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PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Worksheet (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Probability and Statistical Analysis
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 3 Identifying Statistical Tests in the
Literature Worksheet (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 4 Comparing Means Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 6 Chi-Square Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 2 Statistics Project, Part 1 Opening Data In
Microsoft® Excel® And Running Descriptive Statistics (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Statistics Project, Part 2 Hypothesis Testing And
Two-Group T Tests (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 4 Statistics Project, Part 3 (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 5 Statistics Project, Part 4 Correlation (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 6 Statistics Project, Part 5 Presentation (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 1 Descriptive
and Inferential Statistics Worksheet (New
Syllabus)

Complete both Part A and Part B below.
Part A
Before completing the following questions, be sure to have read
Appendix C and the Statistical Software Resources at the ends of
Chapters 2 and 3 from Statistics Plain and Simple.
Highlight the required answers to the question in your Excel output.
1. Using Microsoft® Excel®, enter the following data from the 40
participants by first creating a variable labeled “Score”. Next,
compute the mean, median, and mode for the following set of 40
reading scores:
2. Imagine you are the assistant manager of a fast food store. Part of
your job is to report which special is selling best to the store manager
at the end of each day. Use your knowledge of descriptive statistics
and write one paragraph to let the store manager know what happened
today. Use the following data.
Special number Sold Cost
Huge Burger 20 $2.95
Baby Burger 18 $1.49
Chicken Littles 25 $3.50
Porker Burger 19 $2.95
Yummy Burger 17 $1.99
Coney Dog 20 $1.99
Total specials sold 119

3. Suppose you are working with a data set that has some different
(much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data) scores. What
measure of central tendency (mean, median or mode) would you use
and why?
4. During the course of a semester, 10 students in Mr. Smith’s class
took three exams. Use Microsoft® Excel® to compute all the
descriptive statistics for the following set of three test scores over the
course of a semester. Which test had the highest average score?
Which test had the smallest amount of variability? How would you
interpret the differences between exams, and note the range, means,
and standard deviations over time?
5. For each of the following, indicate whether you would use a pie,
line, or bar chart, and why:
a. The proportion of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors in a
particular university
b. Change in GPA over four semesters
c. Number of applicants for four different jobs
d. Reaction time to different stimuli
e. Number of scores in each of 10 categories
NO RESPONSES
6. Using the data from question 1, create a frequency table and a
histogram in Microsoft® Excel®.
Part B
Answer the questions below. Be specific and provide examples when
relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines.
Question Answer
What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral sciences?
Your answer should be 100 to 175 words.

Providing examples of each, compare and contrast the four levels of
measurement. Your answer should be 175 to 350 words.
Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What
information do they provide? What are their similarities and
differences? Your answer should be 175 to 350 words.
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Probability
and Statistical Analysis Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
Probability and Statistical Analysis Worksheet
Complete Parts A, B, and C below.
Part A
Why is a z score a standard score? Why can standard scores be used
to compare scores from different distributions? Why is it useful to
compare different distributions?
For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 74.13 and
the standard deviation is 9.98.
Questions 3a through 3d are based on a distribution of scores with
¯X=75 and the standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to
help you see what is required.

What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 70
and 80?
What is the probability of a score falling above a raw score of 80?
What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 81
and 83?
What is the probability of a score falling below a raw score of 63?
Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical fitness
certificate. The class mean is 78 and the standard deviation is 5.5.
What raw score does he need?
Part B
The questions in Part B require that you access data from the Pulse
Rate Dataset.
The data is based on the following research problem:
Ann conducted a study on the things that may affect pulse rate after
exercising. She wants to describe the demographic characteristics of a
sample of 55 individuals who completed a large-scale survey. She has
demographic data on the participants’ gender (two categories), their
age (open ended), their level of exercise (three categories), their
height (open ended), and their weight (open ended).
Using Microsoft® Excel® software, run descriptive statistics on the
gender and level of exercise variables. From the output, identify the
following:
Percent of men
Mode for exercise frequency
Frequency of high level exercisers (exercise level 1) in the sample
Using Microsoft® Excel® software, run descriptive statistics to
summarize the data on the age variable, noting the mean and standard

deviation. Copy and paste the output from Microsoft® Excel® into
this worksheet.
Part C
Answer the questions below in at least 90 words. Be specific and
provide examples when relevant.
Question Answer
How does understanding probability help you understand inferential
statistics?
When have you used probability in everyday life? How did you use
it?
Which do you think would be a more serious violation: a Type I or
Type II error? And why?
What are the characteristics that separate parametric and
nonparametric tests?
What does statistical significance mean? How do you know if
something is statistically significant? What is the difference between
statistical significance and practical significance?
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Statistics
Project, Part 1 Opening Data In Microsoft®
Excel® And Running Descriptive Statistics
(New Syllabus)

The Statistics Project assignment has been broken down into multiple
parts and you will complete these parts throughout the course. This
week's assignment allows you to become familiar with opening data
and viewing it in Microsoft® Excel® and using the Analysis Toolpak.
In research, the individual data points are entered into databases, but
for the purpose of this course, the data is provided in a spreadsheet for
you in the Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
Imagine you have been asked to enhance workplace happiness and
engagement at your company. You have conducted a survey and
gathered data on the gender, age, relationship with direct supervisor,
telecommute schedule, relationship with coworkers, along with the
ratings for workplace happiness and workplace engagement for 50
individuals in your department. You must determine what variables
affect workplace happiness and engagement. The first step is to run
descriptive statistics on each variable to learn more about the data you
have collected.
Calculate descriptive statistics for the following variables in the
provided Microsoft® Excel® dataset:
• Gender
• Age
• Relationship with Direct Supervisor
• Telecommute Schedule
• Relationship with Coworkers
• Workplace Happiness Rating
• Workplace Engagement Rating
Write a 125- to 175-word summary of your interpretation of the
descriptive results for each variable. Copy and paste the Microsoft®
Excel® output below your summary.
Format your summary according to APA guidelines.
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 3 Identifying
Statistical Tests in the Literature Worksheet
(New Syllabus)

Identifying Statistical Tests in the Literature Worksheet
Research in the University Library to find three empirical (those
containing data) research articles using one of the analytic methods
studied this week (i.e., z test, independent sample t test, repeated
measures t test).
Select articles that are of interest to you and include the citations at
the end of this document.
Fill out the following tables and answer each question in 1 to 2
sentences.
Title of Article:
Question Answer
What is the null hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?
What is the research hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?
What was the type of analysis (z test, independent sample t test,
repeated measures t test) chosen, and why was it appropriate?
Project, Part 2 Hypothesis Testing And Two-
Group T Tests (New Syllabus)

Now that you have run descriptive statistics with your data, it is time
to create a hypothesis and test your hypothesis. This part of the
Statistics Project will take you through the process of creating and
testing your hypothesis through statistical methods, using Microsoft®
Excel®. Creating hypotheses provides you the opportunity to think
like a researcher and help you understand and critique research
articles you read.
Create a hypothesis for the Happiness and Engagement Dataset from
Part 1 of the Statistics Project. Your hypothesis can be anything based
on the variables you have in your dataset. One example: Teaching
Method X provides higher test scores than Teaching Method Y.
Create a null hypothesis. (Example: Teaching Method X scores are
equal to Teaching Method Y scores.)
State your null and alternate hypotheses.
Identify and justify which type of statistical analysis will be
appropriate for this data.
Review the steps beginning on pp. 202 in Statistics Plain and Simple
describing how to run an independent samples t test.
Run an independent samples t test on the data in your dataset.
results of the t test, and copy and paste your Microsoft® Excel®
output below the summary.
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 4 Comparing
Means Worksheet (New Syllabus)

Comparing Means Worksheet
The following questions require that you access Microsoft® Excel®
for analysis. The team must work together to solve these
questions.The data set for this assignment is located in the Pulse Rate
Dataset.
1. John is interested in determining if frequency of exercise affects
pulse rate. John randomly samples individuals at a local gym to ask if
they will participate in his study. 55 individuals agree, and they are
divided into three groups of exercisers: 1 = high frequency, 2 =
moderate frequency, 3 = low frequency. Next, John measures their
pulse after their workout. Do pulse rates differ among individuals who
exercise with high frequency versus those who exercise moderately
versus those who exercise with low frequency?
Note: Make sure you adjust the data so that there are three exercise
variables (one for each level).
Conduct a one-way ANOVA to investigate the relationship between
exercise frequency (Exercise) and pulse rate (Pulse1).
ConductTukey’s HSD post hoc tests, if necessary. On the output,
identifythe following:
a. F ratio for the group effect
b. Sums of squares for the exercise effect
c. Mean for moderate exercisers
d. P value for exercise effect
Write a 125- to 175-word summary of the results, formatted according
to APA guidelines.
Project, Part 3 (New Syllabus)

As you get closer to the final project in Week 6, you should have a
better idea of the role of statistics in research. This week, you will
calculate a one-way ANOVA for the independent groups. Reading
and interpreting the output correctly is highly important. Most people
who read research articles never see the actual output or data; they
read the results statements by the researcher, which is why your
summary must be accurate.
Consider your hypothesis statements you created in Part 2.
Calculate a one-way ANOVA, including a Tukey's HSD for the data
from the Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
results of the ANOVA, and describe how using an ANOVA was more
advantageous than using multiple t tests to compare your independent
variable on the outcome. Copy and paste your Microsoft® Excel®
output below the summary.
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation
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PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
Project, Part 4 Correlation (New Syllabus)
For this assignment, you will calculate the Pearson product-moment
correlations between at least two sets of variables in the Happiness
and Engagement Dataset.
Perform one correlation between two independent variables, such as
Age and Relationship with Coworkers.
Perform the second correlation on an independent variable (such as
Relationship with Direct Supervisor) and the dependent variable (such
as Workplace Happiness Rating).
Calculate the Pearson product-moment correlations between at least
two sets of variables in your data set.
correlation results. Remember that most people never see the actual
output or data, and rely on the results statements by the researcher.
Ensure that your summary is accurate. Copy and paste your
Microsoft® Excel® output below the summary.
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 6 Chi-Square

Chi-Square Worksheet
Part 1: Interpret Chi-Square Results
Review the following output from a chi-square test, and answer the
questions below.
Chi-Square Test Frequencies:
a 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum
expected cell frequency is 20.0.
Answer the following questions about this chi-square output in one to
two sentences each:
1. How many categories are listed for analysis?
2. What is the expected N size?
3. What is the chi-square value?
4. How many degrees of freedom are there?

5. What it the test statistic and what does it tell you about the
probability?
Part 2: Conduct a Chi-Square Test
Imagine you are the manager of a non-profit business, and you are
looking to hire a recent college graduate. You list the position as
paying $20,000/year. After interviewing candidates you decide that
some will be offered the expected salary, while some will be offered
more because of experience and interviewing skills. Others will be
offered less than expected until they can demonstrate competence and
their salary will increase when they are fully qualified.
Using Microsoft® Excel®, run a chi square Goodness of Fit test to
determine whether these observed starting salaries are significantly
different. What do the findings tell you?
Write a 75- to 100-word summary to describe your results.
Paste your Microsoft® Excel® output below your summary.
Project, Part 5 Presentation (New Syllabus)

You have made it to the final step of your individual project. In this
assignment, you will develop the skills needed to compile statistics as
a part of the research process.
Imagine you must present your research findings to your Human
Resources department.
Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation
discussing your analysis of the data. Include the following in your
presentation:
• An introduction that includes the data and variables from the
Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
• A description and the results of each analysis, including:
o The descriptive statistics from Part 1
o The t test from Part 2
o The ANOVA from Part 3
o The bivariate correlations from Part 4
• A conceptual summary of the results stating what the data conveys.
Include detailed speaker notes on each slide as a transcript of what
you would say while presenting this information.
Format any citations in your presentation and speaker notes according
to APA guidelines.
PSYCH 625 Entire Course
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Basic Concepts in
Statistics Worksheet
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Reliability and Validity
Matrix

PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Time to Practice – Week
One
Two
PSYCH 625 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Statistics Project
Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software
Three
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Hypothesis Testing
Problem Worksheet
Descriptive Statistics
Four
Comparing Means
PSYCH 625 Week 5 Individual Assignment Programmatic
Assessment Time to Practice – Week Five
Correlations
Presentation
PSYCH 625 Individual Assignment Reliability
and Validity Matrix

For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix,
prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the test’s application.
Describe what conditions these reliability types would be used for as
well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, for each test, prepare
a 50- to 100-word description of the strengths and a 50- to 100-word
description of the weaknesses.
PSYCH 625 Week 1 DQs
DQ 1: As we begin our venture into statistics, let's pause to examine
the role of research in psychology. Psychology is the science of
behavior. We think of psychology as counseling, introspection,
learning, cognition, etc. How can these processes be the subject of
research? How do we reconcile the discipline and rigor of good
research with the ambiguity of human emotions and motivations?
What is the role of research in psychology?
DQ 2: Many people feel nervous around math, but what we really
need to fear is the selective interpretation of data! For most of us, 1 +
1 = 2, but in the hands of some, 1 + 1 can be "spun" to support
specific agenda. Think about commercials or news clips that you may
have seen recently. In what subtle ways might data have been used to
influence the listener/viewer? For example, when we hear, "Four out

of five dentists recommend Glittering Grin toothpaste!" is it correct to
assume that 100 dentists were polled and 80 voted for Glittering Grin?
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment
Basic Concepts in Statistics Worksheet
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide examples
when relevant.
What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral sciences?
Your answer should be 100 to 200 words.
Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What
information do they provide? What are their similarities and
differences? Your answer should be 250 to 400 words.
What is a population? What is a sample? How are they similar and
how are they different? When would you use one or the other? Your
answer should be 250 to 400 words.
Go to the library and find a journal article in your area of interest that
contains empirical data, but does not contain any visual representation
of the data. Use the data to create a chart. Specify what type of chart
you are creating, and why you chose the one you did. You can create
the chart manually or using IBM® SPSS® software or a Microsoft®
Excel® document. The chart may be pasted into this document or
submitted as an attachment with this document.
Time to Practice – Week One

Part A
Some questions in Part A require that you access data from Statistics
for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics. This data is available on
the student website under the Student Test Resources link.
1. By hand, compute the mean, median, and mode for the following
set of 40 reading scores
2. Compute the means for the following set of scores saved as Ch. 2
Data Set 3 using IBM® SPSS® Print out a copy of the output.
3. You are the manager of a fast food store. Part of your job is to
report which special is selling best to the boss at the end of each day.
Use your knowledge of descriptive statistics and write one paragraph
to let the boss know what happened today. Use the following data. Do
not use IBM® SPSS® software to compute the statistics needed;
rather, do it by hand. Include a copy of your work
4. Suppose you are working with a data set that has some different
(much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data) scores. What
measure of central tendency would you use and why
5. For the following set of scores, compute the range, the unbiased
and the biased standard deviations, and the variance. Do the exercise
by hand
6. Use IBM® SPSS® software to compute all the descriptive statistics
for the following set of three test scores over the course of a semester.
Which test had the highest average score? Which test had the smallest
amount of variability
7. This practice problem uses the data contained in the file named Ch.
3 Data Set 3. There are two variables in this data set
8. Review the following frequency distribution. Create a histogram
either by hand or by using some other application such as a
Microsoft® Excel® document
9. A third-grade teacher is looking to improve her students’ level of
engagement during group discussions and instruction. She keeps track

of each of the 15 third graders’ number of responses every day for 1
week. This information is available in Ch. 4 Data Set 2. Use IBM®
SPSS® software to create a bar chart (one bar for each day).
10. Identify whether these distributions are negatively skewed,
positively skewed, or not skewed at all, and why
11. For each of the following, indicate whether you would use a pie,
line, or bar chart, and why
Part B
Complete the questions below. Be specific and provide examples
when relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines
Salkind (2011) describes statistics as a “set of tools” (p. 18). How do
behavioral scientists use those tools
How would you use descriptive statistics to report the effectiveness of
a baseball team? How would you use inferential statistics to report the
effectiveness of a baseball team? In this example, what is the sample
and what is the population
What does a measure of central tendency tell us about a data set?
Identify the three common measures of central tendency used in
descriptive statistics and give an example of each. How do you
calculate them
What is variability in a data set? Identify three measures of variability
used in descriptive statistics, explain how to calculate each, and give
an example of each
DQ 1: More and more, we are asked to document impact and to
measure outcomes. We are asked to provide information about a
variety of things through as many varieties of ways. When we go to

stores and they ask us for a zip code or phone number. The list could
go on and on. You text talks about descriptive statistics and suggests
that they are used to make a group of numbers understandable in a
research study. While that is certainly the case, we use descriptive
statistics in a number of other ways.
DQ 2: Research in the library a journal article that is in your area of
interest in which reliability and validity data are reported. Discuss the
outcome measures that are used. Identify the type of reliability that
was established and the type of validity. Comment on whether you
think the levels are acceptable. If not, how can they be improved?
Time to Practice – Week Two
Part A
the student website under the Student Text Resources link.
1. Why is a z score a standard score? Why can standard scores be
used to compare scores from different distributions
2.For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 70 and
the standard deviation is 8
3. Questions 3a through 3d are based on a distribution of scores with
and the standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to help you
see what is required
4. Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical
fitness certificate. The class mean is 78 and the standard deviation is
5.5. What raw score does he need

5. Who is the better student, relative to his or her classmates? Use the
following table for information
Part B
Some questions in Part B require that you access data from Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh. This data is available on the
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercises 6 and 7 are in the data file named Lesson 20
Exercise File 1. Answer Exercises 6 and 7 based on the following
research problem:
Ann wants to describe the demographic characteristics of a sample of
25 individuals who completed a large-scale survey. She has
demographic data on the participants’ gender (two categories),
educational level (four categories), marital status (three categories),
and community population size (eight categories).
6. Using IBM® SPSS® software, conduct a frequency analysis on the
gender and marital status variables. From the output, identify the
following
7. Using IBM® SPSS® software, create a frequency table to
summarize the data on the educational level variable
8. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit
the university health center during finals week. Compute descriptive
statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output, identify the
following
Part C
when relevant.
What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
How can a test be reliable but not valid?
Can a test be valid but not reliable?
Why or why not?
How does understanding probability help you understand statistics
How could you use standard scores and the standard distribution to
compare the reading scores of two students receiving special reading
resource help and one student in a standard classroom who does not
get special help
In a standard normal distribution: What does a z score of 1 represent?

What percent of cases fall between the mean and one standard
deviation above the mean?
What percent fall between the mean and –1 to +1 standard deviations
from the mean?
What percent of scores will fall between –3 and +3 standard
deviations under the normal curve
DQ 1: Please read the following article in your Electronic Readings,
Null Hypothesis,
CLOSED THINKING: Without scientific competition and open
debate, much psychology research goes nowhere
DQ 2: It is suggested that significance tests should be banned for two
reasons, (1) that there is a tendency for researchers to accept the null
hypothesis as true because the result is not significant and (2)
significance is confused with a large effect size.
Would you agree that testing the significance of a result may lead to
faulty assumptions about accepting the null hypothesis?
Time to Practice – Week Three

Complete both Part A and Part B below.
Part A
the student website under the Student Test Resources link.
1. For the following research questions, create one null hypothesis,
one directional research hypothesis, and one nondirectional research
hypothesis
What are the effects of attention on out-of-seat classroom behavior
What is the relationship between the quality of a marriage and the
quality of the spouses’ relationships with their siblings
What is the best way to treat an eating disorder
2. Provide one research hypothesis and an equation for each of the
following topics
The amount of money spent on food among undergraduate students
and undergraduate student-athletes
The average amount of time taken by white and brown rats to get out
of a maze
The effects of Drug A and Drug B on a disease
The time to complete a task in Method 1 and Method 2
3. Why does the null hypothesis presume no relationship between
variables
4. Create a research hypothesis tested using a one-tailed test and a
research hypothesis tested using a two-tailed test
5. What does the critical value represent
6. Given the following information, would your decision be to reject
or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Setting the level of significance at
.05 for decision making, provide an explanation for your conclusion
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the type of
music a person listens to and his crime rate (p < .05)
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the amount
of coffee consumption and GPA (p = .62)
The null hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between the
number of hours worked and level of job satisfaction (p = .51)

7. Why is it harder to find a significant outcome (all other things
being equal) when the research hypothesis is being tested at the .01
rather than the .05 level of significance
8. Why should we think in terms of “failing to reject” the null rather
than just accepting it
9. When is it appropriate to use the one-sample z test
10. What similarity does a z test have to a simple z or standard score
11. For the following situations, write out a research hypothesis
Bob wants to know if the weight loss for his group on the chocolate-
only diet is representative of weight loss in a large population of
middle-aged men
The health department is charged with finding out if the rate of flu per
thousand citizens for this past flu season is comparable to the average
rate of the past 50 seasons
Blair is almost sure that his monthly costs for the past year are not
representative of his average monthly costs over the past 20 years
12. There were about 15 flu cases per week, this flu season, in the
Oshkosh school system. The weekly average for the entire state is 16
and the standard deviation, is 2.35. Are the kids in Oshkosh as sick as
the kids throughout the state
Part B
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide examples
when relevant.
The average raw math achievement score for third graders at a Smith
elementary school is 137; third graders statewide score an average of
124 with a standard deviation of 7. Are the Smith third graders better
at math than third graders throughout the state? Perform the correct
statistical test, applying the eight steps of the hypothesis testing
process as demonstrated on pp. 185–187 of Statistics for People Who
(Think they) Hate Statistics
What is a research question that you would like to answer? Write the
null and research hypotheses. Would you use a one- or two-tailed
test? Why
What do we mean when we say that a statistical result is significant?
What is the difference between a statistically significant and a
meaningful result? Why is statistical significance important

Describe a Type I error for the previous study that compares third
graders’ math achievement. Describe a Type II error for that study
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Learning Team
Assignment Hypothesis Testing Problem
Worksheet
Research in the University Library to find five empirical (those
containing data) research articles. Select articles that are of interest to
you and include the citations at the end of this document. Place the
information for each one in the following tables:
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
Using the content in any of these articles, create another research
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer

hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Assignment Statistics Project Descriptive
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics

WEEK 4:
DQ 1: What is a research question each of you would like to research?
 What are independent and dependent variables?
 What would your hypothesis be?
 Using the decision tree on page 255 of Statistics for People
Who (think they) Hate Statistics as a resource, identify which
statistical test you would use to test your hypothesis.
 Tell us why you selected that particular test.
DQ 2: Let's take some time this week and look at some data that is
used to make up reports through the Anne E. Casey Foundation. The
Foundation published a document called Kid's Count which is a
collection of significant information about risk factors for kids.
Please go to the Foundation's website at www.aecf.org, find the
information for your state, review some of the key data, tell us what
you might use the data for and what are some of the problems with
the data, especially as you look at census data atwww.census.gov
Datafinder, in comparison to kids' count data.
Time to Practice – Week Four
Part A

1. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 2, test the research
hypothesis at the .05 level of significance that boys raise their hands
in class more often than girls. Do this practice problem by hand using
a calculator. What is your conclusion regarding the research
hypothesis? Remember to first decide whether this is a one- or two-
tailed test
2. Using the same data set (Ch. 11 Data Set 2), test the research
hypothesis at the .01 level of significance that there is a difference
between boys and girls in the number of times they raise their hands
in class. Do this practice problem by hand using a calculator. What is
your conclusion regarding the research hypothesis? You used the
same data for this problem as for Question 1, but you have a different
hypothesis (one is directional and the other is nondirectional). How do
the results differ and why
3. Practice the following problems by hand just to see if you can get
the numbers right. Using the following information, calculate the t
test statistic
4. Using the results you got from Question 3 and a level of
significance at .05, what are the two-tailed critical values associated
with each? Would the null hypothesis be rejected
5. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 3, test the null
hypothesis that urban and rural residents both have the same attitude
toward gun control. Use IBM® SPSS® software to complete the
analysis for this problem
6. A public health researcher tested the hypothesis that providing new
car buyers with child safety seats will also act as an incentive for
parents to take other measures to protect their children (such as
driving more safely, child-proofing the home, and so on). Dr. L
counted all the occurrences of safe behaviors in the cars and homes of
the parents who accepted the seats versus those who did not. The
findings: a significant difference at the .013 level. Another researcher
did exactly the same study; everything was the same—same type of
sample, same outcome measures, same car seats, and so on. Dr. R’s

results were marginally significant (recall Ch. 9) at the .051 level.
Which result do you trust more and why
7. In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform a
ttest of independent means or dependent means
Two groups were exposed to different treatment levels for ankle
sprains. Which treatment was most effective
A researcher in nursing wanted to know if the recovery of patients
was quicker when some received additional in-home care whereas
when others received the standard amount
A group of adolescent boys was offered interpersonal skills
counseling and then tested in September and May to see if there was
any impact on family harmony
One group of adult men was given instructions in reducing their high
blood pressure whereas another was not given any instructions
One group of men was provided access to an exercise program and
tested two times over a 6-month period for heart health
8. For Ch. 12 Data Set 3, compute the t value and write a conclusion
on whether there is a difference in satisfaction level in a group of
families’ use of service centers following a social service intervention
on a scale from 1 to 15. Do this exercise using IBM® SPSS®
software, and report the exact probability of the outcome
9. Do this exercise by hand. A famous brand-name manufacturer
wants to know whether people prefer Nibbles or Wribbles. They
sample each type of cracker and indicate their like or dislike on a
scale from 1 to 10. Which do they like the most
10. Using the following table, provide three examples of a simple
one-way ANOVA, two examples of a two-factor ANOVA, and one
example of a three-factor ANOVA. Complete the table for the
missing examples. Identify the grouping and the test variable
11. Using the data in Ch. 13 Data Set 2 and the IBM® SPSS®
software, compute the F ratio for a comparison between the three
levels representing the average amount of time that swimmers
practice weekly (< 15, 15–25, and > 25 hours) with the outcome
variable being their time for the 100-yard freestyle. Does practice
time make a difference? Use the Options feature to obtain the means
for the groups

12. When would you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple
ANOVA to test the significance of the difference between the
averages of two or more groups
13. Create a drawing or plan for a 2 × 3 experimental design that
would lend itself to a factorial ANOVA. Identify the independent and
dependent variables
Part B
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercise 14 is in the data file named Lesson 22 Exercise
File 1.
14. John is interested in determining if a new teaching method, the
involvement technique, is effective in teaching algebra to first
graders. John randomly samples six first graders from all first graders
within the Lawrence City School System and individually teaches
them algebra with the new method. Next, the pupils complete an
eight-item algebra test. Each item describes a problem and presents
four possible answers to the problem. The scores on each item are 1
or 0, where 1 indicates a correct response and 0 indicates a wrong
response. The IBM® SPSS® data file contains six cases, each with
eight item scores for the algebra test.
Conduct a one-sample t test on the total scores. On the output,
identify the following
15. Marvin is interested in whether blonds, brunets, and redheads
differ with respect to their extrovertedness. He randomly samples 18
men from his local college campus: six blonds, six brunets, and six
redheads. He then administers a measure of social extroversion to
each individual.
Conduct a one-way ANOVA to investigate the relationship between
hair color and social extroversion. Conduct appropriate post hoc tests.
On the output, identify the following
Part C
when relevant.

What is meant by independent samples? Provide a research example
of two independent samples
When is it appropriate to use a t test for dependent samples? What is
the key piece of information you must know in order to decide
When is it appropriate to use an ANOVA? What is the key piece of
information you must know in order to decide
Why would you want to do an ANOVA when you have more than
two groups, rather than just comparing each pair of means with a t test
Assignment Statistics Project Comparing Means
Comparing Means
DQ 1: Thomas Bayes who was an English Clergyman in the early
18th century who is known for the Bayes' Theorem. The theorem
suggests that science is about conducting research in order to adjust
our preexisting beliefs in light of the evidence collected. Conclusions
drawn from an experiment are always in the context of what we
believed about the world before the experiment.

Others suggest that it is better not to make any assumptions about
prior beliefs. (Aron, Aron & Coups, 2006)
Where do you weigh in on this debate? Do you think we do research
in order to validate something we already believe to be true or false?
DQ 2: When two variables are correlated, it means that they are
associated with one another. But if they are associated with one
another, then why doesn't one cause the other?
Programmatic Assessment Time to Practice –
Week Five
Part A
1. Use the following data to answer Questions 1a and 1b
Compute the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient by hand
and show all your work
Construct a scatterplot for these 10 values by hand. Based on the
scatterplot, would you predict the correlation to be direct or indirect?
Why
2. Rank the following correlation coefficients on strength of their
relationship (list the weakest first)
3. Use IBM® SPSS® software to determine the correlation between
hours of studying and grade point average for these honor students.
Why is the correlation so low
4. Look at the following table.

What type of correlation coefficient would you use to examine the
relationship between ethnicity (defined as different categories) and
political affiliation
5. When two variables are correlated (such as strength and running
speed), it also means that they are associated with one another. But if
they are associated with one another, then why does one not cause the
other
6. Given the following information, use Table B.4 in Appendix B of
Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics to determine
whether the correlations are significant and how you would interpret
the results
The correlation between speed and strength for 20 women is .567.
Test these results at the .01 level using a one-tailed test
The correlation between the number correct on a math test and the
time it takes to complete the test is –.45. Test whether this correlation
is significant for 80 children at the .05 level of significance. Choose
either a one- or a two-tailed test and justify your choice
The correlation between number of friends and grade point average
(GPA) for 50 adolescents is .37. Is this significant at the .05 level for
a two-tailed test
7. Use the data in Ch. 15 Data Set 3 to answer the questions below.
Do this one manually or use IBM® SPSS® software
Compute the correlation between income and level of education
Test for the significance of the correlation
What argument can you make to support the conclusion that lower
levels of education cause low income
8. Use the following data set to answer the questions. Do this one
manually
Compute the correlation between age in months and number of words
known
Test for the significance of the correlation at the .05 level of
significance
Recall what you learned in Ch. 5 of Salkind (2011) about correlation
coefficients and interpret this correlation
9. How does linear regression differ from analysis of variance
10. Betsy is interested in predicting how many 75-year-olds will
develop Alzheimer’s disease and is using level of education and

general physical health graded on a scale from 1 to 10 as predictors.
But she is interested in using other predictor variables as well.
Answer the following questions
What criteria should she use in the selection of other predictors? Why
Name two other predictors that you think might be related to the
development of Alzheimer’s disease
With the four predictor variables (level of education, general physical
health, and the two new ones that you name), draw out what the
model of the regression equation would look like
11. Joe Coach was curious to know if the average number of games
won in a year predicts Super Bowl performance (win or lose). The x
variable was the average number of games won during the past 10
seasons. The y variable was whether the team ever won the Super
Bowl during the past 10 seasons. Refer to the following data set
How would you assess the usefulness of the average number of wins
as a predictor of whether a team ever won a Super Bowl
What’s the advantage of being able to use a categorical variable (such
as 1 or 0) as a dependent variable
What other variables might you use to predict the dependent variable,
and why would you choose them
Part B
student website under the Student Text Resources link. The data for
this exercise is in the data file named Lesson 33 Exercise File 1.
Peter was interested in determining if children who hit a bobo doll
more frequently would display more or less aggressive behavior on
the playground. He was given permission to observe 10 boys in a
nursery school classroom. Each boy was encouraged to hit a bobo doll
for 5 minutes. The number of times each boy struck the bobo doll was
recorded (bobo). Next, Peter observed the boys on the playground for
an hour and recorded the number of times each boy struck a classmate
(peer).
Conduct a linear regression to predict the number of times a boy
would strike a classmate from the number of times the boy hit a bobo
doll. From the output, identify the following
Slope associated with the predictor

Additive constant for the regression equation
Mean number of times they struck a classmate
Correlation between the number of times they hit the bobo doll and
the number of times they struck a classmate
Standard error of estimate
Part C
when relevant.
Draw a scatterplot of each of the following:
A strong positive correlation
A strong negative correlation
A weak positive correlation
A weak negative correlation
Give a realistic example of each
What is the coefficient of determination? What is the coefficient of
alienation?
Why is it important to know the amount of shared variance when
interpreting both the significance and the meaningfulness of a
correlation coefficient
If a researcher wanted to predict how well a student might do in
college, what variables do you think he or she might examine?
What statistical procedure would he or she use
What is the meaning of the p value of a correlation coefficient

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