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PSYCH 625 All Assignments
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PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Worksheet (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Probability and Statistical Analysis
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 3 Identifying Statistical Tests in the
Literature Worksheet (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 4 Comparing Means Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation Worksheet (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 6 Chi-Square Worksheet (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 2 Statistics Project, Part 1 Opening Data In
Microsoft® Excel® And Running Descriptive Statistics (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Statistics Project, Part 2 Hypothesis Testing And
Two-Group T Tests (New Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 4 Statistics Project, Part 3 (New Syllabus)

PSYCH 625 Week 5 Statistics Project, Part 4 Correlation (New
Syllabus)
PSYCH 625 Week 6 Statistics Project, Part 5 Presentation (New
Syllabus)
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 1 Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics Worksheet (New Syllabus)
Complete both Part A and Part B below.
Part A
Before completing the following questions, be sure to have read
Appendix C and the Statistical Software Resources at the ends of
Chapters 2 and 3 from Statistics Plain and Simple.

Highlight the required answers to the question in your Excel output.
1. Using Microsoft® Excel®, enter the following data from the 40
participants by first creating a variable labeled ―Score‖. Next, compute
the mean, median, and mode for the following set of 40 reading scores:
2. Imagine you are the assistant manager of a fast food store. Part of
your job is to report which special is selling best to the store manager at
the end of each day. Use your knowledge of descriptive statistics and
write one paragraph to let the store manager know what happened today.
Use the following data.
Special number Sold Cost
Huge Burger 20 $2.95
Baby Burger 18 $1.49
Chicken Littles 25 $3.50
Porker Burger 19 $2.95
Yummy Burger 17 $1.99
Coney Dog 20 $1.99
Total specials sold 119

3. Suppose you are working with a data set that has some different
(much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data) scores. What
measure of central tendency (mean, median or mode) would you use and
why?
4. During the course of a semester, 10 students in Mr. Smith’s class took
three exams. Use Microsoft® Excel® to compute all the descriptive
statistics for the following set of three test scores over the course of a
semester. Which test had the highest average score? Which test had the
smallest amount of variability? How would you interpret the differences
between exams, and note the range, means, and standard deviations over
time?
5. For each of the following, indicate whether you would use a pie, line,
or bar chart, and why:
a. The proportion of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors in a
particular university
b. Change in GPA over four semesters
c. Number of applicants for four different jobs
d. Reaction time to different stimuli
e. Number of scores in each of 10 categories
NO RESPONSES
6. Using the data from question 1, create a frequency table and a
histogram in Microsoft® Excel®.

Part B
Answer the questions below. Be specific and provide examples when
relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines.
Question Answer
What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral sciences?
Your answer should be 100 to 175 words.
Providing examples of each, compare and contrast the four levels of
measurement. Your answer should be 175 to 350 words.
Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What
information do they provide? What are their similarities and differences?
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Probability and
Statistical Analysis Worksheet (New Syllabus)

Probability and Statistical Analysis Worksheet
Complete Parts A, B, and C below.
Part A
Why is a z score a standard score? Why can standard scores be used to
compare scores from different distributions? Why is it useful to compare
different distributions?
For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 74.13 and
the standard deviation is 9.98.
Questions 3a through 3d are based on a distribution of scores with
¯X=75 and the standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to help
you see what is required.

What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 70 and
80?
What is the probability of a score falling above a raw score of 80?
What is the probability of a score falling between a raw score of 81 and
83?
What is the probability of a score falling below a raw score of 63?
Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical fitness
certificate. The class mean is 78 and the standard deviation is 5.5. What
raw score does he need?
Part B
The questions in Part B require that you access data from the Pulse Rate
Dataset.
The data is based on the following research problem:
Ann conducted a study on the things that may affect pulse rate after
exercising. She wants to describe the demographic characteristics of a
sample of 55 individuals who completed a large-scale survey. She has
demographic data on the participants’ gender (two categories), their age
(open ended), their level of exercise (three categories), their height (open
ended), and their weight (open ended).

Using Microsoft® Excel® software, run descriptive statistics on the
gender and level of exercise variables. From the output, identify the
following:
Percent of men
Mode for exercise frequency
Frequency of high level exercisers (exercise level 1) in the sample
Using Microsoft® Excel® software, run descriptive statistics to
summarize the data on the age variable, noting the mean and standard
deviation. Copy and paste the output from Microsoft® Excel® into this
worksheet.
Part C
Answer the questions below in at least 90 words. Be specific and
provide examples when relevant.
Question Answer

How does understanding probability help you understand inferential
statistics?
When have you used probability in everyday life? How did you use it?
Which do you think would be a more serious violation: a Type I or Type
II error? And why?
What are the characteristics that separate parametric and nonparametric
tests?
What does statistical significance mean? How do you know if something
is statistically significant? What is the difference between statistical
significance and practical significance?
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 2 Statistics Project, Part 1
Opening Data In Microsoft® Excel® And Running
Descriptive Statistics (New Syllabus)

The Statistics Project assignment has been broken down into multiple
parts and you will complete these parts throughout the course. This
week's assignment allows you to become familiar with opening data and
viewing it in Microsoft® Excel® and using the Analysis Toolpak. In
research, the individual data points are entered into databases, but for the
purpose of this course, the data is provided in a spreadsheet for you in
the Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
Imagine you have been asked to enhance workplace happiness and
engagement at your company. You have conducted a survey and
gathered data on the gender, age, relationship with direct supervisor,
telecommute schedule, relationship with coworkers, along with the
ratings for workplace happiness and workplace engagement for 50
individuals in your department. You must determine what variables
affect workplace happiness and engagement. The first step is to run
descriptive statistics on each variable to learn more about the data you
have collected.
Calculate descriptive statistics for the following variables in the
provided Microsoft® Excel® dataset:
• Gender
• Age
• Relationship with Direct Supervisor
• Telecommute Schedule
• Relationship with Coworkers
• Workplace Happiness Rating
• Workplace Engagement Rating

Write a 125- to 175-word summary of your interpretation of the
descriptive results for each variable. Copy and paste the Microsoft®
Excel® output below your summary.
Format your summary according to APA guidelines.
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 3 Identifying Statistical
Tests in the Literature Worksheet (New Syllabus)
Identifying Statistical Tests in the Literature Worksheet
Research in the University Library to find three empirical (those
containing data) research articles using one of the analytic methods
studied this week (i.e., z test, independent sample t test, repeated
measures t test).
Select articles that are of interest to you and include the citations at the
end of this document.

Fill out the following tables and answer each question in 1 to 2
sentences.
Title of Article:
Question Answer
What is the null hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?
What is the research hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?
What was the type of analysis (z test, independent sample t test, repeated
measures t test) chosen, and why was it appropriate?
==============================================
Hypothesis Testing And Two-Group T Tests (New
Syllabus)

Now that you have run descriptive statistics with your data, it is time to
create a hypothesis and test your hypothesis. This part of the Statistics
Project will take you through the process of creating and testing your
hypothesis through statistical methods, using Microsoft® Excel®.
Creating hypotheses provides you the opportunity to think like a
researcher and help you understand and critique research articles you
read.
Create a hypothesis for the Happiness and Engagement Dataset from
Part 1 of the Statistics Project. Your hypothesis can be anything based
on the variables you have in your dataset. One example: Teaching
Method X provides higher test scores than Teaching Method Y.
Create a null hypothesis. (Example: Teaching Method X scores are equal
to Teaching Method Y scores.)
State your null and alternate hypotheses.
Identify and justify which type of statistical analysis will be appropriate
for this data.
Review the steps beginning on pp. 202 in Statistics Plain and Simple
describing how to run an independent samples t test.
Run an independent samples t test on the data in your dataset.
Write a 125- to 175-word summary of your interpretation of the results
of the t test, and copy and paste your Microsoft® Excel® output below
the summary.
==============================================

PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 4 Comparing Means
Comparing Means Worksheet
The following questions require that you access Microsoft® Excel® for
analysis. The team must work together to solve these questions.The data
set for this assignment is located in the Pulse Rate Dataset.
1. John is interested in determining if frequency of exercise affects pulse
rate. John randomly samples individuals at a local gym to ask if they
will participate in his study. 55 individuals agree, and they are divided
into three groups of exercisers: 1 = high frequency, 2 = moderate
frequency, 3 = low frequency. Next, John measures their pulse after their
workout. Do pulse rates differ among individuals who exercise with high
frequency versus those who exercise moderately versus those who
exercise with low frequency?
Note: Make sure you adjust the data so that there are three exercise
variables (one for each level).

Conduct a one-way ANOVA to investigate the relationship between
exercise frequency (Exercise) and pulse rate (Pulse1). ConductTukey’s
HSD post hoc tests, if necessary. On the output, identifythe following:
a. F ratio for the group effect
b. Sums of squares for the exercise effect
c. Mean for moderate exercisers
d. P value for exercise effect
Write a 125- to 175-word summary of the results, formatted according to
APA guidelines.
==============================================
(New Syllabus)

As you get closer to the final project in Week 6, you should have a better
idea of the role of statistics in research. This week, you will calculate a
one-way ANOVA for the independent groups. Reading and interpreting
the output correctly is highly important. Most people who read research
articles never see the actual output or data; they read the results
statements by the researcher, which is why your summary must be
accurate.
Consider your hypothesis statements you created in Part 2.
Calculate a one-way ANOVA, including a Tukey's HSD for the data
from the Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
Write a 125- to 175-word summary of your interpretation of the results
of the ANOVA, and describe how using an ANOVA was more
advantageous than using multiple t tests to compare your independent
variable on the outcome. Copy and paste your Microsoft® Excel®
output below the summary.
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation Worksheet
(New Syllabus)

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PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 5 Correlation Worksheet (New Syllabus)
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Correlation (New Syllabus)
For this assignment, you will calculate the Pearson product-moment
correlations between at least two sets of variables in the Happiness and
Engagement Dataset.
Perform one correlation between two independent variables, such as Age
and Relationship with Coworkers.
Perform the second correlation on an independent variable (such as
Relationship with Direct Supervisor) and the dependent variable (such as
Workplace Happiness Rating).
Calculate the Pearson product-moment correlations between at least two
sets of variables in your data set.

Write a 125- to 175-word summary of your interpretation of the
correlation results. Remember that most people never see the actual
output or data, and rely on the results statements by the researcher.
Ensure that your summary is accurate. Copy and paste your Microsoft®
Excel® output below the summary.
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PSYCH 625 Assignment Week 6 Chi-Square Worksheet
(New Syllabus)
Chi-Square Worksheet
Part 1: Interpret Chi-Square Results
Review the following output from a chi-square test, and answer the
questions below.
Chi-Square Test Frequencies:

a 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum
expected cell frequency is 20.0.
Answer the following questions about this chi-square output in one to
two sentences each:
1. How many categories are listed for analysis?
2. What is the expected N size?
3. What is the chi-square value?
4. How many degrees of freedom are there?

5. What it the test statistic and what does it tell you about the
probability?
Part 2: Conduct a Chi-Square Test
Imagine you are the manager of a non-profit business, and you are
looking to hire a recent college graduate. You list the position as paying
$20,000/year. After interviewing candidates you decide that some will
be offered the expected salary, while some will be offered more because
of experience and interviewing skills. Others will be offered less than
expected until they can demonstrate competence and their salary will
increase when they are fully qualified.
Using Microsoft® Excel®, run a chi square Goodness of Fit test to
determine whether these observed starting salaries are significantly
different. What do the findings tell you?
Write a 75- to 100-word summary to describe your results.

Paste your Microsoft® Excel® output below your summary.
==============================================
Presentation (New Syllabus)
You have made it to the final step of your individual project. In this
assignment, you will develop the skills needed to compile statistics as a
part of the research process.
Imagine you must present your research findings to your Human
Resources department.
Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation
discussing your analysis of the data. Include the following in your
presentation:
• An introduction that includes the data and variables from the
Happiness and Engagement Dataset.
• A description and the results of each analysis, including:

o The descriptive statistics from Part 1
o The t test from Part 2
o The ANOVA from Part 3
o The bivariate correlations from Part 4
• A conceptual summary of the results stating what the data conveys.
Include detailed speaker notes on each slide as a transcript of what you
would say while presenting this information.
Format any citations in your presentation and speaker notes according to
APA guidelines.
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PSYCH 625 Individual Assignment Reliability and
Validity Matrix

For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix,
prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the test’s application.
Describe what conditions these reliability types would be used for
as well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, for each test,
prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the strengths and a 50- to
100-word description of the weaknesses.
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 1 DQs
DQ 1: As we begin our venture into statistics, let's pause to
examine the role of research in psychology. Psychology is the
science of behavior. We think of psychology as counseling,
introspection, learning, cognition, etc. How can these processes be
the subject of research? How do we reconcile the discipline and
rigor of good research with the ambiguity of human emotions and
motivations? What is the role of research in psychology?

DQ 2: Many people feel nervous around math, but what we really
need to fear is the selective interpretation of data! For most of us, 1
+ 1 = 2, but in the hands of some, 1 + 1 can be "spun" to support
specific agenda. Think about commercials or news clips that you
may have seen recently. In what subtle ways might data have been
used to influence the listener/viewer? For example, when we hear,
"Four out of five dentists recommend Glittering Grin toothpaste!"
is it correct to assume that 100 dentists were polled and 80 voted
for Glittering Grin?
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Basic
Concepts in Statistics Worksheet
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide
examples when relevant.

What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral
sciences? Your answer should be 100 to 200 words.
Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What
information do they provide? What are their similarities and
differences? Your answer should be 250 to 400 words.
What is a population? What is a sample? How are they similar and
how are they different? When would you use one or the other?
Go to the library and find a journal article in your area of interest
that contains empirical data, but does not contain any visual
representation of the data. Use the data to create a chart. Specify
what type of chart you are creating, and why you chose the one
you did. You can create the chart manually or using IBM® SPSS®
software or a Microsoft® Excel® document. The chart may be
pasted into this document or submitted as an attachment with this
document.
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Time to
Practice – Week One

Part A
Some questions in Part A require that you access data from
Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics. This data is
available on the student website under the Student Test Resources
link.
1. By hand, compute the mean, median, and mode for the
following set of 40 reading scores
2. Compute the means for the following set of scores saved as Ch.
2 Data Set 3 using IBM® SPSS® Print out a copy of the output.
3. You are the manager of a fast food store. Part of your job is to
report which special is selling best to the boss at the end of each
day. Use your knowledge of descriptive statistics and write one
paragraph to let the boss know what happened today. Use the
following data. Do not use IBM® SPSS® software to compute the
statistics needed; rather, do it by hand. Include a copy of your work

4. Suppose you are working with a data set that has some different
(much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data) scores.
What measure of central tendency would you use and why
5. For the following set of scores, compute the range, the unbiased
and the biased standard deviations, and the variance. Do the
exercise by hand
6. Use IBM® SPSS® software to compute all the descriptive
statistics for the following set of three test scores over the course of
a semester. Which test had the highest average score? Which test
had the smallest amount of variability
7. This practice problem uses the data contained in the file named
Ch. 3 Data Set 3. There are two variables in this data set
8. Review the following frequency distribution. Create a histogram
either by hand or by using some other application such as a
Microsoft® Excel® document
9. A third-grade teacher is looking to improve her students’ level
of engagement during group discussions and instruction. She keeps
track of each of the 15 third graders’ number of responses every
day for 1 week. This information is available in Ch. 4 Data Set 2.
Use IBM® SPSS® software to create a bar chart (one bar for each
day).

10. Identify whether these distributions are negatively skewed,
positively skewed, or not skewed at all, and why
11. For each of the following, indicate whether you would use a
pie, line, or bar chart, and why
Part B
Complete the questions below. Be specific and provide examples
when relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines
Salkind (2011) describes statistics as a ―set of tools‖ (p. 18). How
do behavioral scientists use those tools
How would you use descriptive statistics to report the effectiveness
of a baseball team? How would you use inferential statistics to
report the effectiveness of a baseball team? In this example, what
is the sample and what is the population

What does a measure of central tendency tell us about a data set?
Identify the three common measures of central tendency used in
descriptive statistics and give an example of each. How do you
calculate them
What is variability in a data set? Identify three measures of
variability used in descriptive statistics, explain how to calculate
each, and give an example of each
==============================================
DQ 1: More and more, we are asked to document impact and to
measure outcomes. We are asked to provide information about a
variety of things through as many varieties of ways. When we go
to stores and they ask us for a zip code or phone number. The list
could go on and on. You text talks about descriptive statistics and
suggests that they are used to make a group of numbers

understandable in a research study. While that is certainly the
case, we use descriptive statistics in a number of other ways.
DQ 2: Research in the library a journal article that is in your area
of interest in which reliability and validity data are reported.
Discuss the outcome measures that are used. Identify the type of
reliability that was established and the type of validity. Comment
on whether you think the levels are acceptable. If not, how can
they be improved?
==============================================
Practice – Week Two
Part A

available on the student website under the Student Text Resources
link.
1. Why is a z score a standard score? Why can standard scores be
used to compare scores from different distributions
2.For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 70
and the standard deviation is 8
3. Questions 3a through 3d are based on a distribution of scores
with and the standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to
help you see what is required
4. Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical
fitness certificate. The class mean is 78 and the standard deviation
is 5.5. What raw score does he need
5. Who is the better student, relative to his or her classmates? Use
the following table for information
Part B

Some questions in Part B require that you access data from Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh. This data is available on the
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercises 6 and 7 are in the data file named Lesson 20
Exercise File 1. Answer Exercises 6 and 7 based on the following
research problem:
Ann wants to describe the demographic characteristics of a sample
of 25 individuals who completed a large-scale survey. She has
demographic data on the participants’ gender (two categories),
educational level (four categories), marital status (three
categories), and community population size (eight categories).
6. Using IBM® SPSS® software, conduct a frequency analysis on
the gender and marital status variables. From the output, identify
the following
7. Using IBM® SPSS® software, create a frequency table to
summarize the data on the educational level variable
8. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit
the university health center during finals week. Compute

descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output,
identify the following
Part C
when relevant.
What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
How can a test be reliable but not valid?
Can a test be valid but not reliable?
Why or why not?
How does understanding probability help you understand statistics
How could you use standard scores and the standard distribution to
compare the reading scores of two students receiving special

reading resource help and one student in a standard classroom who
does not get special help
In a standard normal distribution: What does a z score of 1
represent?
What percent of cases fall between the mean and one standard
deviation above the mean?
What percent fall between the mean and –1 to +1 standard
deviations from the mean?
What percent of scores will fall between –3 and +3 standard
deviations under the normal curve
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Statistics
Project Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software

PSYCH 625 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Statistics Project
Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software
==============================================
DQ 1: Please read the following article in your Electronic
Readings, Null Hypothesis,
CLOSED THINKING: Without scientific competition and open
debate, much psychology research goes nowhere
DQ 2: It is suggested that significance tests should be banned for
two reasons, (1) that there is a tendency for researchers to accept
the null hypothesis as true because the result is not significant and
(2) significance is confused with a large effect size.

Would you agree that testing the significance of a result may lead
to faulty assumptions about accepting the null hypothesis?
==============================================
Practice – Week Three
Complete both Part A and Part B below.
Part A
available on the student website under the Student Test Resources
link.

1. For the following research questions, create one null hypothesis,
one directional research hypothesis, and one nondirectional
research hypothesis
What are the effects of attention on out-of-seat classroom behavior
What is the relationship between the quality of a marriage and the
quality of the spouses’ relationships with their siblings
What is the best way to treat an eating disorder
2. Provide one research hypothesis and an equation for each of the
following topics
The amount of money spent on food among undergraduate
students and undergraduate student-athletes
The average amount of time taken by white and brown rats to get
out of a maze
The effects of Drug A and Drug B on a disease
The time to complete a task in Method 1 and Method 2

3. Why does the null hypothesis presume no relationship between
variables
4. Create a research hypothesis tested using a one-tailed test and a
research hypothesis tested using a two-tailed test
5. What does the critical value represent
6. Given the following information, would your decision be to
reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Setting the level of
significance at .05 for decision making, provide an explanation for
your conclusion
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the type
of music a person listens to and his crime rate (p < .05)
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the
amount of coffee consumption and GPA (p = .62)
The null hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between
the number of hours worked and level of job satisfaction (p = .51)

7. Why is it harder to find a significant outcome (all other things
being equal) when the research hypothesis is being tested at the .01
rather than the .05 level of significance
8. Why should we think in terms of ―failing to reject‖ the null
rather than just accepting it
9. When is it appropriate to use the one-sample z test
10. What similarity does a z test have to a simple z or standard
score
11. For the following situations, write out a research hypothesis
Bob wants to know if the weight loss for his group on the
chocolate-only diet is representative of weight loss in a large
population of middle-aged men
The health department is charged with finding out if the rate of flu
per thousand citizens for this past flu season is comparable to the
average rate of the past 50 seasons
Blair is almost sure that his monthly costs for the past year are not
representative of his average monthly costs over the past 20 years

12. There were about 15 flu cases per week, this flu season, in the
Oshkosh school system. The weekly average for the entire state is
16 and the standard deviation, is 2.35. Are the kids in Oshkosh as
sick as the kids throughout the state
Part B
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide
examples when relevant.
The average raw math achievement score for third graders at a
Smith elementary school is 137; third graders statewide score an
average of 124 with a standard deviation of 7. Are the Smith third
graders better at math than third graders throughout the state?
Perform the correct statistical test, applying the eight steps of the
hypothesis testing process as demonstrated on pp. 185–187 of
Statistics for People Who (Think they) Hate Statistics
What is a research question that you would like to answer? Write
the null and research hypotheses. Would you use a one- or two-
tailed test? Why

What do we mean when we say that a statistical result is
significant? What is the difference between a statistically
significant and a meaningful result? Why is statistical significance
important
Describe a Type I error for the previous study that compares third
graders’ math achievement. Describe a Type II error for that study
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment
Hypothesis Testing Problem Worksheet
Research in the University Library to find five empirical (those
containing data) research articles. Select articles that are of interest
to you and include the citations at the end of this document. Place
the information for each one in the following tables:
Title of Article:

Question
Answer
Using the content in any of these articles, create another research
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer

hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer

hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
==============================================

Project Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
==============================================
WEEK 4:

DQ 1: What is a research question each of you would like to
research?
 What are independent and dependent variables?
 What would your hypothesis be?
 Using the decision tree on page 255 of Statistics for People
Who (think they) Hate Statistics as a resource, identify which
statistical test you would use to test your hypothesis.
 Tell us why you selected that particular test.
DQ 2: Let's take some time this week and look at some data that is
used to make up reports through the Anne E. Casey Foundation.
The Foundation published a document called Kid's Count which is
a collection of significant information about risk factors for kids.
Please go to the Foundation's website at www.aecf.org, find the
information for your state, review some of the key data, tell us
what you might use the data for and what are some of the problems
with the data, especially as you look at census data
atwww.census.gov Datafinder, in comparison to kids' count data.
==============================================

Practice – Week Four
Part A
available on the student website under the Student Text Resources
link.
1. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 2, test the
research hypothesis at the .05 level of significance that boys raise
their hands in class more often than girls. Do this practice problem
by hand using a calculator. What is your conclusion regarding the
research hypothesis? Remember to first decide whether this is a
one- or two-tailed test

2. Using the same data set (Ch. 11 Data Set 2), test the research
hypothesis at the .01 level of significance that there is a difference
between boys and girls in the number of times they raise their
hands in class. Do this practice problem by hand using a calculator.
What is your conclusion regarding the research hypothesis? You
used the same data for this problem as for Question 1, but you have
a different hypothesis (one is directional and the other is
nondirectional). How do the results differ and why
3. Practice the following problems by hand just to see if you can
get the numbers right. Using the following information, calculate
the t test statistic
4. Using the results you got from Question 3 and a level of
significance at .05, what are the two-tailed critical values
associated with each? Would the null hypothesis be rejected
5. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 3, test the null
hypothesis that urban and rural residents both have the same
attitude toward gun control. Use IBM® SPSS® software to
complete the analysis for this problem
6. A public health researcher tested the hypothesis that providing
new car buyers with child safety seats will also act as an incentive
for parents to take other measures to protect their children (such as

driving more safely, child-proofing the home, and so on). Dr. L
counted all the occurrences of safe behaviors in the cars and homes
of the parents who accepted the seats versus those who did not.
The findings: a significant difference at the .013 level. Another
researcher did exactly the same study; everything was the same—
same type of sample, same outcome measures, same car seats, and
so on. Dr. R’s results were marginally significant (recall Ch. 9) at
the .051 level. Which result do you trust more and why
7. In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform
a ttest of independent means or dependent means
Two groups were exposed to different treatment levels for ankle
sprains. Which treatment was most effective
A researcher in nursing wanted to know if the recovery of patients
was quicker when some received additional in-home care whereas
when others received the standard amount
A group of adolescent boys was offered interpersonal skills
counseling and then tested in September and May to see if there
was any impact on family harmony
One group of adult men was given instructions in reducing their
high blood pressure whereas another was not given any
instructions

One group of men was provided access to an exercise program and
tested two times over a 6-month period for heart health
8. For Ch. 12 Data Set 3, compute the t value and write a
conclusion on whether there is a difference in satisfaction level in a
group of families’ use of service centers following a social service
intervention on a scale from 1 to 15. Do this exercise using IBM®
SPSS® software, and report the exact probability of the outcome
9. Do this exercise by hand. A famous brand-name manufacturer
wants to know whether people prefer Nibbles or Wribbles. They
sample each type of cracker and indicate their like or dislike on a
scale from 1 to 10. Which do they like the most
10. Using the following table, provide three examples of a simple
one-way ANOVA, two examples of a two-factor ANOVA, and
one example of a three-factor ANOVA. Complete the table for the
missing examples. Identify the grouping and the test variable
11. Using the data in Ch. 13 Data Set 2 and the IBM® SPSS®
software, compute the F ratio for a comparison between the three
levels representing the average amount of time that swimmers
practice weekly (< 15, 15–25, and > 25 hours) with the outcome
variable being their time for the 100-yard freestyle. Does practice

time make a difference? Use the Options feature to obtain the
means for the groups
12. When would you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple
ANOVA to test the significance of the difference between the
averages of two or more groups
13. Create a drawing or plan for a 2 × 3 experimental design that
would lend itself to a factorial ANOVA. Identify the independent
and dependent variables
Part B
Some questions in Part B require that you access data from Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh. This data is available on the
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercise 14 is in the data file named Lesson 22
Exercise File 1.
14. John is interested in determining if a new teaching method, the
involvement technique, is effective in teaching algebra to first
graders. John randomly samples six first graders from all first
graders within the Lawrence City School System and individually
teaches them algebra with the new method. Next, the pupils

complete an eight-item algebra test. Each item describes a problem
and presents four possible answers to the problem. The scores on
each item are 1 or 0, where 1 indicates a correct response and 0
indicates a wrong response. The IBM® SPSS® data file contains
six cases, each with eight item scores for the algebra test.
Conduct a one-sample t test on the total scores. On the output,
identify the following
15. Marvin is interested in whether blonds, brunets, and redheads
differ with respect to their extrovertedness. He randomly samples
18 men from his local college campus: six blonds, six brunets, and
six redheads. He then administers a measure of social extroversion
to each individual.
Conduct a one-way ANOVA to investigate the relationship
between hair color and social extroversion. Conduct appropriate
post hoc tests. On the output, identify the following
Part C
when relevant.

What is meant by independent samples? Provide a research
example of two independent samples
When is it appropriate to use a t test for dependent samples? What
is the key piece of information you must know in order to decide
When is it appropriate to use an ANOVA? What is the key piece of
information you must know in order to decide
Why would you want to do an ANOVA when you have more than
two groups, rather than just comparing each pair of means with a t
test
==============================================
Project Comparing Means

Comparing Means
==============================================
DQ 1: Thomas Bayes who was an English Clergyman in the early 18th
century who is known for the Bayes' Theorem. The theorem suggests
that science is about conducting research in order to adjust our
preexisting beliefs in light of the evidence collected. Conclusions drawn
from an experiment are always in the context of what we believed about
the world before the experiment.
Others suggest that it is better not to make any assumptions about prior
beliefs. (Aron, Aron & Coups, 2006)
Where do you weigh in on this debate? Do you think we do research in
order to validate something we already believe to be true or false?

DQ 2: When two variables are correlated, it means that they are
associated with one another. But if they are associated with one another,
then why doesn't one cause the other?
==============================================

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