War is blood. The lifeblood of war is anger. Civil conflicts and war result into disintegration. The lifeblood of a state is its citizens. The lifeblood of citizen support for the government is the level of happiness. With the level of happiness dropping we certainly experience an increase level of anger. Anger means conflict and the disintegration of the entire socioeconomic system (Verhoeven, Duyvendak, 2016) . Anger is more powerful than reason (Yones, 1998) . A moment of anger can destroy years of prosperity, but anger is the result of chronic distrust in the government.
One good case study is the situation in the State of Lebanon after 17 years of civil war pictures exactly this distrust in the government, viewed by 79% of the respondents as the primary source of stress, followed by Physical safety in 61% percent (Yones, 1998) . Physical safety is important especially after a period of conflict. The people need to feel secure and be secure. Third on their list on the causes of stress is Income. 58% percent of respondents considered that Income is a major source of stress (Yones, 1998) .
War is blood. The lifeblood of war is anger. Civil conflicts and war result into disintegration. The lifeblood of a state is its citizens. The lifeblood of citizen support for the government is the level of happiness. With the level of happiness dropping we certainly experience an increase level of anger. Anger means conflict and the disintegration of the entire socioeconomic system (Verhoeven, Duyvendak, 2016) . Anger is more powerful than reason (Yones, 1998) . A moment of anger can destroy years of prosperity, but anger is the result of chronic distrust in the government.
One good case study is the situation in the State of Lebanon after 17 years of civil war pictures exactly this distrust in the government, viewed by 79% of the respondents as the primary source of stress, followed by Physical safety in 61% percent (Yones, 1998) . Physical safety is important especially after a period of conflict. The people need to feel secure and be secure. Third on their list on the causes of stress is Income. 58% percent of respondents considered that Income is a major source of stress (Yones, 1998) . Income and economic inequality is a result and a cause of conflict, war. Distrust is not something that appears without a reason. It is something that is built within the individual and which is transferred to the community.
War and peace are two powerful forces that have been shaping civilizations. Every nation has gone through various degrees of conflicts. In this paper, the author asks what history lessons can be used to educate the public and policy makers on conflict prevention. If we were to avoid repeating the mistakes and wars of the past, the author believes new innovative approaches are needed for solving old problems of conflicts within a nation and between nations. Alongside current steps to promote social order, the psychology of war and peace must be adequately looked into and utilized in forming the needed policies.
2nd ARC Report :CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONGS SCORE
Polity and Governance topic is mentioned in the GS MAINS PAPER 2, however its indepth knowledge is equally important for writing an Essay, Public Administration (Paper-2) and even in GS Mains Paper 4. The government reports and documents become the best source for its understanding but usually the government reports are too bulky to read and grasping the main points from that become a tough task. Thus we have come up with the series of GIST of SECOND ARC Reports. It covers the main points of the complete report in about 30-35 pages (maximum). These points can be quoted directly in the Mains answer.
War is blood. The lifeblood of war is anger. Civil conflicts and war result into disintegration. The lifeblood of a state is its citizens. The lifeblood of citizen support for the government is the level of happiness. With the level of happiness dropping we certainly experience an increase level of anger. Anger means conflict and the disintegration of the entire socioeconomic system (Verhoeven, Duyvendak, 2016) . Anger is more powerful than reason (Yones, 1998) . A moment of anger can destroy years of prosperity, but anger is the result of chronic distrust in the government.
One good case study is the situation in the State of Lebanon after 17 years of civil war pictures exactly this distrust in the government, viewed by 79% of the respondents as the primary source of stress, followed by Physical safety in 61% percent (Yones, 1998) . Physical safety is important especially after a period of conflict. The people need to feel secure and be secure. Third on their list on the causes of stress is Income. 58% percent of respondents considered that Income is a major source of stress (Yones, 1998) . Income and economic inequality is a result and a cause of conflict, war. Distrust is not something that appears without a reason. It is something that is built within the individual and which is transferred to the community.
War and peace are two powerful forces that have been shaping civilizations. Every nation has gone through various degrees of conflicts. In this paper, the author asks what history lessons can be used to educate the public and policy makers on conflict prevention. If we were to avoid repeating the mistakes and wars of the past, the author believes new innovative approaches are needed for solving old problems of conflicts within a nation and between nations. Alongside current steps to promote social order, the psychology of war and peace must be adequately looked into and utilized in forming the needed policies.
2nd ARC Report :CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONGS SCORE
Polity and Governance topic is mentioned in the GS MAINS PAPER 2, however its indepth knowledge is equally important for writing an Essay, Public Administration (Paper-2) and even in GS Mains Paper 4. The government reports and documents become the best source for its understanding but usually the government reports are too bulky to read and grasping the main points from that become a tough task. Thus we have come up with the series of GIST of SECOND ARC Reports. It covers the main points of the complete report in about 30-35 pages (maximum). These points can be quoted directly in the Mains answer.
Исследование было проведено по заказу Международного Комитета Красного Креста (МККК) компанией Ipsos. Опрос проводился с 1 июня по 7 октября 2019 г. с использованием комбинированных методов; всего было опрошено 16 288 взрослых в возрасте 20–35 лет из 16 перечисленных ниже стран. Афганистан, Израиль, Индонезия, Колумбия, Малайзия, Мексика, Нигерия, оккупированные палестинские территории, Россия, Сирия, Соединенное Королевство, США, Украина, Франция, Швейцария и ЮАР.
Ctrl+Alt+Del-Hate is an online E-magazine and broader initiative dedicated to combating polarization, hate and extremism. It's part of the www.LightUponLight.Online ecosystem. With articles and insights offered by former violent extremists, survivors of extremist violence and researchers, the magazine combats extremist groups and individuals online and is used in print offline to prevent interest in extremist ideologies/movements & to provide positive alternatives for those in radical movements.
AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH TO 'NOTHINGNESS': TOWARDS A GLOBAL HARMONYJohn1Lorcan
The peaceful co-existence of several societies today is fast becoming uncertain. It so appears that there is a falling apart with the possibility of the centre never to hold. This paper posits, that the global peace which is presently under threat is premised on one fundamental and salient factor. This factor as identified in this paper is known as 'nothingness'. Ontologically, 'nothingness' defines the primordial beginning and end of existence. It therefore becomes pathetic that the challenges bedeviling social institutions, religious bodies and the government of various societies, appear to be bi-products of a negative approach and use of the concept. Thus, the paper identifies the concept of 'nothingness' as a sting, if not properly handled could wrought more havoc to mankind. Undoubtedly, there are questions begging for answers from various parts of the continents on the teleos of global uprisings. Questions such as; has peace gone on exile? Why is centre not holding? Why are human induced horrors and disasters now the news of the day? Is man not supposed to plow and not to plunder the earth? and what is the future of humanity? Obviously, one can no longer deny that there seems to be a practical demonstration of "Matthew 24:6-8"(see the Holy Bible). Off course, those of the Christian faith had started tagging the current global trend in conflict as 'signs of the end time'. The obvious however is the scare that man would not through his actions and inactions make faster his end. The position of this paper is that an existential approach to 'nothingness' would help in bringing about social cohesion. The paper unveils that when 'nothingness' is viewed from an existential spectacle, man's inhumanity to man could be eradicated. Starting from the self to the group and institutions, the human person would be given the deserved regard. And man would no longer be seen by another as a means to an end, but rather as an end in itself. The methodology of this paper is analytical, reconstructive and critical. It is our submission from an existential point of view, that if 'NOTHINGNESS' is given its genuine interpretation as we shall see throughout the paper, it would turn out to be that unifying force which would bring peace and harmony to every society..
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
Исследование было проведено по заказу Международного Комитета Красного Креста (МККК) компанией Ipsos. Опрос проводился с 1 июня по 7 октября 2019 г. с использованием комбинированных методов; всего было опрошено 16 288 взрослых в возрасте 20–35 лет из 16 перечисленных ниже стран. Афганистан, Израиль, Индонезия, Колумбия, Малайзия, Мексика, Нигерия, оккупированные палестинские территории, Россия, Сирия, Соединенное Королевство, США, Украина, Франция, Швейцария и ЮАР.
Ctrl+Alt+Del-Hate is an online E-magazine and broader initiative dedicated to combating polarization, hate and extremism. It's part of the www.LightUponLight.Online ecosystem. With articles and insights offered by former violent extremists, survivors of extremist violence and researchers, the magazine combats extremist groups and individuals online and is used in print offline to prevent interest in extremist ideologies/movements & to provide positive alternatives for those in radical movements.
AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH TO 'NOTHINGNESS': TOWARDS A GLOBAL HARMONYJohn1Lorcan
The peaceful co-existence of several societies today is fast becoming uncertain. It so appears that there is a falling apart with the possibility of the centre never to hold. This paper posits, that the global peace which is presently under threat is premised on one fundamental and salient factor. This factor as identified in this paper is known as 'nothingness'. Ontologically, 'nothingness' defines the primordial beginning and end of existence. It therefore becomes pathetic that the challenges bedeviling social institutions, religious bodies and the government of various societies, appear to be bi-products of a negative approach and use of the concept. Thus, the paper identifies the concept of 'nothingness' as a sting, if not properly handled could wrought more havoc to mankind. Undoubtedly, there are questions begging for answers from various parts of the continents on the teleos of global uprisings. Questions such as; has peace gone on exile? Why is centre not holding? Why are human induced horrors and disasters now the news of the day? Is man not supposed to plow and not to plunder the earth? and what is the future of humanity? Obviously, one can no longer deny that there seems to be a practical demonstration of "Matthew 24:6-8"(see the Holy Bible). Off course, those of the Christian faith had started tagging the current global trend in conflict as 'signs of the end time'. The obvious however is the scare that man would not through his actions and inactions make faster his end. The position of this paper is that an existential approach to 'nothingness' would help in bringing about social cohesion. The paper unveils that when 'nothingness' is viewed from an existential spectacle, man's inhumanity to man could be eradicated. Starting from the self to the group and institutions, the human person would be given the deserved regard. And man would no longer be seen by another as a means to an end, but rather as an end in itself. The methodology of this paper is analytical, reconstructive and critical. It is our submission from an existential point of view, that if 'NOTHINGNESS' is given its genuine interpretation as we shall see throughout the paper, it would turn out to be that unifying force which would bring peace and harmony to every society..
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
Poverty is associated with political conflict in developing countries, but evidence of individual grievances translating into dissent among the poor is mixed. We analyze survey data from 40 developing nations to understand the determinants radicalism, support for violence, and participation in legal anti-regime actions as petitions, demonstrations, and strikes. In particular, we examine the role of perceived political and economic inequities. Our findings suggest that individuals who feel marginalized tend to harbor extremist resentments against the government, but they are generally less likely to join collective political movements that aim to instigate regime changes. This potentially explains the commonly-observed pattern in low- and middle-income countries whereby marginalized groups, despite their political attitudes and high-levels of community engagement, are more difficult to mobilize in nation-wide movements. We also find that arenas for active political participation (beyond voting) are more likely to be dominated by upper-middle income groups who are committed, ultimately, to preserving the status quo. Suppressing these forms of political action may thus be counterproductive, if it pushes these groups towards more radical preferences. Finally, our findings suggest that the poor, in developing nations, may be caught in a vicious circle of self-exclusion and greater marginalization.
Anders Olofsgård (with R. Desai and T. Yousef).
What Is Peace? Essay
A Separate Peace Essay example
War or Peace? Essays
National Peace Essay
Essay on Peace
The Importance Of Peace
Peace In Judaism
What Is Peace Essay
Sports and Conflict Prevention; the Way Forward For Global PeaceIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper discussed sports and conflict prevention by looking at the way forward for global peace.
Generally conflict is defined as a state of disagreement between persons or group of persons. The major causes
are usually differences in opinion, prejudice and discrimination, belief, and access to valued scarce resources.
Conflict is an important part of human existence and a natural part of our daily life. Conflict can either be
positive or negative depending on how it is handled. Conflict can emanate from various sources, within us,
school, home and community or the society at large. Achieving global peace means creating peace within
individuals, communities and the society. Sports as a veritable tool for social transformation can be effectively
utilized to achieve a certain level of peace among individuals and nations. This paper focused on the possibility
of utilizing the values of sports in creating understanding, tolerance, and respect for human dignity,
development of moral values and social integration as a vehicle for creating peace among nations. If nations
can achieve these qualities, then conflict can be minimized and global peace can be guaranteed. The influence
of sports on character formation and social cohesion has direct bearing on peaceful attitudes. The development
of emotional fitness, self-esteem, need for recognition, sense of belonging and feelings of anger, hostility and
aggression are all met through participation in competitive sports. The sports environment starting with the
athletes, coaches, umpires, spectators and vendors should all portray peace and act in a manner the peace can
prevail. To prevent conflict and achieve global peace, sport managers, handlers and enthusiasts must develop
the capacity to detect conflicting situations among nations and develop strategies in sports to deal with before it
erupts.
What Causes Countries to Enter Civil WarIntroduction For th.docxalanfhall8953
What Causes Countries to Enter Civil War?
Introduction
For the purpose of IPI’s project on Understanding Compliance with Security Council Resolutions in Civil Wars, a civil war consists of one or several simultaneous disputes over generally incompatible positions that concern government and/or territory in a state; are causally linked to the use of armed force, resulting in at least 500 battle-related deaths during a given year during the conflict; and involve two or more parties, of which the primary warring parties are the government of the state where armed force is used, and one or several non-state opposition organization(s).
There are many different reasons that countries enter civil war. These factors can arise from anything economic, social, ethnic, cultural disputes or a combination of several of these factors. No matter the number of the reasons, a civil war can be devastating, causing loss of many lives, properties and leaving a country utterly ravished. The aftermath can also present much difficulty to deal with considering the complete destruction of a country’s basic infrastructures, economy, educational systems and sometimes even government. Nevertheless, there is always a reason for an uprising or civil war and we will be looking at some of the motivations behind a country’s civil war.
Social Disputes
Social disputes can be the cause of many civil conflicts in countries all around the world. However, there are factors that give rise to the struggle between or among social classes; and these issues can be related to economic hardship or differences among social classes, religion, cultural social or ethnic differences and many other problems that can directly or indirectly cause social uprising. To explain extant and recent cases of religion-ethnic conflict in Africa, (Kaplan 1994) “seeks to account for them by reference to three main factors: cultural dysfunction; loose family structures; and communalism and animism”, (J. Haynes 2007) describing Africa’s recent civil wars, like those in Liberia and Sierra Leone, as anarchic and primitive. He claims that they were initially caused by fixed ethnic and cultural realities, limiting the involvement of the western world.
Nevertheless kaplan’s theory, (Collier and Hoeffler n.d., p. 1) offer another explanation for ‘‘the rising trend of African conflict’’ identified by SIPRI: ‘‘Africa has experienced a rising trend of conflict because its economies have performed so poorly both absolutely and relative to other regions’’ (J Hayne 2007). The cause of civil war is not always automatically the result of deep problems within Africa’s social structure; or necessarily from obvious or serious religious and, or ethnic fragmentation. The cause of civil conflict can also be associated with the contingent effect of discouraging economic circumstances and development disappointments. There are two major points that are worth taking a look at with regards to discouraging economic circumsta.
Running Head INTERNATIONAL WAR, CONFLICT AND RIVALRY1INTERNA.docxwlynn1
Running Head: INTERNATIONAL WAR, CONFLICT AND RIVALRY 1
INTERNATIONAL WAR, CONFLICT AND RIVALRY 10
Introduction
Interstate war, rivalries or conflicts occur for various reasons across different nations worldwide, and different authors have had differing opinions on the issue. Two prerequisites explain war between two actors and one of them is that costs incurred during the war cannot be high. This implies that the expected returns or benefits from war regarding glory, power, territory, resources and many others are beyond that of conflicts which include damages to life and property. Therefore, “for war to take place between two rational parties, one of them must have the expectations that the gains out of that war must be outweighing the expenses incurred” (Jackson & Morelli, 2011, p.2). The second opinion is that for two nations to engage in a war; there must have been a bargaining failure whereby the two parties are not able to reach an agreement that is mutually advantageous and enforceable. For one to understand the occurrence of wars between rational nations, there is need to focus on the reasons behind the failures in bargaining, and the circumstances that lead to countries arm in such a manner that their expected gains the costs of at least their parties. In understanding, this one will be able to identify different types of wars that have emerged as well as their causal factors.
War in Developing Countries
For nearly forty-five years that nations were surrounded by cold war, its primary cause was seen to be at the center of global politics (Leffler & Painter, 2005). The war dominated foreign policies of two major superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States and the outcomes much impacted their economies, military and political institutions and the societies at large. Besides, the war shaped most of the domestic politics of several nations across the world and their foreign policies. Since the war took place immediately after the Second World War, understanding its origin is central to events that took place during the first half of the twentieth century. Therefore several historians have had a conflicting interpretation of its outbreak grounded on the philosophical and ideological differences some of which were influenced by the cold war that was ongoing. In one of the articles, inequalities in economic political and social levels between different groups are seen to be the primary cause of conflicts in the developing countries (Stewart, 2002). In that article, the author presents that out of the ten states that are poor across the world, eight of them suffer from violent conflicts at higher levels. He adds that in developing countries, war leads to severe a social and economic cost which in turn is viewed as the primary cause of underdevelopment and poverty in such countries. The conflicts that these nations engage in due to their differences escalate to wars and the results impacts their social lives in a negative way,.
Topic: Sociology on terror: How does violence turn the body into a sign?
Order type: Term Paper
Subject: Sociology
Academic level: Undergraduate
Style: CU Harvard
Language: English US
Pages: 6 (double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 Font)
Sources: 6
CH 9 Riemer, Science, and RomanceThe Political Values of Poli.docxcravennichole326
CH 9: Riemer, Science, and Romance
The Political Values of Political Actors
Key Terms
Political values are important beliefs about which goals, principles, and policies are worthwhile in public affairs.
A goal is an objective. (may be peace, security, and order or war, domination, and power; may be liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity or slavery, subordination, tyranny, and enmity. May be positive or negative goals.)
A principle is a basic truth or belief that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to behavior. May also be positive or negative (peaceful change or violent change).
A policy is a course or general plan of action designed to solve problems or achieve specified goals; help determine whether certain standards are being met; serve as important guideposts in politics.
Where do political values come from? Whose goals, principles, and policies are actually being observed?
A political actor is the individual or group that expresses and shapes political values, struggles for power, and decides issues of public policy; governmental, economic, social and military elites, political parties, interest groups, the mass media, and nation-states are all examples of political actors.
Individual citizens are also political actors.
Level-of-analysis problem
With so many different political actors, who do we focus on: the national government as the primary actors or the decision-makers who lead the government? The international system itself?
What level do we operate on to really understand what is going on?
Guiding Hypothesis in studying political values
1) political values of political actors are rooted in their vital needs, fundamental interests, and perceived desires.
2) the struggle over political values is conditioned by the differing interpretations of needs, interests, and desires by diverse political actors and by the historical distribution of power (make for both conflict and consensus).
Guiding Hypothesis in studying political values
3) the world of politics frequently contains serious gaps between professed values and actual behaviors. The gaps exist because political actors are unable to break out of parochial, rigidly ideological patterns of thought and behavior. Difficult to narrow these gaps because human resources and capabilities are limited.
4) the future will probably include a major constitutional and democratic struggle between what we might call broad values and narrow values; will require a realistic understanding of vital needs, of compatible fundamental interests, and of modest and prudent desires.
The Values of Nations as Political Actors
Nations (national leaders, ruling elites, or governing parties) generally profess and seek to protect the national interest in foreign affairs and public interest in domestic affairs.
National interest is the vital needs and fundamental interests of the nation as a whole, security, liberty, justice and welfare, which are es ...
Module 2 Effects of Cultural Diversity and Globalization on Homel.docxroushhsiu
Module 2: Effects of Cultural Diversity and Globalization on Homeland Security and International Relations
The threat of terrorism is having a profound effect on international security. Research exploring the causes and consequences of terrorism has shown that a country's chances of being victimized by terrorist groups are directly correlated to its ethnic, linguistic, and religious fragmentation. Much of this fragmentation occurs in "failed states."
The definition of failed state is imprecise, but such states have two significant features (Chomsky, 2006; Thürer, 1999):
· lack of viable political, legal, and social governance structures
· unchecked violence against citizens
Given these characteristics, failed states like Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Somalia, Pakistan, and Yemen have served as "launching pads for transnational terror" (Basuchoudhary & Shughart, 2010, p. 70; The Fund for Peace, 2011).
Faced with the growing worldwide threat of terrorism, the international community needs an overall approach to confront it—one that combines cultural considerations with political, economic, legal, and social methods. Cultural diversity in all its aspects—the arts, heritage, religion, media, science, education, youth, and sports—can play an important role (Sudarenkov et al., 2004) in
· preventing the development of terrorist mentality
· dissuading would-be terrorists
· cutting them off from wider support
To experience cultural democracy and freedom, nations must be unified around a set of democratic values, such as justice and equality, that balance unity and diversity and protect the rights of diverse groups. The basis for any cultural action against terrorism lies in understanding the "complex and delicate relationship between terrorism and its cultural context" (Banks, 2004, p. 3).
Globalization—the increasing economic and social interdependence among countries—has created many opportunities for mutually beneficial exchanges. Many have argued that this interdependence could "increase stability, peace, and prosperity" (Kilroy, 2008, p. 23). In Europe, globalization helped integrate the region, obliging all states to cooperate and coordinate on political, economic, social, and security problems. Globalization has helped democratic systems to emerge, and democratic countries engage in armed conflict less than nondemocratic countries (United Nations, 1999).
Conversely, globalization has also created vulnerabilities, leaving countries open to short- and long-term risk of terrorist acts. The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent war on terrorism dramatically revealed the downsides of globalization—global flows of technology, goods, information, ideologies, and people can have destructive as well as productive effects (Kellner, 2007, p. 245). Huntington (1996) asserted that the world is articulated into competing civilizations that are based on irreconcilably different cultures and religions. For Huntington, rel.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Psychology of peace and war
1. Happiness, Anger and Conflict of Nations
A Cold Analysis of the Civil War of Lebanon: Why Wars Happen
Author: PhD Jurist Trainer Dragoș Lucian Ivan
PhD in Social Sciences and Communication issued by the National School of Political Studies
and Public Administration
War is blood. The lifeblood of war is anger. Civil conflicts and war result into
disintegration. The lifeblood of a state is its citizens. The lifeblood of citizen support for the
government is the level of happiness. With the level of happiness dropping we certainly
experience an increase level of anger. Anger means conflict and the disintegration of the entire
socioeconomic system (Verhoeven, Duyvendak, 2016)1. Anger is more powerful than reason
(Yones, 1998)2. A moment of anger can destroy years of prosperity, but anger is the result of
chronic distrust in the government.
One good case study is the situation in the State of Lebanon after 17 years of civil war
pictures exactly this distrust in the government, viewed by 79% of the respondents as the primary
source of stress, followed by Physical safety in 61% percent (Yones, 1998)3. Physical safety is
important especially after a period of conflict. The people need to feel secure and be secure.
Third on their list on the causes of stress is Income. 58% percent of respondents considered that
Income is a major source of stress (Yones, 1998)4. Income and economic inequality is a result
and a cause of conflict, war. Distrust is not something that appears without a reason. It is
something that is built within the individual and which is transferred to the community. Once the
level of anger resulting from socioeconomic conditions deteriorating reaches a high level of
existence, it is only a matter of time until a major socioeconomic crisis starts to loom and take
apart the very existence of the government only to destroy the fabric of the country (Yones,
1998)5.
Reducing anger through a balanced and always equitable socioeconomic development
policy environment represents the key to promoting peace. A decrease in the happiness level is a
sign that the socioeconomic conditions need to be improved, otherwise a cycle of violence
resulting into socioeconomic decline and government dysfunction becomes more highly
probable. Brain drain, economic downfall, poverty, starvation, lost generations, lost potential and
a general sense of trauma is the result of such dysfunctional conditions (Snir, Levi-Belz,
Solomon, 2017)6. Instability appears in one moment of ignoring the needs of the people. An
important point for the socioeconomic cycle of creation-destruction is triggered when more than
half of the citizens are less hopeful or less trusting in the government. (Yones, 1998)
The case of the state of Lebanon is important to consider, because although it enjoy a
stable status, the trauma of past conflicts still affects both the individual and the community
psychological state. The fact that after several years of peace, 55% of those questioned, looking
back to their 12 months, say that they felt neutral, while 34% felt negative emotional states
represents another sign of the heavy psychological price of war. Only 11% experienced a
positive emotional state, a relatively small proportion, but on the raise towards the future (Yones,
1998)7.
2. Our contemporaries and past generations found it difficult to come to terms with the
causes of war, and more specifically, with the shocking idea that war comes to be the last resort
for those that have no other way of expressing their view. Although a particular attention has
been given to the religious and cultural dimension present in conflict environments, this alone is
rarely to be blamed for the presence of war. Cultural and religious diversity rarely diversity leads
to adversity without the major impact of economic and political imbalance. The presence of a
political and economic imbalance shapes the way in which the individual and the community
react and interact. The individual and the collective psyche of social groups are shaped by
imbalances in political representation and in economic opportunities more than diversity (Yones,
1998)8. The voting process and the fluid change of power allows for happiness to flow within the
social and psychological life of its citizens.
Undemocratic societies that do not allow free voting and an apparent possibility of
controlling political power eventually, present only the option of war and violence to those
citizens that wish to express themselves and control their own economic opportunities
(Backhaus, Gholizadeh, Godfrey, Pittman, Afari, 2017)9. The voting process is also a symbol for
national unity. The moment in which the vote of one citizen is more important than the vote of
another it is created the context for war and conflict. Equality is paramount in order to foster
psychological health and well-being. Once this goal is achieved one can expect socioeconomic
well-being. At this point we have brought into question the economic aspect. Statistically, the
majority of people do not wish to have access to actual political power as long as they have
access to economic growth and possibilities. Possibilities represent more than just opportunities
for gain, but also access to facilities such as healthcare. 32% of the respondents considered a
major stress factor the lack of access to proper health care institutions (Yones, 1998)10. The
presence of a balanced economic system that will foster a between the relevant growth
opportunities and the demand by all ethnic, geographic, social, cultural, age, class groups within
a country is a guarantee that none of them will start or encourage conflict for political change.
On the other hand the absence of economic opportunities will trigger anger (Bradshaw, 2016)11.
We use the simple term of anger in order to underline its power within an individual and within a
community. Once anger is present it can result into overreaction, retaliatory behavior,
rationalized destruction, immoral actions (Jordan, Eisen, Nash, Litz, 2017)12 and unhappiness.
These are all primary sources of conflict and incentives for war. Anger is stronger than any
rationale though.
Working on the nexus between the well-being and over-all happiness of the citizens and
the integrity of both state and government is a step towards achieving the fluctuation of
perspectives on the causes of war that we encounter in people’s thinking. Following this line of
argumentation the anatomy of the causes of war is built around overreaction, ignorance or
underestimation of the citizens’ unhappiness, the perpetuation of a vicious cycle of retaliatory
actions, the presence of rationalized destruction, the constant presence of immoral justified or not
actions and narrow incentives that are given out based on partisan, tribal, economic, geographic,
sectarian grouping and bias. This may be seen as a synthesis of our outlook on war and on the
status of psychological health and well-being in creating a societal balance between the supply of
proper opportunities that foster growth within a balanced, adaptable, secular and democratic
power-sharing system that is able to defend against the perpetuation of violence. Considering
3. the over-all evolution of war we underline the social and psychological costs of the civil war and
we propose the implementation of a subjective well-being (SWB) system. The purpose would be
to create public policies in accordance with the needs of the citizens, while monitoring the level
of happiness of the people in order to warn for potential unrest (Yones, 1998)13.
Whenever the profit brought about by fear and division seems to be higher than the
economics of peace, trust and unity we are confronted with violence, and conflict. Civil, national
and international conflicts leave the people without the chance for peace and development.
The Social, Psychological, and Economic Cost of War
War is destruction. Violence is loss, be it economic, social, health or rule of law. Political
and social unrest result in economic, social, personal, family, health loss and peril. The cost of
war is timeless. The simple presence of a violent event in a country’s history results into social,
psychological and economic costs. For example, countries that are not at war such as Columbia
and Peru spend a great deal of their resources in an attempt to solve issues of violence. Although
expenditure is high, the cost translates also in revenues loss as a result of the circumstances.
Furthermore, societies that are within a period of transition from war to peace remind us of the
heavy cost of violence, a cost that is paid long after the war is over. Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua are still in process of recovering from conflicts that still ravage their economic and
social fabric through the presence of violence and conflict (Moser, Shrader, 1999)14. A conflict-
oriented mind-set is shaped during a war and it is hard to replace it with a different outlook on
life (Silove, Tay, Steel, Tam, Soares, Reis, Alves, Rees, 2017)15. War is followed by war if you
are unlucky. Even when you are lucky war is followed by conflict, by violence, by crime and
violence, by crime and in the end by peace. The road to peace is paved with crime and violence,
because a society rarely goes from anger to happiness. The healing process takes time. Societies
that have not experienced war still are confronted with the prospect of violence, such as Ecuador,
Jamaica, Mexico and Venezuela (Moser, Shrader, 1999)16.
At a first glance it would seem that violence is a danger for the individual, but when
analyzing the impact it has we understand why it is considered a macroeconomic problem.
Violence is a serious deterrence for investors. The presence of violence and conflict may mean
an increase in costs because it needs investment in security. Furthermore, it translates in the
impossibility of accessing certain areas in influencing the placing of capital. Regions that are
known for being dangerous, although would greatly benefit from investments, receive far less
capital as a result of an imbalanced environment. Both the manufacturing and the business sector
need to take into consideration the level of danger present in a community or in a region and
prepare for it. For a country, the perpetuation of violence means the need to invest resources and
man power in order to control it. Statistics display a staggering 15% of the Columbian GNP
invested in security measures (Moser, Shrader, 1999)17. At the micro-level the presence of
violence and conflicts impacts the individual in a negative manner. From an economic point of
view we are talking about individuals that fall victim to violence and are unable to further
contribute to the economic prosperity of the country. Furthermore, the victims of the violent acts
need care and recuperation, which means costs. The reduction of the human capital is a direct
result of violence and war. Increasing level of violence creates a lack of trust between individuals
and community, being an active discouraging factor towards a better communication with your
4. neighbor, your fellow citizen and your people. The presence of violence results in a sharp drop in
asset value in the area affected by violence, conflict or war (Clifton, E.G., Feeny, N.C., Zoellner,
L.A., 2017)18.
Tourism is also affected and we would like to mention the case of Rio de Janeoiro, a
touristic attraction that is known also for the high level of violence. Violent areas prevent people
living there from developing social relationships and from developing social capital. Such areas
tend to be isolated in an attempt to protect the other communities, without solving the problem.
We shall move on to the example of Lebanon. The source of conflict is discontent, but
discontent can also result from conflict. For example, consider the Lebanese civil war that placed
a great social and psychological burden upon the people, resulting in one of the most
discontented generations in the history of the country. The civil war ravaged the country between
1975 and 1990, resulting into a societal dysfunction that placed its marked upon an entire
generation. The consequences of war were all too obvious, over 1,5 million citizens were injured,
almost half of the population (Yones, 1998)19. Chronic violence is just one of the consequences
of violence and war. Chronic violence resulted in psychological changes that still influence the
mind of both individual and community. Migration and local extremism is fueled by anger from
this chronic violence. Local extremism is a result of past conflict and of present economic
imbalance, endangering the future because it also can fuel a future conflict. Data gathered depict
a gloomy picture in which after eight years after the civil conflict the population is under
collective psychological trauma. The psychological drama drove over other eight million people
to seek a better life and happiness outside Lebanon. The number of people that left the country
represents the double of the current population of Lebanon. Data gathered from those that sought
refuge outside Lebanon underlined the fact that physical security and better access to economic
opportunities resulted into a higher level of happiness (Yones, 1998)20. Another well-being
deficit is the lack of trust that results in a staggering economy. The lack of trust prevents people
from investing in the country and taking economic risks such as starting a business, taking on
loans or expanding their social network in an environment devoid of trust. The quantitative data
reveled this problem through the presence of a percent of 41 of the respondents considering that
another important stress factor is the building of social relationships. The lack of trust makes it
very difficult to expand one’s social network, although a person gains a feeling of happiness
when surrounded by people who can be trusted. Trust is an important aspect of any economic
and social relationships. It becomes even more important in an environment in which there is no
actual trust in the rule of law. Devoid of trust, as a characteristic that you can notice in your
fellow human being and without the rule of law to enforce contract, rules and norms, people are
reluctant to invest money, time and resources in business or in other people. Most people report
mistrust in the government and in the institutions. Although people are optimistic about the
future demonstrated by the fact that 81% believe there has been progress when comparing their
living conditions to the civil war, whereas 28% believe there has been an overall improvement in
their lives in the past 5 years, their lack of trust is still present. Despite the lack of trust, 9%
believe that their lives are going to improve significantly over the next 5 years. Let us not
underestimate the social and psychological cost of war.
Saving Peace through Citizen and Policy Oriented Conclusions
5. The closer we try to understand life and what suppresses life, for example war and
violence, we understand that preserving peace starts with enforcing the rule of law. Through
guaranteeing the authentic independence of the judicial system we ensure on one hand the trust
of the citizen in the government and on the other hand we allow the citizen to have access to an
instrument capable to fight corruption and reinstate accountability. We are not referring only to
trust but just as important is the feeling that those that hold power can be held accountable. These
two nuances of our philosophy play a vital part in avoiding unhappiness among citizens and in
preventing violence. The rule of law allows citizens to feel that they hold control even without
holding power. Furthermore, the rule of law prevents wide spread corruption and allows for
economic development and equal opportunities for all. In our investigation, as we continue, the
clearer it becomes that the inherited conventions on war and the role of violence have to be
discarded in favor of values such as peace, economic prosperity and tolerance that can become
widespread through an education curriculum adapted to these values. The citizen needs to be
given more chances to actively participate in the political life and to be actively trained to be an
educated citizen. As a result, we consider that the extending of e-government and e-schools,
taking advantage of the technological advances in our society would greatly benefit the level of
happiness among citizens and accelerate the active implementation of the new policies for peace.
At this point we have to recognize that we are dealing, in Lebanon for example, with a conflict
oriented mind-set. It is truly challenging to work with such a pattern, but by creating laws and
peace centered education we can strive towards building incentives towards peaceful resolution
that surpass the temptation of resolution through conflict. War and conflict presents huge risks,
of life and loss, it should not be too difficult to offer a viable solution to replace this conflict-
oriented mind-set.
Debating the judicial system we have to foster the opinion that the development of equal
employment opportunities together with a party system that is multi-sectarian in tandem with a
meritocracy-based socioeconomic system would result into a wide participation of all classes of
citizens to the building of the state. We envision stakeholders sharing equal stakes in the
development and the survival of the political system. Ideally we would be working within a
political system that strives towards treating everybody as equal in front of law, government and
administration. Under these circumstances we would have the support of the people for the
system and the chance for war and conflict would be reduced to an insignificant level. We are
starting from a difficult position, one in which although there are plenty of political slogans that
underline equality we continue to witness how powerful state stakeholders bully and influence
those that are weaker. It is important to allow mobility within the society and allow opportunity
to characterize each community and group, no matter the class, religious, political affiliation,
preference for religion.
You probably noticed that we centered our belief upon the level of happiness of the
citizen. Measuring the level of happiness would present a true difficulty, but our research model
is constructed on a few hypotheses that support our ideal. In order to accurately modify the
government system, within the education system and the judicial system of laws we should find
the results of a subjective well-being survey. Such a sociological research instrument would act
not only as an early warning system for potential conflict, but also would offer valuable
information on issues that are truly neglected by public policy but important for the citizen. The
subjective well-being survey would have to know a demographic level, a geographic level and a
6. temporal span. It would capture realities that are true for specific communities, at specific
intervals in time and be able to anticipate and predict tendencies in the future (Itzhaky, 2016)21.
These tendencies should be founded on the past results. This would result in the active capability
of the government to construct local policies that can address the various needs of different
communities and groups of citizens within the country. The paramount aspect in all of this
system would be the independence of the researchers conducting the survey. In order to avoid
bias while interpreting the data in an accurate way, the researchers would have to be
independent. Furthermore, the researchers would have to be protected against outside influences.
It is important to have data that can be used based on real facts, not data that has been tampered
in order to manipulate or present an ideal reality. Sometimes the truth is difficult to handle, but
we believe that although though measures should be taken to prevent conflict and war, it out-
weights the peril of having an active and volatile conflict within the community. The survey
would have an individual dimension, as well as a community dimension. The individual is
important, psychologically speaking, but we are interested also in the sociology of the group.
Through the presence of this subjective well-being survey we intend to minimize the gap
between the stakeholders in a state and offer the citizen the change to present his own perception
on the solid ground of a state that cares for the happiness of its people.
1 Verhoeven, I., Duyvendak, J. (2016). Enter emotions. Appealing to anxiety and anger in a process of municipal
amalgamation. Critical Policy Studies, vol. 10 (4).
2 Yones, M. (1998).Subjective Well-Beingas Public Policy and Tool to Prevent Future Civil Conflicts.Public Policy
Proposal for the Government of Lebanon. Management & Technology Consulting Group. Accessed at:
http://www.mtcg.biz/articles/Subjective_Well-being_Public_Policy_SWB_1998_Yones_M.htm
3 Ibidem
4 Ibidem
5 Ibidem
6 Snir,A., Levi-Benz, Y., Solomon, Z. (2017).Is the war really over? A 20-year longitudinal study on trajectories of
suicidal ideation and posttraumatic stresssymptoms followingcombat. Psychiatry research, vol.247, pp. 33-38.
7 Yones, M. (1998).Subjective Well-Beingas Public Policy and Tool to Prevent Future Civil Conflicts.Public Policy
Proposal for the Government of Lebanon. Management & Technology Consulting Group. Accessed at:
http://www.mtcg.biz/articles/Subjective_Well-being_Public_Policy_SWB_1998_Yones_M.htm
8 Ibidem
9 Backhaus,A., Gholizadeh,S., Godfrey, K.M., Pittman, J. (2017). The many wounds of war: The associati on of
service-related and clinical characteristicswith problems with the lawin Irak and Afghanistan veterans.
International Journal of Law of Psychiatry, vol. 49, pp. 205-213.
10 Yones, M. (1998).Subjective Well-Beingas Public Policy and Tool to Prevent Future Civil Conflicts.Public Policy
Proposal for the Government of Lebanon. Management & Technology Consulting Group. Accessed at:
http://www.mtcg.biz/articles/Subjective_Well-being_Public_Policy_SWB_1998_Yones_M.htm
11 Bradshaw,S.C. (2016).Threat, Anger, and Support for war: Media Coverage of U.S. Policy towards ISIL.The
University of Arizona.
12 Jordan, A.H., Eisen, E., Bolton, E., Nash, W.P., Litz, B.T. (2017).Distinguishingwar-related PTSD Resultingfrom
Perpetration and Betrayal-Based Morally InjuriousEvents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and
Policy.
13 Yones, M. (1998). Subjective Well-Beingas Public Policy and Tool to Prevent Future Civil Conflicts.Public Policy
Proposal for the Government of Lebanon. Management & Technology Consulting Group. Accessed at:
http://www.mtcg.biz/articles/Subjective_Well-being_Public_Policy_SWB_1998_Yones_M.htm
7. 14 Moser, C., Shrader, E. (1999).A conceptual Framework for Violencereduction. Urban Peace Program Series.
Latin America and Caribbean Region, Sustainable Development Working Paper no. 2. Accessed at:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/774791468782146689/pdf/multi-page.pdf
15 Silove,D.M., Tay, A.K., Steel, Z., Tam, N., Soares, Z., Reis,N., Alves, A., Rees, S. (2017).Symptoms of post-
traumatic stress disorder,severe psychological distress,explosiveanger and grief amongst partners of survivors of
high levels of trauma in post-conflictTimor-Leste. Psychological medicine, vol. 47, pp. 149-159.
16 Moser, C., Shrader, E. (1999).A conceptual Framework for Violencereduction. Urban Peace Program Series.
Latin America and Caribbean Region, Sustainable Development Working Paper no. 2. Accessed at:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/774791468782146689/pdf/multi-page.pdf
17 Ibidem
18 Clifton,E.G., Feeny, N.C., Zoellner,L.A. (2017).Anger and guiltin treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress
disorder.Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 54, pp. 9-16.
19 Yones, M. (1998).Subjective Well-Beingas Public Policy and Tool to Prevent Future Civil Conflicts.Public Policy
Proposal for the Government of Lebanon. Management & Technology Consulting Group. Accessed at:
http://www.mtcg.biz/articles/Subjective_Well-being_Public_Policy_SWB_1998_Yones_M.htm
20 Ibidem
21 Itzhaky, L. (2016).Long-Term Guiltand Hostility UnderlyingPosttraumatic Stress Symptoms in War Combatants
and Ex-prisoners of War. Journal of Loss and Trauma, vol.22 (3),