Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of an algorithm's operation that uses the structural conventions of a programming language for human understanding rather than machine execution. It omits unnecessary details like variable declarations. Pseudocode has no standard syntax but borrows from languages like Pascal, C, and Fortran. It is commonly used in textbooks and publications to document algorithms, and by programmers to plan programs before coding. Pseudocode resembles but should not be confused with executable skeleton or dummy code.
Don't Fear the Regex - CapitalCamp/GovDays 2014Sandy Smith
Have you been scared off by Klingon-looking one-liners in Perl? Do you resort to writing complicated recursive functions just to parse some HTML? Don't!
I'll demystify regular expressions and show you how best to do them in PHP. We'll cover the syntax and functions that make PHP a great text-parsing language, and give you the foundation to learn more.
As a bonus, I'll give you two cases people often use as examples for regexes that PHP gives you better native ways to accomplish.
Given at CapitalCamp & GovDays 2014
This time I want to speak on the 'printf' function. Everybody has heard of software vulnerabilities and that functions like 'printf' are outlaw. But it's one thing to know that you'd better not use these functions, and quite the other to understand why. In this article, I will describe two classic software vulnerabilities related to 'printf'. You won't become a hacker after that but perhaps you will have a fresh look at your code. You might create similar vulnerable functions in your project without knowing that.
LESSON 3B. FOCUS: FOR LOOPS, NESTED LOOPS, TASKS AND CHALLENGES.
Introduction to, with examples, For loops. Challenges and tasks included with solutions (predict the output). Compare ‘while’ and ‘for’ loops. Use the break statement and explore how it works in different scenarios. Learn about Nested Loops. Learn about the need for initialisation (set starting value). Create your own for loops. Create the beginnings of an arithmetic quiz using a random function and for loops. Big ideas discussion: Is the universe digital. A program? Introducing Gottfried Leibniz and Konrad Zuse. Includes a suggested videos, ‘Big ideas’ discussion, and HW/research projects section.
Inheritance Versus Roles - The In-Depth VersionCurtis Poe
This is the paper to accompany my slides explaining what's wrong with inheritance and how traits (roles) help to solve these issues: http://www.slideshare.net/Ovid/inheritance-versus-roles
Encryption is a process of converting a message, image, or any other .pdfrachanaprade
Encryption is a process of converting a message, image, or any other form of data into encoded
data that can only be decoded by someone who can decrypt the message (usually with a key or
the like). The science of writing secret codes is called cryptography For thousands of years,
cryptography has made secret messages that only the sender and recipient could read, even if
someone captured the messenger and read the coded message. A secret code system is called a
cipher. A good encryption algorithm should produce output that looks random to a bystander but
is easily decipherable with the correct key. Thus, encryption algorithms make use of pseudo-
random encryption keys. Let's start with some definitions: - Encryption or Enciphering: the
process of encoding messages to make them unreadable. This algorithm has two inputs: a
plaintext and a secret key. - Decryption or deciphering: making encrypted messages readable
again by decoding them (recovering the plaintext from ciphertext). - Cipher: an algorithm for
performing encryption and decryption. - Plaintext: the original message. - Ciphertext: the
encrypted message. Note: a ciphertext still contains all of the original message information, even
if it looks nonsense. - Secret key; the same key used for encryption and decryption. -
Cryptography, the science of studying ciphers. For this project, you need to develop a game that
converts normal English words into secret codes. In order to convert, the program randomly
applies an encryption algorithm to any given message. The algorithms you need to implement
include Substitution, Playfais Caesas Transposition, Product, and RSA ciphers. 1. Substitution
cipher, replacing each letter of the alphabet in the plaintext with a different letter in the
ciphertext. For example, if you want to encrypt the word 'Cat', you need to come up with a
substitution for each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter. For example, you may substitute the
letter ' a ' with the letter ' o '. The rule is that the letter we substitute can only be used once. So,
the letter 'o' is crossed off as it has already been used. The same would be applied to all
alphabetic letters.
1. Substitution cipher; replacing each letter of the alphabet in the plaintext with a different letter
in the ciphertext. For example, if you want to encrypt the word 'Cat'; you need to come up with a
substitution for each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter, For example. you may substitute the
letter 'a' with the letter ' 0 . The rule is that the letter we substitute can only be used once. So, the
letter 'o' is crossed off as it has already been used. The same would be applied to all alphabetic
letters. You can also substitute a letter with itself. If you are not familiar with this cipher. please
visit: Substitution cipher Page 3 of 5 2. Playfair cipher is a digraph substitution cipher. It
employs a table where one letter of the alphabet is omitted, and the letters are arranged in a 55
grid. For more informat.
In February 2014, the Argentinian studio OKAM made public the source code of their multi-platform game engine Godot Engine and not so long ago, version 1.0 was released. As you have already guessed, in this article we will talk about the analysis of this project's source code and its results. Analysis was done with the PVS-Studio static code analyzer. Besides the introductory purpose, this article also pursues some practical aims: the readers can learn something new while the project developers can fix errors and bottlenecks. But first things first.
Parse::Eyapp is a collection of modules
that extends Francois Desarmenien Parse::Yapp 1.05.
Eyapp extends yacc/yapp syntax with
functionalities like named attributes,
EBNF-like expressions, modifiable default action,
automatic abstract syntax tree building,
dynamic conflict resolution,
translation schemes, tree regular expressions,
tree transformations, scope analysis support,
and directed acyclic graphs among others.
This article teaches you the basics of
Compiler Construction using Parse::Eyap to
build a translator from infix expressions to Parrot
Intermediate Representation.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Don't Fear the Regex - CapitalCamp/GovDays 2014Sandy Smith
Have you been scared off by Klingon-looking one-liners in Perl? Do you resort to writing complicated recursive functions just to parse some HTML? Don't!
I'll demystify regular expressions and show you how best to do them in PHP. We'll cover the syntax and functions that make PHP a great text-parsing language, and give you the foundation to learn more.
As a bonus, I'll give you two cases people often use as examples for regexes that PHP gives you better native ways to accomplish.
Given at CapitalCamp & GovDays 2014
This time I want to speak on the 'printf' function. Everybody has heard of software vulnerabilities and that functions like 'printf' are outlaw. But it's one thing to know that you'd better not use these functions, and quite the other to understand why. In this article, I will describe two classic software vulnerabilities related to 'printf'. You won't become a hacker after that but perhaps you will have a fresh look at your code. You might create similar vulnerable functions in your project without knowing that.
LESSON 3B. FOCUS: FOR LOOPS, NESTED LOOPS, TASKS AND CHALLENGES.
Introduction to, with examples, For loops. Challenges and tasks included with solutions (predict the output). Compare ‘while’ and ‘for’ loops. Use the break statement and explore how it works in different scenarios. Learn about Nested Loops. Learn about the need for initialisation (set starting value). Create your own for loops. Create the beginnings of an arithmetic quiz using a random function and for loops. Big ideas discussion: Is the universe digital. A program? Introducing Gottfried Leibniz and Konrad Zuse. Includes a suggested videos, ‘Big ideas’ discussion, and HW/research projects section.
Inheritance Versus Roles - The In-Depth VersionCurtis Poe
This is the paper to accompany my slides explaining what's wrong with inheritance and how traits (roles) help to solve these issues: http://www.slideshare.net/Ovid/inheritance-versus-roles
Encryption is a process of converting a message, image, or any other .pdfrachanaprade
Encryption is a process of converting a message, image, or any other form of data into encoded
data that can only be decoded by someone who can decrypt the message (usually with a key or
the like). The science of writing secret codes is called cryptography For thousands of years,
cryptography has made secret messages that only the sender and recipient could read, even if
someone captured the messenger and read the coded message. A secret code system is called a
cipher. A good encryption algorithm should produce output that looks random to a bystander but
is easily decipherable with the correct key. Thus, encryption algorithms make use of pseudo-
random encryption keys. Let's start with some definitions: - Encryption or Enciphering: the
process of encoding messages to make them unreadable. This algorithm has two inputs: a
plaintext and a secret key. - Decryption or deciphering: making encrypted messages readable
again by decoding them (recovering the plaintext from ciphertext). - Cipher: an algorithm for
performing encryption and decryption. - Plaintext: the original message. - Ciphertext: the
encrypted message. Note: a ciphertext still contains all of the original message information, even
if it looks nonsense. - Secret key; the same key used for encryption and decryption. -
Cryptography, the science of studying ciphers. For this project, you need to develop a game that
converts normal English words into secret codes. In order to convert, the program randomly
applies an encryption algorithm to any given message. The algorithms you need to implement
include Substitution, Playfais Caesas Transposition, Product, and RSA ciphers. 1. Substitution
cipher, replacing each letter of the alphabet in the plaintext with a different letter in the
ciphertext. For example, if you want to encrypt the word 'Cat', you need to come up with a
substitution for each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter. For example, you may substitute the
letter ' a ' with the letter ' o '. The rule is that the letter we substitute can only be used once. So,
the letter 'o' is crossed off as it has already been used. The same would be applied to all
alphabetic letters.
1. Substitution cipher; replacing each letter of the alphabet in the plaintext with a different letter
in the ciphertext. For example, if you want to encrypt the word 'Cat'; you need to come up with a
substitution for each plaintext letter to a ciphertext letter, For example. you may substitute the
letter 'a' with the letter ' 0 . The rule is that the letter we substitute can only be used once. So, the
letter 'o' is crossed off as it has already been used. The same would be applied to all alphabetic
letters. You can also substitute a letter with itself. If you are not familiar with this cipher. please
visit: Substitution cipher Page 3 of 5 2. Playfair cipher is a digraph substitution cipher. It
employs a table where one letter of the alphabet is omitted, and the letters are arranged in a 55
grid. For more informat.
In February 2014, the Argentinian studio OKAM made public the source code of their multi-platform game engine Godot Engine and not so long ago, version 1.0 was released. As you have already guessed, in this article we will talk about the analysis of this project's source code and its results. Analysis was done with the PVS-Studio static code analyzer. Besides the introductory purpose, this article also pursues some practical aims: the readers can learn something new while the project developers can fix errors and bottlenecks. But first things first.
Parse::Eyapp is a collection of modules
that extends Francois Desarmenien Parse::Yapp 1.05.
Eyapp extends yacc/yapp syntax with
functionalities like named attributes,
EBNF-like expressions, modifiable default action,
automatic abstract syntax tree building,
dynamic conflict resolution,
translation schemes, tree regular expressions,
tree transformations, scope analysis support,
and directed acyclic graphs among others.
This article teaches you the basics of
Compiler Construction using Parse::Eyap to
build a translator from infix expressions to Parrot
Intermediate Representation.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Pseudocode.docx angel
1. Pseudocode
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computer science and numerical computation, pseudocode is an informal high-level
description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. It uses the
structural conventions of a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than
machine reading. Pseudocode typically omits details that are not essential for human
understanding of the algorithm, such as variable declarations, system-specific code and some
subroutines. The programming language is augmented with natural language description details,
where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. The purpose of using pseudocode is
that it is easier for people to understand than conventional programming language code, and that
it is an efficient and environment-independent description of the key principles of an algorithm.
It is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various
algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the
structure of the program before the actual coding takes place.
No standard for pseudocode syntax exists, as a program in pseudocode is not an executable
program. Pseudocode resembles, but should not be confused with skeleton programs, including
dummy code, which can be compiled without errors. Flowcharts and UML charts can be thought
of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode, but are more spacious on paper.
Contents
1 Application
2 Syntax
3 Mathematical style pseudocode
4 Machine compilation of pseudo-code style languages
o 4.1 Natural language grammar in programming languages
o 4.2 Mathematical programming languages
4.2.1 Alternative forms of pseudocode
5 See also
6 External links
Application
Textbooks and scientific publications related to computer science and numerical computation
often use pseudocode in description of algorithms, so that all programmers can understand them,
even if they do not all know the same programming languages. In textbooks, there is usually an
accompanying introduction explaining the particular conventions in use. The level of detail of
the pseudo-code may in some cases approach that of formalized general-purpose languages.
2. A programmer who needs to implement a specific algorithm, especially an unfamiliar one, will
often start with a pseudocode description, and then "translate" that description into the target
programming language and modify it to interact correctly with the rest of the program.
Programmers may also start a project by sketching out the code in pseudocode on paper before
writing it in its actual language, as a top-down structuring approach.
Syntax
As the name suggests, pseudocode generally does not actually obey the syntax rules of any
particular language; there is no systematic standard form, although any particular writer will
generally borrow style and syntax; for example, control structures from some conventional
programming language. Popular syntax sources include Pascal, BASIC, C, C++, Java, Lisp, and
ALGOL. Variable declarations are typically omitted. Function calls and blocks of code, such as
code contained within a loop, are often replaced by a one-line natural language sentence.
Depending on the writer, pseudocode may therefore vary widely in style, from a near-exact
imitation of a real programming language at one extreme, to a description approaching formatted
prose at the other.
This is an example of pseudocode (for the mathematical game bizz buzz):
Fortran style pseudo code Pascal style pseudo code C style pseudo code:
void function bizzbuzz
program bizzbuzz procedure bizzbuzz
for (i = 1; i<=100; i++)
do i = 1 to 100 for i := 1 to 100 do
{
set print_number to set print_number to
set print_number to
true true;
true;
if i is divisible by if i is divisible by
if i is divisible by
3 3 then
3
print "Bizz" print "Bizz";
print "Bizz";
set print_number set print_number
set print_number
to false to false;
to false;
if i is divisible by if i is divisible by
if i is divisible by
5 5 then
5
print "Buzz" print "Buzz";
print "Buzz";
set print_number set print_number
set print_number
to false to false;
to false;
if print_number, if print_number,
if print_number,
print i print i;
print i;
print a newline print a newline;
print a newline;
end do end
}
See also category: Articles with example pseudocode
Mathematical style pseudocode
In numerical computation, pseudocode often consists of mathematical notation, typically from
set and matrix theory, mixed with the control structures of a conventional programming
3. language, and perhaps also natural language descriptions. This is a compact and often informal
notation that can be understood by a wide range of mathematically trained people, and is
frequently used as a way to describe mathematical algorithms. For example, the sum operator
(capital-sigma notation) or the product operator (capital-pi notation) may represent a for loop and
perhaps a selection structure in one expression:
Return
Normally non-ASCII typesetting is used for the mathematical equations, for example by means
of TeX or MathML markup, or proprietary formula editors.
These are examples of articles that contain mathematical style pseudo code:
Algorithm Karmarkar's algorithm
Conjugate gradient method Particle swarm optimization
Ford-Fulkerson algorithm Stone method
Gauss–Seidel method Successive over-relaxation
Generalized minimal Symbolic Cholesky decomposition
residual method Tridiagonal matrix algorithm
Jacobi eigenvalue
algorithm
Jacobi method
Mathematical style pseudocode is sometimes referred to as pidgin code, for example pidgin
ALGOL (the origin of the concept), pidgin Fortran, pidgin BASIC, pidgin Pascal, pidgin C, and
pidgin Lisp.
Machine compilation of pseudo-code style languages
Natural language grammar in programming languages
Various attempts to bring elements of natural language grammar into computer programming
have produced programming languages such as HyperTalk, Lingo, AppleScript, SQL, Inform
and to some extent Python. In these languages, parentheses and other special characters are
replaced by prepositions, resulting in quite talkative code. These languages are typically
dynamically typed, meaning that variable declarations and other boilerplate code can be omitted.
Such languages may make it easier for a person without knowledge about the language to
understand the code and perhaps also to learn the language. However, the similarity to natural
language is usually more cosmetic than genuine. The syntax rules may be just as strict and
formal as in conventional programming, and do not necessarily make development of the
programs easier.
Mathematical programming languages
4. An alternative to using mathematical pseudocode (involving set theory notation or matrix
operations) for documentation of algorithms is to use a formal mathematical programming
language that is a mix of non-ASCII mathematical notation and program control structures. Then
the code can be parsed and interpreted by a machine.
Several formal specification languages include set theory notation using special characters.
Examples are:
Z notation
Vienna Development Method Specification Language (VDM-SL).
Some array programming languages include vectorized expressions and matrix operations as
non-ASCII formulas, mixed with conventional control structures. Examples are:
A programming language (APL), and its dialects APLX and A+.
Pseudocode Examples
An algorithm is a procedure for solving a problem in terms of the actions to be
executed and the order in which those actions are to be executed. An algorithm is
merely the sequence of steps taken to solve a problem. The steps are normally
"sequence," "selection, " "iteration," and a case-type statement.
In C, "sequence statements" are imperatives. The "selection" is the "if then else"
statement, and the iteration is satisfied by a number of statements, such as the
"while," " do," and the "for," while the case-type statement is satisfied by the
"switch" statement.
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop
algorithms. Pseudocode is a "text-based" detail (algorithmic) design tool.
The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably straightforward. All statements showing
"dependency" are to be indented. These include while, do, for, if, switch. Examples
below will illustrate this notion.
What is pseudocode?
Pseudocode consists of short, English phrases used to explain specific tasks within a
program's algorithm. Pseudocode should not include keywords in any specific computer
languages. It should be written as a list of consecutive phrases. You should not use
flowcharting symbols but you can draw arrows to show looping processes. Indentation
can be used to show the logic in pseudocode as well. For example, a first-year, 9th grade
Visual Basic programmer should be able to read and understand the pseudocode written
by a 12th grade AP Data Structures student. In fact, the VB programmer could take the
other student's pseudocode and generate a VB program based on that pseudocode.
Why is pseudocode necessary?
The programming process is a complicated one. You must first understand the program
specifications, of course, Then you need to organize your thoughts and create the
program. This is a difficult task when the program is not trivial (i.e. easy). You must
break the main tasks that must be accomplished into smaller ones in order to be able to
eventually write fully developed code. Writing pseudocode WILL save you time later
during the construction & testing phase of a program's development.
5. How do I write pseudocode?
First you may want to make a list of the main tasks that must be accomplished on a piece
of scratch paper. Then, focus on each of those tasks. Generally, you should try to break
each main task down into very small tasks that can each be explained with a short phrase.
There may eventually be a one-to-one correlation between the lines of pseudocode and
the lines of the code that you write after you have finished pseudocoding.
It is not necessary in pseudocode to mention the need to declare variables. It is wise
however to show the initialization of variables. You can use variable names in
pseudocode but it is not necessary to be that specific. The word "Display" is used in some
of the examples. This is usually general enough but if the task of printing to a printer, for
example, is algorithmically different from printing to the screen, you may make mention
of this in the pseudocode. You may show functions and procedures within pseudocode
but this is not always necessary either. Overall, remember that the purpose of pseudocode
is to help the programmer efficiently write code. Therefore, you must honestly attempt to
add enough detail and analysis to the pseudocode. In the professional programming
world, workers who write pseudocode are often not the same people that write the actual
code for a program. In fact, sometimes the person who writes the pseudocode does not
know beforehand what programming language will be used to eventually write the
program.
Example:
Original Program Specification:
Write a program that obtains two integer numbers from the user. It will print out the sum
of those numbers.
Pseudocode:
Prompt the user to enter the first integer
Prompt the user to enter a second integer
Compute the sum of the two user inputs
Display an output prompt that explains the answer as the sum
Display the result
Use this template when typing your pseudocode into MS Word: