The document provides information on a statistics course covering various topics, including types of variables, research on gender attitudes in leadership, data analysis on weight loss with desk bikes, relationships between physiological arousal and test performance, and statistical methods for assessing self-esteem and depression. It consists of various questions related to these topics, exploring concepts such as explanatory variables, response variables, data visualization techniques, and sampling methods. Examples of analyses include calculating z-scores for university tuition costs and interpreting the correlation between depression and self-esteem scores.

1. STAT225: Introduction to Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences
1. In a school election, five people run for student body
president. The actual number of votes for each candidate would
be a(n) variable. If the total number of votes were removed and
the candidates were listed in order of least to most popular, this
would be a(n)
variable.
a. ratio; ordinal b. ordinal; ratio c. ratio; nominal
d. nominal; ordinal
2. A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on
attitudes toward women in leadership positions. The researcher
surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of whom were men and 12
of whom were women. In this example, what is the
explanatory/independent variable?
a. type of leadership position b. the 12 women in the study
c. the gender of the participants
d. the participants' attitudes toward women in leadership
positions
3. A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on
attitudes toward women in leadership positions. The researcher
surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of whom were men and 12
of whom were women. In this example, what is the
response/dependent variable?

2. a. type of leadership position b. the 12 women in the study
c. the gender of the participants
d. the participants' attitudes toward women in leadership
positions
Please use the following information to answer questions 4
through 9
An industrial psychologist at a company has heard that desk
bikes could help employees to lose weight, increase their
stamina, and improve productivity. Sixteen employees were
provided with desk bikes and the total number of pounds they
lost, after one month, was recorded. Here are the data, in
pounds lost, per employee:
4
8
12
0
2
20
18
0
12
6
12
16
10
8
12
4
4. What is the range of this distribution?

3. a. 0 t o 20 b. 20
c. 18 d. 4
5. What is the mean number of pounds that were lost by the
employees in one month?
a.
9.88
b.
10.4
c.
12
d.
9
6. What is the median number of pounds that were lost by the
employees in one month?
a.
8
b.
9
c.
10
d.
11
7. What is the variance of the number of pounds that were lost
by the employees in one month?
a.
37.33
b.
9.72
c.
9.85

4. d.
6.11
8. What is the Interquartile range for this distribution?
a.
4
b.
8
c.
9
d.
12
9. How many outliers are in this distribution?
a. 0 b. 1
c. 2
d. Unable to determine from this information
The following graph depicts the typical relationship found
between physiological arousal (anxiety) levels (e.g., range from
0 = no anxiety to 10=extreme anxiety) and test performance
(e.g., percentage of correct answers on test).
Please use the following information to answer questions 10 and
11.
100%
Test Performance (in Percentage)

5. 90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Relationship Between Physiological Arousal Level and Test
Performance
0 2 4 6 8 10
Physiological Arousal Level

6. 10. Based on this graph, what type of relation exists between
physiological arousal level and test performance?
a. There is no relation between age and reaction time b. Linear
c. Curvilinear
d. It is not possible to tell, given the information in the graph.
11. Which of the following best captures what the graph
(Physiological Arousal Level and Test
Performance) depicts?
a. There is no relation between physiological arousal level and
test performance.
b. There is a linear relation between physiological arousal level
and test performance, such that test performance increases with
increased physiological arousal level.
c. There is a linear relation between physiological arousal
level and test performance, such that test performance decreases
with increased physiological arousal level.
d. Test performance increases as physiological arousal level
increases, becoming its
best at a moderate arousal level, but after that point, test
performance decreases as physiological arousal levels increase.
A psychologist was interested in seeing if she could predict a
person’s level of depression, based on his or her self-esteem.
“Depression" was assessed using a standardized depression
inventory; the higher the score on the depression measure, the
more depressive symptoms the person was experiencing. “Self-
Esteem" was assessed using a standardized self-esteem measure;
the higher the score on the self-esteem measure, the higher the

7. person’s reported level of self-esteem. This table shows the
results for the 10 participants.
Relationship Between Self-Esteem Scores and Depression
Scores
Please use the following information to answer questions 12 and
13.
5
4.75
4.5
Self-Esteem Scores
4.25
4
3.75
3.5
3.25
3
2.75
2.5
2.25
2

8. 0 10 20 30 40
Depression Scores
12. Based on the information presented in the scatterplot, what
is the most likely correlation between depression scores and
self-esteem scores?
a. +.76 b. -.76 c. +.23 d. -.23
Self-Esteem Scores
Depression Scores
Mean 3.43 15.78
Standard Deviation 0.75 10.34
13. The above chart contains the means and standard
deviations for self-esteem scores and depression scores. Using
this information and the most likely correlation coefficient
obtained in Question 12, what is the regression equation for this
data?
a. y = -51.72-10.48x b. y= -21.45 -1.65x c. y = 51.72-10.48x
d. y= 21.45 -1.65x
14. A nutritionist was interested in determining the smoking
status of her clients. She asked each of her clients to report his
or her current smoking status: Smoker, Ex-Smoker, and Non-
Smoker. Which of the following graphical techniques is the best

9. way for her to represent the data?
a. pie chart
b. scatterplot c. histogram d. stemplot
15. A car dealership has collected the ages, in years, of all its
first time customers. The best way to graph this data would be
using a .
a. scatterplot b. histogram c. pie chart
d. pictogram
16. When recruiting a sample of individuals to participate in a
study on reaction time, researchers used the most recent census
to identify local older adults, who were
between the ages of 60 and 65, between 65 and 70, between 70
and 75, between 75 and
80, and between 80 and 85. Once they had identified these
subgroups, the researchers randomly selected 20 people from
within each age group to participate in the study. What kind of
sampling method did the researchers use?
a. convenience sampling
b. random sampling
c. stratified sampling
d. cluster sampling
17. Restaurant diners, who post reviews of restaurants they
have dined at, on
OpenTable.com, constitute what type of sample?

10. a. cluster sample
b. volunteer sample c. random sample
d. convenience sample
Please use the following information and histogram to answer
questions 18, 19, and 20.
Business Magazine graphed the ages of the Chief Executive
Officers (CEOs) of 48 large companies.
18. What is the shape of this distribution?
a. symmetric - uniform b. skewed right
c. skewed left
d. symmetric - bimodal
19. What percentage of CEOs are under the age of 30?
a.
6%
b.
3%
c.
2%
d.

11. 4%
20. Which of the following is true about the distribution?
a. The median will be larger than the mean
b. The median will be smaller than the mean
c. The median and mean will be about the same d. Unable to
tell from the information provided
21. According to U.S. News & World Report data, in 1995
tuition costs at Indiana University, a public university, were
$2,984 per year, while the tuition costs at the University of
Evansville, a private university in Indiana, were $11,800 per
year. In that same year the average cost of tuition at all public
U.S. colleges was $2,208, with a standard deviation of $1,041,
and the average cost of tuition at all private U.S. colleges was
$10,979.68, with a standard deviation of $4,057.
a. What is the z score for Indiana University?
b. What is the z score for the University of Evansville?
c. Which school was more expensive to attend in 1995, relative
to the cost of education in its own category?
d. What is the probability of a private university costing less
than $11,800? (Hint: Use the mean and standard deviation
values for all private schools to answer this question.)
e. What is the probability of a public university costing less
than $2,984? (Hint: Use the mean and standard deviation values
for all public schools to answer this question.)
S

12. T
A
T
225:
I
n
t
r
odu
ct
i
o
n
to
Sta
t
i
st
i
c
s
i
n
t
h
e
B
e
h
a

13. v
i
o
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
1.
I
n
a
school e
l
e
c
t
i
on,
f
i
v
e

14. peop
l
e
r
un
f
or
s
t
udent b
o
dy
p
r
es
i
den
t
.
T
he
ac
t
ual
nu
m
b
e
r

15. o
f
v
o
t
es
f
or each
cand
i
d
a
t
e
w
ou
l
d
be
a
(
n)
v
a
ri
able.
I

16. f
t
he
t
o
t
al n
u
m
ber
o
f
v
o
t
es
w
e
r
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
and
t
he
cand

17. i
da
t
es
w
e
r
e
li
s
t
ed
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
l
east
t
o
m
ost popu
l
a
r

18. ,
t
h
i
s
w
ou
l
d
be
a
(
n)
v
a
r
i
ab
l
e.
a.
r
a
t
io
;
o

19. r
d
i
nal
b.
o
r
d
i
n
a
l
;
r
a
t
i
o
c.
r
a
t
io
;
no
m
i
n
a
l
d.

20. no
m
i
na
l
;
o
r
d
i
nal
2.
A
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
w
as
in
t
e

21. r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
ge
nd
er
on
a
t
t
i
t
u

22. d
es
t
o
w
a
r
d
w
o
m
e
n
i
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t
i
ons.
T
he

23. r
ese
a
r
ch
e
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
a
g
r
oup
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s,
12

24. o
f
w
hom
w
e
r
e
m
en
and
12
o
f
w
hom
w
e
r
e
w
o
m
en.
I
n

25. t
h
i
s
e
x
a
m
p
l
e,
w
hat
i
s
t
he
e
x
p
l
ana
t
o
r
y
/
i
ndependent

26. v
a
r
i
ab
l
e?
a
.
t
y
pe
o
f
l
eade
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t
i
o
n
b
.
t

27. he
12
w
o
m
en
i
n
t
he
s
t
u
dy
c
.
t
he
g
end
e
r
o
f
t
he

28. p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
an
t
s
d
.
t
he
p
a
rt
i
c
i
pan
t
s
'
a
tt
i
t
udes
t
o

29. w
a
r
d
w
o
m
en
i
n
l
eade
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t
i
ons
3.
A
r
e
s

30. e
a
r
c
h
e
r
w
as
in
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f

31. ge
nd
er
on
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
a
r
d
w
o
m
e
n
i
n
l
e
a
d

32. e
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t
i
ons.
T
he
r
ese
a
r
ch
e
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
a
g
r
oup
o

33. f
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s,
12
o
f
w
hom
w
e
r
e
m
en
and
12
o
f
w
hom

34. w
e
r
e
w
o
m
en.
I
n
t
h
i
s
e
x
a
m
p
l
e,
w
hat
i
s
t
he

35. r
esponse
/
depende
n
t
v
a
r
i
ab
l
e?
a
.
t
y
pe
o
f
l
eade
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t

36. i
o
n
b
.
t
he
12
w
o
m
en
i
n
t
he
s
t
u
dy
c
.
t
he
g
end
e

37. r
o
f
t
he
p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
an
t
s
d
.
t
he
p
a
rt
i
c
i
pan
t
s
'
a

38. tt
i
t
udes
t
o
w
a
r
d
w
o
m
en
i
n
l
eade
r
sh
i
p
pos
i
t
i
ons
STAT225: Introduction to Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences

39. 1. In a school election, five people run for student body
president. The actual number of votes
for each candidate would be a(n) variable. If the total number
of votes were
removed and the candidates were listed in order of least to most
popular, this would be a(n)
variable.
a. ratio; ordinal
b. ordinal; ratio
c. ratio; nominal
d. nominal; ordinal
2. A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on
attitudes toward women in leadership
positions. The researcher surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of
whom were men and 12 of
whom were women. In this example, what is the
explanatory/independent variable?
a. type of leadership position
b. the 12 women in the study
c. the gender of the participants
d. the participants' attitudes toward women in leadership
positions
3. A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on
attitudes toward women in leadership
positions. The researcher surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of
whom were men and 12 of

40. whom were women. In this example, what is the
response/dependent variable?
a. type of leadership position
b. the 12 women in the study
c. the gender of the participants
d. the participants' attitudes toward women in leadership
positions