open space it is
possible to achieve simplicity. It is said that the fewer
elements in the design, the more pleasing to the eyes.
• Unity: this is the relationship that exists among the
elements of a newspaper. Unity can be achieved
through overlapping elements, by using pointing
devices such as arrows or other elements like lines,
shape, color, and space.

5. Principles • Emphasis is the use of size, relationships, lines, and
other visual tools as color and space, emphasis can be
given to the most important elements in a newspaper.
• Contrast: contrast can be achieved by using various
size, shape, color or orientation of elements. It can also
be achieved with space used by text, artwork and white
space.
• Proportion: this is the size relationship of one part to
another. Proportion is used to add importance to a
work and used to exaggerate or distort for emotion or
emphasis.When drawing the human figure, proportion
can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest
of the body.

6. Principles • Movement is the path the reader’s eye takes through
the work of art, often to focal areas. Such movement
can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color
within the work of art.
• Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of
objects, colors, texture, and space.
– symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of
the design are similar to those on the other side;
– asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still
look balanced.
– radial balance, the elements are arranged around a
central point and may be similar.
• Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold
the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye
through and around the work of art.

7. Principles • Color: it can be used to show the real color of an
image, to point out similarities and differences, stress
emphasis, or create particular emotional response.
• Alignment: this is the placement of texts and graphics
in order to line up them on the page. Alignment is used
to create order, organize page elements, group items,
and create visual connections.Good alignment is
invisible.
• Consistency: repeating design elements and
consistent use of type and graphics styles within a
document shows a reader where to go and helps them
navigate the designs and layouts safely.
• White Space: this is a space left between elements or
on the sides of the paper.

8. Current
Trends
• Today’s news pages look lively and sophisticated.
• To look modern, newspapers now use,
– Color: Full color photographs have become standard across section
pages. Color is applied in decoratively (in ads and illustrations) and
functionally (in photos, graphs, in logos and headers that organize
pages to help guide readers)
– Informational graphics: papers just don’t report the news – they also
illustrate it with charts, maps, diagrams, quotes and fast-fact
sidebars
– Packaging: design briefs, roundups, scoreboards, promos and
themed packages together.
– Modular Layout: all stories neatly stacked in rectangular shapes.

9. Page
One
Design
• Today's Page One is a blend of traditional reporting
and modern marketing that seeks to answer the
question:
– What grabs readers?
– Is it loud headlines?
– Big photos?
– Juicy stories?
– Splashy colors?
– Or do readers
– prefer thoughtful, timely analyses of current events?

10. Page One
design
Philosophies
• The traditional: the top news of the day (For tabloids, that
means 2-4 stories; for broadsheets, 4-6.) Editors combine
photos, headlines, and text - usually lots of text - in a
sober, straightforward style.
• The magazine cover:These pages use big art and dynamic
headlines to high- light a special centerpiece. In tabloids,
this package dominates the cover (and may even send
you inside for the text). In broadsheets, a front-page
package is given lavish play, flanked by a few subordinate
stories.
• The information center: the keywords are volume and
variety. Fast-paced front pages provide a window to
what's inside the paper

11. Feature
and
Section
Pages
• Most modern feature sections offer a mix of:
– Lifestyle coverage: Consumer tips, how-to's, trends in health, fitness,
fashion - a compendium of personal and social issues affecting readers'
lives.
– Entertainment news: Reviews and previews of music, movies, theater,
books and art (including comprehensive calendars andTV listings). Juicy
celebrity gossip is always popular, too.
– Food: Recipes, nutrition advice, new products for home and kitchen – all
surrounded by coupon-laden advertising that shoppers clip and save.
– Comics, columnists and crosswords: Feature sections often boast the
most lively, stylish page designs in the paper. It's here that designers
haul out the loud type, play with color, experiment with unusual artwork
and photo treatments.

12. Sport
Pages
&
Section
• A good sports section combines dramatic photos, lively writing, snappy
headlines and shrewd analysis into a package with a personality all its own.
• A strong sports section incorporates a variety of features that include:
– Statistics: Scores, standings, players’ records, team histories- true
sports junkies can't get enough of this minutiae. It's often packaged on
a special scoreboard page or run in tiny type called agate.
– Calendars and listings:Whether in small schools or big cities, fans
depend on newspapers for the times and locations of sporting events,
as well as team schedules, ski reports, andTV and radio listings.
– Columnists:Opinionated writers whom sports fans can love or loathe-
the more outspoken, the better.
– Inside poop and gossip: Scores, injury reports, polls, predictions,
profiles and analyses that aren't easily available anywhere else

13. Opinion
Pages
and
Editorials
• The basic ingredients for editorial pages are nearly universal,
consisting of:
– Editorials, unsigned opinion pieces representing the
newspaper's stance on topical issues;
– Opinion columns written by the paper's editors, by local
writers or by nationally syndicated columnists;
– An editorial cartoon, a sarcastic illustration that lampoons
public figures or political policy;
– Letters from readers, and
– The masthead, which lists the paper's top brass (editors,
publishers, etc.) along with the office address and phone
number.
• These pages provide commentary and opinion, too, as they examine
current issues in depth.

14. SPECIAL
Topics
& Section
• Special sections with unique design formats.These
include:
– Previews of big events published in advance.
– Special reports that wrap up news events that just
occurred.
– Special enterprise packages on serious topics or
trends (AIDS,The Homeless, HowYou Can Save
Our Planet).These are often investigative stories
that take a team of reporters, photographers and
designers weeks - or months – to assemble.

15. What it's
called
• Teasers:These promote the best stories inside the paper (also called
promos or skyboxes)
• Flag: The newspaper's name (also called the nameplate)
• Headline:The story's title or summary, In large type above or beside the
text
• Infographic:A diagram, chart, map or list that conveys data pictorially
• Deck: A smaller headline added below the main headline, which
summarizes news stories
• Display head:A jazzed-up headline that adds drama or flair to special
stories
• Jump line:A line telling the reader what page this story continues on
• Logo:A small, boxed title (with art) used for labeling special stories or
series
• Cutline: Information about a photo or illustration (also called a caption)

16. What
it's
called
• Refer: A brief reference to a related story elsewhere in the paper
• Mugshot:A small photograph (Usually Just the face) of someone in the
story
• Byline:The writer's name, often followed by key credentials
• Initial cap:A large capital letter set into the opening paragraph of a special
feature (also called a drop cap)
• Standing head: A label used for packaging special items (graphics, teasers,
briefs, columns, etc.)
• Index: A directory of contents
• Folio:A line showing page numbers, date, paper’s name, etc
• Liftout quotes: a quotation from the story given graphic emphasis (also
called pull quote or breakout)
• Subhead: A boldface line of type used to organize the story and break up
gray text

17. What it's
called
• Gutter:The white space running vertically between elements on a page
• Bastard measure:Type set in a different width than the standard column
measure
• Sig: A special label set into stories giving typography emphasis to the topic,
title, writer’s name, etc., (also calleda bug or logo )
• Jump headline:A headline treatment reserved for stories jumping from
another page (styles vary from paper to paper)
• Photo credit: A line giving the photographer's name (often adding the paper
or wire service he or she works for)
• Text: Type for stories set in a standard size and typeface, stacked in columns
(or legs)
• Sidebar:A related story, often boxed, that accompanies the main story
• Cutoff rule: A line used to separate elements on a page
• Cutout: A photo in which the background has been cutaway (also called a
silhouette)

18. Tools of
the
trade
• Page designers used to spend lots of time
– drawing boxes (to show where photos went), drawing lines (to show where text went),
drawing more boxes (for graphics, sidebars and logos).
• These old tools of the trade are still handy:
– pencils (for drawing lines),
– rulers (for measuring lines),
– calculators (for estimating the sizes of those lines and boxes)
• Points, picas and inches
• Points
– Thickness of rules
– Type sizes (cutlines, headlines, text, etc.)
– All measurements smaller than a pica
• Picas
– Lengths of rules
– Widths of text, photos, cutlines, gutters, etc,

19. Tools of
the
trade
• Inches
– Story lengths
– Depths of photos and ads (though some papers use picas for all photos)
• Every journalist to possess a broad range of computer skills:
a/ Writing and editing stories.
• In most newsrooms, reporters and editors use networked computers to write, edit and
file stories; to conduct interviews (via e-mail); to compose headlines; to search internet
databases and library archives. b/ Designing pages.
• Today, all print publications are paginated that is, pages are created digitally with
desktop publishing software.
c/ Producing photos and video
• you're preparing photos for print or posting video online, you'll need skill in digital
production techniques.
d/ Creating illustrations (the visual way of portraying texts) and graphics.
• Illustration software makes it easy to draw artwork in any style

20. BASIC
TYPOGRAPH
Typography is the art of arranging
letters and text in a way that makes
the copy legible, clear, and visually
appealing to the reader. It involves
font style, and structure, which aims
to elicit certain emotions and
convey specific messages.
• Each individual type has its own size called a
font.
– Point size: Changing the point size changes the
height of the font size.The bigger the size, the
taller the type
• Each type has its own family
– Most type families are classified into two main
groups: serif and sans serif ,
• Each type has its own a variety of weights
– (lightface, regular, boldface) and
• Each type has its own styles
– (roman, italic, condensed).

21. BASIC
TYPOGRAPH
• Leading (pronounced ledding):This is the
vertical space between lines of type - more
specifically, it’s the distance from one
baseline down to the next.
• Tracking (or kerning*): the vertical spacing
between lines, you can adjust the horizontal
space between letter
• Set width (or scaling): stretch or squeeze
typefaces as though they're made of rubber -
usually expressed as a percentage of the
font's original width.

23. THE FOUR
BASIC
ELEMENTS
DESIGN
• The four elements are essential as they occupy 90 % of all editorial
turf :
• Headlines: the oversized type that labels each story.
• Text: the story itself.
• Photos: the pictures that accompany stories.
• Cutlines: the type that accompanies photographs.

24. Writing
Good
Headline
• Keep them conversational. Write the way people speak. Avoid
pretentious jargon, odd verbs, omitted words
• Write in present tense, active voice. Like this: President vetoes
tax bill.
• Avoid bad splits. you should still try to avoid dangling verbs,
adjectives or prepositions at the end of a line.
• Headlines should be accurate and instantly understandable.
• Remember, headlines serve four functions on a newspaper
page:
– They summarize story contents.
– They entice readers into the text.
– They prioritize stories, since bigger stories get bigger headlines.
– they anchor story designs to help organize the page.

25. Types of
Headline
• Today's headlines, by comparison:
– Are generally written down style (that is, using normal rules of
capitalization).
– Run flush left.
– Are usually wide rather than narrow
• Banner Headline

26. Types of
Headline
• Kicker
• Hammers

27. Types of
Headline
• Slammers
• Tripods

28. Types of
Headline
• RawWraps
• Sidesaddle Heads

29. How to
Size
Headlines
On a
Page
• Small headlines range from 12- to 24-point; midsize headlines range
from 24- to 48-point; large headlines range upward from 48-point.

30. Number
of
Lines in
A
Headline
• Newspapers have used a coding formula for
headlines that lists:
– 1)the column width,
– 2) the point size and
– 3) the number of lines.
• Using that formula, a 3-30-1 headline would be a 3-
column, 30-point headline that runs on one line
• A wide story needs a wide headline; a narrow story
needs a narrow one.
• So in a narrow layout, that headline above could be
rewritten as a 1-30-3 (1 column, 30-point, 3 lines deep)

31. TEXT • Text is the most essential building block of newspaper design.
It's the gray matter that communicates the bulk of your
information.
• Newspapers measure stories in inches. A news brief might be
just 2 inches long; a major investigative piece might be 200
inches.
• All text will be one standard width (that's usually around 12
picas).
• Non-standard column widths are called bastard measures.
• The ideal depth for text is between 2 and 10 inches per leg.
Shorter than that, legs look shallow and flimsy; longer than
that, they become thick gray stacks.

32. PHOTOS • A photograph will give a newspaper motion and
emotion.
• Photojournalism lies at the very heart of newspaper
design.
• Every picture tells a story, and every story deserves a
picture.
• printing full color may be financially impossible.
• The three shapes are rectangular:
– horizontal,
– vertical and
– square.

33. The three
Basic
Photo shape

34. Cutlines • Every picture tells a story. But it's the cutline’s job to tell the
story behind every picture: who's involved, what's happening,
when and where the event took place.
• A well-written cutline makes the photo instantly
understandable and tells readers why the photo - and the
story - are important.
• Most newspapers run cutlines in a different typeface than
text.
• On news pages, they generally run below each photo.
• But for variety, especially on feature pages, cutlines can also
run beside (flush left/ right) and between photos.

35. Drawing A
Dummy
• Where stories will
go on a page? Or
what size headlines
should be? Or
where the photos
go?
• Editors would draw
dummies, print out
all the pieces - the
photos, cutlines,
headlines and text

36. Story
Design
• Shapes a story can take the following design:
– a story without art,
– a story with a mug shot,
– a story with a large photograph, and
– a story with two photographs.
• Most of the stories you'll design will consist of just headlines and
text.
• In a typical newspaper, about 70% of the stories run without any
art, 25% use just one piece of art (a photo, chart or map), and
only 5% use two or more pieces of art.

37. Story
Design
• Basically, when you combine headlines and
text, they tend to move along the page either
vertically or horizontally:
– Stories run vertically when the headline is on top,
the text drops straight down below it - and that's
that until the text ends.
– Stories run horizontally when, instead of using just
one leg of text, they stack several columns side by
side.
• One of the basic design guidelines is this:
Whether square, horizontal or vertical, stories
should be shaped into rectangles.

38. Vertical
Story
design
Option
• Vertical stories are clean and attractive.
They're the easiest shape to follow - just
start at the headline and read straight
– Long vertical legs like these can get tiring to
read.
– Headlines are harder to write when they're
this narrow.
– Vertical design does have drawbacks,
however:
– Pages full of these long, skinny legs look
awfully dull.

39. Horizontal
Story
design
Option
• Horizontal shapes are pleasing to the eye. And they
often create the illusion that stories are shorter than
they really are.
• Again, avoid dummying legs deeper than 12 inches.
But avoid I short, squat legs, too. For most stories, legs
should generally be at least 2 inches deep - never
shorter than 1 inch.

40. Two
unusual
Options
to
Ponder
• Probably 99% of all stories look like those above:
basically vertical or horizontal, with the headline
running above the text, covering the entire story
like an umbrella.
• Exceptions:

41. Story Design
with Mug
Shots
• Vertical Design

42. Story
Design
with Mug
Shots

43. Story Design
Options
with One
Horizontal
Photo
• Design goals, then, are:
– 1) keeping all elements in the proper order;
– 2) avoiding long, gray legs of text; and
– 3) avoiding confusion with any other story parked beside
the photo

44. Story Design
with Vertical
Photo

45. Story Design
Big Horizontal
Photo, Small
Vertical Photo

46. Story Design
with Two
Vertical
Photos

47. Story Design
with Two
Horizontal
Photos

48. Exercise
see on page 268

49. Pages with Out
Arts

50. Design
Story with
Art
• Informational art - art that's informative, not
simply decorative – plays an integral part in
news design.
• Adding art to your pages:
– Supplements textual information with visual
information.
– Adds motion, emotion and personality that's
missing in text alone.
– Attracts readers who might otherwise ignore gray
type.
– Increases the design options for each page.

51. Rules of Thumb

54. basic
photo
guidelines:
• Every photo should have a clean, clear center of
interest. A good photo, like a well-written story,
is easy to read.
• Every photo should look natural. professional
news portraits, people look candid, natural,
engaged in activity.
• Every photo should have a cutline. Identify
everything: all faces, places and activities.
• Every photo should be bordered.
• Every photo should be relevant.

55. Good
Photos

56. Flag • Most papers use front and center flag to lend the
page some dignity.
• Flags should evoke a sense of tradition, trust,
sobriety.
• What's essential in a flag?
– The name of the paper.
– The city, school or organization it serves.
– The date.The price.The edition if different editions
are published.
– Some papers include the volume number – but
though that may matter to librarians, readers rarely
keep score.

57. Logos &
Sigs
• A logo is a title or name that's customized in a graphic way. Logos can be
created with type alone, or by adding rules, photos or other art elements.
• Section logos, like those above, help departmentalize the paper.
• They need to be designed with:
– A graphic personality that sets them apart from text and headlines;
– A consistent style that's maintained throughout the paper; and
– Flexible widths that work well in any design context.
• Column logos are a way to label special writers, those regularly appearing
personalities whose names and faces deserve prominent display.
• Column logos usually consist of:
– The writer's name.
– The writer's likeness (either a photo or a sketch).
– A catchy title:

58. Logos
& Sigs
• Column logos promote the personalities of writers.
• Sigs and bugs, on the other hand, identify topics.

59. Liftout
Quotes

60. Sidebars &
Infographics
• A sidebar is any short feature that accompanies a longer story.
• And an infographic (short for "informational graphic") blends text
and images to convey information visually- illustrating the facts
with charts, maps or diagrams.
• Why? they're essential for effective publication design. Here's why:
– They carve up complicated material into bite-size chunks.
– They offer attractive alternatives to gray-looking text.
– .They let writers move key background information, explanations or
quotes out of the narrative flow of the text and into a separate, highly
visible spot.
– They're tight, bright and entertaining, &
– they add reader appeal to any story, whether news or features.

62. Types of
Color
• Ordinarily, printers use just one color of ink: black.
• a spot color- to let you print pages in a new hue.
Any single color - green, orange, turquoise,
mauve, you name it - can print as a spot color.
• Instead, we can create the effect of full color by
mixing these four process colors:
• By layering these four colors in different densities,
a printing press can create almost any hue.