Cancer is but one problem of the organ that serves both urinary and reproductive purposes in men, the prostate.

1. Richard Opoku

3. The prostate is the junction for urinary and reproductive
systems in men and can be infected through the
urinary system and/or through sexually transmitted
pathogenic microorganisms making it a more probable
to get inflamed gland. Immune functions wane in
adulthood (Nester et al., 2004)
The prostate is a gland with shape of walnut located
under the bladder in males, surrounding the urethra
which serves as the thin tube through which urine is
passed from the bladder to the outside world
producer of fluid making majority of semen
Produces muscle tissue that ensures ejaculation

4. Non cancerous condition of unknown
cause
BPH occurs in 70 to 80% of old men
as they reach their 70s and 80s.
Prostate enlarges from about
20g(average size among young and
healthy men) to as large as 150g.

5. Bladder wall thickening
Urination disorders
(frequency, night-time
urination, urgency, difficulty in
emptying the bladder,

6. Medication to reduce prostate
size
Medication to relax prostate
muscle
Surgery (cutting away the
excess growth)

7. Enlargement of the prostate as a
result of bacterial and non
bacterial infection.
Nonbacterial prostatitis is the
most common
Men aged between 20 to 50
years are the worst culprits

8. pelvic pain
discomfort after ejaculation
pain during urination
lower back pain.

9. Possible sources of infection
include
 Spasm(tremor) of prostate
muscles
 Viruses
 Backflow of urine
 stress

10. Medication to relax prostate
muscles
Antibiotics
At times, men have to cope
with harsh symptoms of the
disease lifelong

11. sexual transmission is a major
suspect
Swelling
Pain
Difficulty in urination
Penis may release fluid
Blood in urine

12. Antibacterial
Some patients may
develop a chronically
infected prostate

13. Prostate cancer, a cancer that
develops in the prostate usually
occurs in geriatric men (National
Cancer Institute, n.d).
The disease therefore only
affects only males

14. Prostate cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in
males and the second most diagnosed cancer. (Yamoah et al.,
2013).
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the
UK (Rajbabu, 2007) and US men (Kleier, 2003)
and the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in
the US (Kleier, 2003; Ziegler-Johnson et al., 2002).
In the US, incidence of prostate cancer in 2007 was 166 cases per
100,000 (NCI, 2010) and the incidence among Blacks is 61%
higher compared to whites (Vogt, 2007; NCI, 2010).
Prostate cancer among black Africans was poorly understood and
often seriously underestimated in the past and although the
severity of the disease is higher and different compared to other
races, the negative trend is similar to that of blacks
abroad(Magoha, 2007).

15. Causes few symptoms
in its early stages
Difficulty in urination
Blood in urine

16. Digital rectal examination
PSA

17. Hormones
Chemotherapy
Radiation
surgery

18. Age
race
family history of prostate cancer
(NCI, 2013).
Ziegler-Johnson (2002) found out that
genetic materials associated with
prostate cancer risk are commoner
among Africans and Black Americans

19. Inactivity a major cause of chronic
diseases among the aged(Chakrabarty,
2010).
Lack of education
Poverty. WHO (2011. p. 27) reveals that
death rates due to non communicable
diseases in low income countries is
higher and that almost half of these are
less than 70 years and 30% of these
below age 60

20. Workplace exposure to certain chemicals
Cadmium is a major culprit according to
Redmond (2008)
Populations with less fatty diets (such as
China) are less afflicted by prostate
cancer compared to Americans.
Fruits and veggies have antioxidants that
neutralize free radicals that make us
prone to cancers and other diseases.

21. Exercise/ active lifestyle
Screening
Avoid urine retention
Eat less fat, more veggies, fruits,
grains, legumes and more fibre
containing foods
Ensure safe workplace environment
Lead chaste lifestyle

22. Chakrabarty, D., Mandal, P.K., Manna N., Mallik, S., Ghosh P., Chartterjee, Sardar, J. C.,
Sau M., Roy AK. S. (2010). Functional disability and associated chronic
conditions among geriatric populations in a rural community of India.
Ghana Medical Journal. Vol. 44, No. 4
Nester, W. E., Anderson, G. Denise, Roberts, C. E. Jr., Pearsall N. N., Nester. M. T &
Hurley, H. (2004). Microbiology: A human perspective. Fourth edition. Mc Graw
Hill Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, NY 10020.
National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Health. (n.d.). Prostate cancer.
Retrieved on 2013, October 20th from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/prostate
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Cancer. Retrieved on 2013, October 20th from
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/prostate/HealthProfessional.
Kleier, J.A., (2003). Prostate cancer in Black men of African-Caribbean descent. Journal of
Cultural Diversity. Vol, 10, No. 2
Magoha, G. A. O. (2007). Overview of prostate cancer in indigenous Black Africans and
Blacks of African ancestry in diaspora. East African Medical Journal. Department of
Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00100,
Nairobi, Kenya. 09/2007. Vol. 84 No. 9

23. National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Health. (2010). Cancer advances in
focus:
Prostate cancer. Retrieved on 2013, October 20th from
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/prostate
Rajbabu, K., Chandrasekera, S., Zhu, G., Dezylva, S., Grunfeld, E.A., and Muir G.H.(2007).
Racial origin is associated with poor awareness of prostate cancer in UK men, but can
be increased by simple information. Nature Publishing Group. Prostate Cancer and
Prostatic Diseases (2007) 10, 256–260
Redmond W.A. (2008). Prostate Cancer. Microsoft Student 2009 DVD. Microsoft
Corporation
Vogt, T., Ziegler, R., Patterson, B., & Graubard, B. (2007). Racial differences in serum
selenium concentration: analysis of US population data from the third national health
and nutrition examination survey. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 166(3), 280-
288.
World health Organization. (2011). Global status report on non communicable diseases
2010.
Retrieved on 2013, September 29 from
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+prostate+cancer+in+Black+Africans+and+Americans&ie=utf8&site=who&client=_