The document outlines the fundamentals of public speaking, including its goals, benefits, and the skills necessary for effective communication. It describes various communication models, the elements of a speech, and strategies for reducing communication apprehension. Additionally, it highlights the historical context of rhetoric and public speaking, its role in social movements, and the impact of technology on public communication.

1. Public Speaking
Module 1: Introduction to Public Speaking

2. Module Learning Outcomes
Outline the fundamental elements, skills, and goals of Public Speaking
1.1: Explain the goals and benefits of public speaking
1.2: Recognize communication apprehension and explain how to reduce it
1.3: Describe how public speaking can be used to advocate or create change
1.4: Recognize the social and historical contexts of speech, oratory, and rhetoric

3. Speaking Effectively

4. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Effectively
1.1: Explain the goals and benefits of public speaking
1.1.1: Explain the benefits of public speaking in your education, your personal
life, and your career
1.1.2: Understand the process of communicating with others
1.1.3: Describe the fundamental elements of a speech
1.1.4: Identify the main differences between writing a paper and delivering a
speech
1.1.5: Outline the goals of a speech

5. Benefits of Public Speaking
Education Career Personal
Research Effectively Be a More Effective Leader Inspire People
Make Stronger Arguments
Develop Problem-Solving and
Critical Thinking Skills
Grow Your Confidence
Organize Your Ideas Hone Presentation Skills Be a Better Listener
Increase Confidence in Class
Participation
Become a Powerful Advocate

6. What is Communication?
Communication Defined:
The act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another using mutually
understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules
Miscommunication Defined:
When the intended meaning of a communication does not match the way the message
is interpreted

7. Models of Communication
• Linear Model of Communication (Shannon 1948)
• Communication moves linearly and one-directional: from source to destination
• Emphasized transmission of the signal over the meaning of the message
• Disruption of transmitted signal is called NOISE
• Used by Bell in developing the telephone
• Transactional Model of Communication (Barnlund 1970)
• Communication is a two-way process
• Meaning is created at multiple points within the process
• Meaning is co-created simultaneously by both communicators
• Encoding/Decoding Model(Hall 1973)
• Cultural, political, and economic contexts influence how messages are produced and received
• Decoding a message determines meaning as much as encoding
• Used to analyze television discourse

8. Creation of Meaning
Communicators Message Channel Feedback Interference Context
• Encode
• Decode
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• In-person
• Mediated
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• Internal Noise
• External Noise
• Situation
• Relationship
• Setting

9. Class Discussion:
• Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of communicating through each
channel
• In-person
• Phone
• Radio
• Email
• TV/Internet Broadcast
• Video Chat
• Text
• Social Media

10. Goals of a Speech
• To Inform
• Overcome confusion, clarify misunderstanding, learn new
information
• To Persuade
• Change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, or policy
• To Entertain
• Form a connection with the audience through emotion for
its own sake
• To Commemorate a person, occasion, or event
• Build an emotional connection between audience and
person, occasion, or event

11. Writing a Paper Vs Delivering a Speech
Audience Context Content
Source
Citations
Visual
Aids
Speaker Delivery
Paper
Asynchronous
Reader is
expected to adapt
to writer
Physical
environment
does not
matter
• Visually
organized
• More detail
• Elevated
language
• Proper
grammar
Formal
APA/MLA style
guidelines for
internal citations
Used to convey
complex data
or visual
information
Charts, graphs,
illustrations
Only
conveyed
through
writing style
Judged on
quality of what
is written
regardless of
author’s
emotional or
physical state
Speech
Synchronous
Speaker is
expected to adapt
to audience
Physical
environment
and time of day
are important
• Simplified
language
• Vivid
imagery
and
anecdotes
• Clear and
repetitive
transitions
Abbreviated
spoken citations
Used to
illustrate an
idea, evoke
emotion,
summarize
data, or draw
attention
PowerPoint,
objects, pictural
representation
Conveyed
through
appearance,
dress,
posture,
confidence,
delivery style,
energy level
Verbal and
nonverbal cues
set the tone
and engage
the audience.

12. Class Activity : Synchronous and Asynchronous Communicators
• Break into 6 groups
• Your group will be assigned 1 of the elements in the creation of meaning
• 5 minutes: Use your respective element, to discuss how the creation of meaning may change
between a synchronous and an asynchronous audience
• 5 minutes: Brainstorm adaptations you might make in your communication to accommodate the
differences in synchronous and asynchronous audiences
• Share with the class
Communicators Message Channel Feedback Interference Context
• Encode
• Decode
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• In-person
• Mediated
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• Internal Noise
• External Noise
• Situation
• Relationship
• Setting

13. Elements of a Speech
Speech
Audience
Context
Content
Source
Citations Visual
Aids
Speaker
Delivery

14. Practice Question 1
Which model of communication asserts that the creation of meaning occurs at
multiple points within the process?
A. Encoding/Decoding Model
B. Linear Model of Communication
C. Interactive Communication Process
D. Transactional Model of Communication

15. Practice Question 2
What is the goal of a graduation keynote speech?
A. To Inform
B. To Persuade
C. To Entertain
D. To Commemorate

16. LO: Speaking Confidently

17. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Confidently
1.2: Recognize communication apprehension and explain how to
reduce it
1.2.1: Define communication apprehension
1.2.2: Explain what causes communication apprehension
1.2.3: Understand ways to reduce your own apprehension

18. Communication Apprehension
Communication Apprehension Defined:
Anxiety or fear related to real or anticipated communication with others
TRAIT:
Anxious across most communication scenarios
SITUATIONAL:
Anxiety over a particular situation at a particular time
Adrenaline
“Fight or Flight”
hormone
• Shortness of breath
• Pounding heartbeat
• Dizziness
• Vision changes
• Sweating
• Shaking
• Blushing
• Shaky voice
• Speaking quickly

19. Causes of Communication Apprehension
• Fear of Failure
• Feeling Different or Inferior to the Audience
• High Stakes
• Uncertainty
• Being the Center of Attention

20. Reducing Communication Apprehension
Preparation Positivity Practice
Conduct Audience Analysis Focus on message, not yourself Talk through your speech until you
are familiar with it
Visit performance space to learn A/V
setup, acoustics, and room layout
Do vocal warm-ups, breathing
exercises, and physical relaxers
Practice the same way you will
deliver your speech
Ask questions about expectations,
logistics
Remember the audience wants you
to do well
Practice in chunks before doing full
run-throughs
Research topic thoroughly Use positive self-talk Practice in front of many different
types of audiences
Prepare physically and mentally Visualize your speech going well Time every run-through
Prepare and practice using speaking
notes
Practice without any speaking notes
Identify your own strengths and
weaknesses

21. Practice Question 3
Feeling as though you haven’t prepared enough is an example of which cause
of communication apprehension?
A. Feeling different or inferior to the audience
B. Uncertainty
C. Fear of Failure
D. High Stakes

22. Practice Question 4
Which preparation step is useful to reduce one’s fear of uncertainty?
A. Focus on your message, not yourself
B. Visit performance space and learn about the A/V setup
C. Practice without any speaking notes to get familiar with your speech
D. Use positive self-talk

23. Speaking Powerfully

24. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Powerfully
1.3: Describe how public speaking can be used to advocate or
create change
1.3.1: Outline public speaking as a form of advocacy or civic engagement
1.3.2: Describe how public speaking can create change in a community

25. 3 Tasks of Civic Agency
The Ideal civic agent carries out all 3 of tasks:
• Disinterested Deliberation
• Citizens gathered in an assembly
• Polite and respectful discourse and debate
• Prophetic frame shifting:
• Intended to shift a society’s values
• Songs, books, signs, essays, speeches
• Fair Fighting/Activist
• Transparent interest
• Public actor for legal change
• Pursues cause passionately

26. Civic Engagement
• Civic Engagement:
• Move beyond social circles
• Speak to oppositional and undecided audiences
• Advocacy:
• Identify what you hope to accomplish
• Ask audience to consider our ideas, take action, find solutions, support a policy

27. Civic Agency
Disinterested
Discourse
Prophetic
Frame
Shifting
Fair Fighting
Activist
Civic Engagement Advocacy

28. Creating Community Change
• Action 1: Unify
• Action 2: Develop Specific Calls to Action
• Action 3: Identify who needs to hear your speech
• Action 4: Put yourself on the agenda
Unify
Specific
Calls to
Action
Identify
audience
Make
yourself
heard

29. Practice Question 5
Attending a conference to discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of a
new energy bill is an example of which type of civic agency?
A. Advocacy
B. Prophetic Frame Shifting
C. Fair Fighting Activist
D. Disinterested Discourse

30. Public Speaking through History

31. Learning Outcomes: Public Speaking through
History
1.4: Recognize the social and historical contexts of speech, oratory,
and rhetoric
1.4.1: Recognize the roots of modern rhetoric in ancient cultures
1.4.2: Recognize the variety of approaches to rhetoric and oratory in different
times and cultures
1.4.3: Explain how social movements in the U.S. have used public speaking to
advance their causes
1.4.4: Identify how new technologies change the context of public
communication

32. Rhetorical Influence on Society throughout History
Set Societal
Behavioral
Standards
Exploration of Truth
and Ethics
Create and Change
Government
Preserve and
Advance Culture
Ancient Mesopotamia
Greece & Rome
*Plato’s Dialectic
Aristotle European Renaissance
Ancient Egypt Francis Bacon Griots (Mali)
Indigenous North
America
Confucius
Middle East & Islam:
The Decisive Treatise
Aztecs

33. Influential Theory to Modern Public Speaking
• Aristotle (Greece)
• Ethos, Pathos, Logos
• Cicero (Rome)
• 5 Canons of Rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
• Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Qazwini (Middle East)
• Al-balāgha
• ‘llm al-ma’ani: the science of meanings
• ‘ilm al-bayan: the science of clarity
• ‘llm al-badi: the science of ornamentation

34. Public Speaking and US Social Movements
• Religious Movement – The Great Awakening (18th – 19th
century)
• Evangelical Preaching, traveling preachers
• Fiery, emotionally evocative style
• United religious fractions into one evangelical umbrella
• Established first black congregations and churches
• Abolitionism
• Frederick Douglass “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?”
• Women’s Suffrage
• Sojourner Truth “Ain’t I a Woman?”
• Introduction of specific, individual, and relatable examples
• The Labor Movement
• Mother Jones -
• César Estrada Chávez – National Farm Workers Association
• Organized consumer boycotts
• Civil Rights
• The March on Washington
• Decentralized Movements
• #MeToo
• BLM

35. Technologies of Public Communication
• The Printing Press (1440)
• Made information available to a wider audience
• Rise in literacy
• Radio (1900)
• Political Broadcasts
• Reached a national audience
• Vocal quality matters
• Television (1945)
• Primary medium for influencing public opinion
• Presidential debates
• Appearance matters
• Internet (2000)
• Removed the “gatekeepers” in mass communication
• Widest audience ever
• Trolls
• Social Media

36. Practice Question 6
Which technology of public communication has eliminated “gatekeepers”?
A. Television
B. Printing Press
C. Radio
D. Internet

37. Class Discussion : Is the Medium the Message?
• Consider the different mediums in which you consume information
• Social Media
• Television
• Blogs
• Websites
• Friends and Family
• Books
• What role does the medium of the message influence how you interpret
meaning?

38. Quick Review
• Becoming and effective public speaker benefits your education, career, and personal life
• Communication Models have evolved to study the creation of meaning through 6 main elements:
• Communicators
• Message
• Channel
• Feedback
• Interference
• Context
• Almost everyone feels communication apprehension at some point and can reduce it by understanding its
causes, manifestations, and taking appropriate steps to reduce it
• Public Speakers can become civic agents by engaging in 3 tasks
• Disinterested Discourse
• Prophetic Frame Shifting
• Fair Fighting Activist
• Rhetoric and Public Speaking has been studied and used to influence societies since Ancient Mesopotamia
• Set societal behavioral standards and ethics
• Seek to uncover truth
• Create and change government
• Preserve and advance culture
• Evolving Technology has created wider audiences and shaped the rhetoric of Public Communication