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- 1. Coach Redesign JetBlue AirbusA320-200 BRIAN PUGLIESE, HAYLEE LONG, JODE KEEHR, MAXIMILIANO FULGUEIRA, RAMYAA RAVICHANDRA
- 3. Agenda Background Whywe need the redesign? Look at the interior of JetBlue A320 Seating, Lavatory, Galley Controls and Displays Passenger Controls/Displays Employee Controls/Displays
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- 7. Why we chosethis redesign Until recently, the FAA did not regulate the interior set up in airplanes Based on anthropometric data collected by the CDC in 2014: Avg adult female: 170 lbs ; 5’4 Avg adult male: 195 lbs; 5’9 With increasing air travel, greater work safety and more regulated processes need to put in place for employees.
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- 9. A Look Insideof the jetBlue Airbus A320 SEATS AND SPACING LAVATORY GALLEY
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- 11. Seats and Spacing Seats 108 Standard Coach 42 “Even More Space” Leather Contoured 17.8” width Moveable arm rests 3.8” recline Tray table/storage pouch/under-seat storage/life vest/flotation device
- 12. Seats and Spacing Spacing Seat Pitch (amount of space between rows). The distance between the same position on two seats.
- 13. Seats and Spacing Spacing 34” seat pitch (standard seats) 38-39” seat pitch (“Even More Space” seats)
- 14. Seats and Spacing Spacing 20.2” aisle
- 15. Galley Galley Areas 2 total 1 in front, 1 in back Food prep Food container storage Service cart storage Heating food/water Emergency supply storage
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- 17. Spacing for Walkway How does a 19 inch wide walkway sound to you? Lets do this!
- 18. Walkway Spacing Safety OSHA standard 1910.36(g)(2) An exit access must be at least 28 inches (71.1 cm) wide at all points. Beyond OSHA, what about lifting up your luggage? What are the biomechanic implications? How much does a carryon typically weigh?
- 19. Seating Fixed Height,width, pitch, depth, angle, etc. How do you feel right now? 5-95th percentile: Sitting Height 15.2”-18.3” Seating Breadth 13.1”-16.5” Elbow Breadth 14.7”- 19.2” Buttock-Patella 21.4”- 25.3” Hey, armrests are adjustable!...well present
- 20. Seating Seat Height(1) should place feet flat on the ground with no weight on thighs 3-5cm below popliteal fold Seat depth Should not cut off circulation in legs Should be able to use the backrest Shoulder Height (6) and Eye Height(5) Support for lower back lordosis and upper back kyphosis Arm Rests height (2)/ width Shoulder Flexion within 25° or less Shoulder Abduction between 15°-20° or less
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- 22. Latch opening control Opensupwards Pressure applied from the top to close down
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- 24. Tray Table Credit CardSlot Tray Table Latch
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- 31. Overhead Storage Reachingthe controls and gathering the leverage to close them can be difficult for short users Can create shear forces on the L5/S1 The wrist movement to actually open the overhead been is contrary to typical movement Lifting and twisting between 10lbs and 40lbs to between 5’5”- 6’ A lot of pressure on the L5/S1 There is already a lack of movement room in the walkway
- 32. Lavatory Controls Theadvantage of the controls in a bathroom is that most people have some previous training Toilet Paper holder location Garbage Location The sink and flush controls are not soo bad The size of the room is not so great, but that shall be discussed in the ergonomics section
- 33. Controls and Displaysat the Seat Touch screen controls and usability will rely heavily on different display design principles A great tool would be the Nielsen usability heuristics https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/ Credit Card swipe not in the best of places in the top view Things they’re doing right Has 100 directTV channels and 100 SiriusXM channels Includes Wifi with amazon video
- 34. Overhead Controls Importantcontrols and displays are up and out of the way Ever get hot? Ever need some light? Ever need some help? Knobs are difficult to adjust Risk safety for controls? How about safety related notifications? Should you have to hyperextend your neck to see important displays?
- 35. Workload, Stress, &Safety on the jetBlue Airbus A320 WORKLOAD STRESS SAFETY FATIGUE & PERFORMANCE
- 36. Flight Attendants 4 attendants oneach flight. Safety - Respond to emergencies Comfort - Routine services
- 38. Job Tasks Preflight Checks safety equipment demos passenger boarding baggage stowing serving beverages, snacks, and meals assisting special needs giving medical attention working within time constraints
- 39. PRE-FLIGHT Participate in preflightbriefings with the pilots, to discuss cabin conditions and flight details Conduct preflight inspections of emergency equipment Demonstrate the use of safety equipment and emergency equipment Ensure that passengers have their seatbelts fastened when required and that all other safety requirements are met IN-FLIGHT Serve, and sometimes sell, beverages, meals, or snacks Take care of passengers’ needs, particularly those with special needs Reassure passengers during the flight, such as when the aircraft hits turbulence Administer and coordinate emergency medical care, as needed If an emergency arises, provide direction to passengers, including how to evacuate the aircraft POST-FLIGHT Before they leave the plane, flight attendants survey the condition of the cabin. They submit reports on any medical, safety, or security issues that may have occurred during the flight. Workload Before the plane lands, flight attendants once again ensure that seatbelts are fastened, seats are locked in the upright position, and all carry-on and galley items are properly stowed.
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- 42. Work Environment Stressors Directdealings with public Unruly passengers Anxious passengers Turbulence Emergency conditions Stand for long periods of time Spend many nights away from home
- 43. Hazards and SafetyIssues Injuries & Illnesses In Cabin Overhead bags Rolling carts Hot Foods Exposure to ill passengers Stress Related Irregular sleep patterns Stress of frequent travel
- 44. Fatigue and Performance WorkSchedules Nights, weekends, holidays – often work “on-call” Must be adaptable to flexible scheduling 75 to 100 hours per month flying, 50 hours on ground – flight prep, reports, waiting for aircraft Typical shift 12 to 14 hours, duty time can be increased for international flights Mandatory Rest periods of at least 9 consecutive hours between duty periods, not including commute time
- 46. The effects of Highworkload and Stress
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- 49. Workload Overload TR/TA 1.0 LowWorkload Resource Demand Spare Capacity Region Breakpoint Performance Experienced Workload Overload Region TR=Time Required TA=Time Available
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- 53. Billy 9years old 53.4 inches 70.2 pounds User: Passenger
- 54. Norman- Accountant 40-59 years old 69.9 inches 199.3 pounds User: Passenger
- 55. Natalie- PsychologyPhD. Student 20-39 years old 64.9 inches 155.9 pounds User: Passenger
- 56. Carol- Retired 60+ years old 63 inches 157 pounds User: Passenger
- 57. Female: 47.2years old, 64.4 inches, 166.1 pounds Male: 45.3 years old, 69.9 inches, 199.3 pounds Job description Brief passengers on safety protocols and location of emergency items Assist passengers in loading carry-on bags Ensure all safety requirements are met before take-off Keep cabins tidy Serve and sell food and beverages to passengers Take care of passengers with special needs and provide first aid when necessary Inform passengers of any trouble and provide reassurance when necessary Direct passengers during an emergency with the proper procedures User: Flight Attendant
- 58. Female: 37.7years old, 64. 9 inches, 155.9 pounds Male: 44.3 years old, 69.9 inches, 193.3 pounds Mechanically skilled Job description Emptying trash Cleaning windows Vacuuming carpet Painting aircraft interiors Removing or installing seats and carpet Repair upholstery Clean cockpit Clean lavatories Restock supplies. User: Cabin Maintenance
- 59. Task Analysis: Boardinga Flight
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- 61. 1. Safety 2. Reliability 3.Convenience 4. Time savings 5. Comfort 6. Cost 7. Friendly and rapid on-Board Service 8. Surroundings 9. Ability to read/write/work User Requirements
- 62. SO WHATS THEPLAN!!?
Editor's Notes
- #2 JetBlue Image : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/JetBlue_Airbus_A320-232_N566JB_%284392304042%29.jpg
- #4 Note: Add more once slides are finished.
- #5 In the last 5 years, how many of you have flown on an airplane? How many of you have flown on an airplane that lasted longer than 3 hours? How many of you have felt like the feeling this comic gives off? This comic illustrates the sad reality of air travel today where passengers are forced to succumb to being packed into the coach section without any consideration for their comfort. Picture: http://cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=24009
- #6 In the same vein, and this is sort of an anecdote (it has only happened to me one time, in all my flight travel, just once, and its honestly the best feeling when you’re just able to plop your stuff on the seat next to you. Not in front of you, not under you, not over you, just next to you on a seat because one person missed their flight. But this event is like the lottery, you’re more likely to get hit by lightening than you are to have a comfortable time traveling on an airplane with a seat empty next to you. http://theoatmeal.com/pl/airplane_heard/awesome
- #7 The point I’m trying to illustrate with these comics is that as air travel becomes more affordable and more people choose it as their primary means of traveling across the country, airlines are looking at the bottom dollar rather than embracing a human factors approach to creating both a safe and comfortable environment for air travel. In 2016 alone, according to the Bureau of Transformation Statistics, there were 823 million passengers on US carriers of which 719 million were domestic passengers. On further delving into this, according to the US Travel association, I found that residents in the US logged 1.7 billion person-trips for leisure (i.e. trips taken away from home) and 460 million person-trips for business. Close to one trillion dollars was spent on making all these trips. We also looked at the some user demographics of the people who do regularly travel on airplanes and found that according to Statista, the age groups between 18-29 ad 30-59 on 47% of them take a trip once every 6 months. This is especially important to consider when designing the coach section of an airline. https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/bts013_17 https://www.ustravel.org/answersheet https://www.statista.com/statistics/316365/air-travel-frequency-us-by-age/
- #8 3 reasons: No regulating authority for interior design that focuses on human centered perspective in airplanes (FAA doesn’t regulate) Outdated anthropometric data used for current designs More air travel, more pressure on employees, greater need for regulated processes. The FAA specifies the basic necessities that each airplane must have for safety but does not regulate the interiors of the airplane itself. In July of this year, a federal court in Washington DC finally demanded that the FAA look into reviewing seat sizes and spaces between seats since they may impact passenger safety. It is also important to take into account that the average American has grown larger, and yet most airlines are taking base their allocated space on reports generated in the 1960’s. This will definitely have an impact on the design of the aircraft. With more air travel and catering to more coach passengers, it’s important that we also focus on maintaining safe processes for the employees that work in the airplanes. Training these professionals on changing designs and adjusting to passenger needs is also fairly important. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/business/airline-seat-size-faa.html Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults United States 2010- 2014, CDC
- #9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Jetblue_Airbus_A320_%22Blue_Yorker%22_Simon.jpg
- #10 http://investor.jetblue.com/media-room/multimedia/images/a320
- #11 The jetBlue Airbus A320 is a single-aisle aircraft with 150 seats in a 3 x 3 seating configuration. There is no first class section, only a standard Coach class and “even more space” coach class, which offers passengers additional leg room. The cabin is open, meaning there is no division between the different Coach class seats. There are 3 lavatories and 2 galley areas. http://theflight.info/seat-map-airbus-a320-200-jetblue-best-seats-in-plane/
- #12 There are 108 Standard coach seats and 42 “Even More Room” seats on the Jetblue A320. The seats themselves are made of leather and, depending on how old the aircraft is, have varying levels of contouring to fit the body. They are 17.8 inches wide, have armrests that can be raised and lowered, and can recline to 3.8” past the upright position. They also have a fold out tray-table and storage pouch on the back, carry-on storage underneath, a life vest located in a pouch on the underside of the seat, and a seat bottom that can be used for flotation. http://help.jetblue.com/SRVS/CGI-BIN/webisapi.dll?New,Kb=askBlue,case=obj(383379)#s6 https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/JetBlue_Airways/JetBlue_Airways_Airbus_A320.php#seatMapKeyLegend http://www.aviationexplorer.com/jetblue_airlines_aircraft_cabin_seating_charts.html https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/trip-reports/1341862-jetblue-inaugural-dfw-may-1-2012-dfw-bos.html?styleid=22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0abofrWYCLs –safety video
- #13 Seat pitch is the space between rows. It is determined by measuring from the same position on two seats, one in front of the other. The higher the measurement of seat pitch, the more legroom a passenger will have. http://www.airlinequality.com/info/seat-pitch-guide/
- #14 Standard coach seats in the JetBlue A320 have a 34” seat pitch, while the “Even More Space” seats have a 38-39” seat pitch. http://help.jetblue.com/SRVS/CGI-BIN/webisapi.dll?New,Kb=askBlue,case=obj(383379)#s6 http://www.aviationexplorer.com/jetblue_airlines_aircraft_cabin_seating_charts.html
- #15 The total width of the A320 passenger cabin is 146 inches. As you can see in the image on the left, it is 143 inches from armrest to armrest. Adjusting the calculations for a seat width of 17.8 inches rather than 18” shown in the image, the middle aisle on Jetblue’s A320 measures a narrow 20.2” wide. http://singleflyer.com/2016/07/13/jetblue-mileage-run/ http://www.modernairliners.com/airbus-a320-introduction/airbus-a320-interior/
- #16 There are two galley areas on the a320, 1 in the front of the plane and one in the rear. The galley is used by the flight crew for food preparation and storage, service cart storage, heating food and water, and storing some emergency supplies. http://cabincrewsafety.com/info/news/2014/68/aircraft-galley-training-solutions.html
- #19 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (n.d.). Retrieved October 02, 2017, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=9724&p_table=STANDARDS
- #20 Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational biomechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
- #21 Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational biomechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
- #23 As a passenger the first control you come in contact with on the A320 is the overhead luggage bin. You click open the large latch with your thumb on the inside and four fingers on the outside in a grasping mechanism. Releasing the latch then automatically opens the storage. To close the storage, we need to push down bin to close the latch securely. Problems: Need to be tall enough to reach the control. Since the clearance height for the Airbus A320 is 7’1 , the overhead luggage compartment sits at > 5’5. Might be difficult for some people to reach (especially close down) (ref page 69, Human Factors Design Standards PDF), Might be hard for someone to push down. Exhibit 5.2.2.5.1.7 Maximum force limits for pulling and pushing units of equipment using handles or grasp areas. (Note: specified forces for certain angles when arms are raised) 5.2.2.5.1.3 Units of equipment weighing between 4.5 and 18 kg (10 to 40 lb). Units of equipment weighing between 4.5 kg (10 lb) and 18 kg (40 lb) shall have one or more handles that permit easy handling of the unit by one person. [Source: AFSC DH 1-3, 1980; UCRL-15673, 1985]
- #24 Seatbelt can be controlled and adjusted to passenger waist measurements. Again a grasping motion is used to open and close the clasp of the seatbelt. Seat adjuster located on the inside right armrest allows for reclining the seat. When pushed down, the passenger can push back on the seat with force to start the recline. When the button is let go, the seat will stop reclining and stay in that position. If the button is pushed without applying force to the back by the passenger the seat will go back to an upright position. The headrests on the JetBlue A320-200 are adjustable. The can be folded along the crease to provide support to the passenger. Problems: What if seatbelt doesn't’t fit you correctly? Passengers don’t intuitively know how to work the recline. The ominous silver button does not give an labeled information about how to use it. Foot Rest not intuitively known Adjustable headrest not indicated. Headreset might actually not reach the head (should be able to control it up and down too.
- #25 Pic: https://farm5.static.flickr.com/4127/5122137580_e7f0411e6a_b.jpg Problem: Latch to hold tray table too small. Area to grip and move from side to side might cause injury based on current anthropometric data and latch design principles Credit card slot ends right at the tray table. Credit card may break due to excessive force. Doesn’t account for new chip cards.
- #26 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P7qygSgT9hk/maxresdefault.jpg Problems: Controls out of reach of passengers during flight while seated. If seatbelt sign is on and the person needs help, they might have to compromise safety for the sake of pushing the button. Knobs for adjusting airflow from the air condition controls too ridged, materials(plastic) too slippery to control easily Knobs for adjusting light position, made of plastic, difficult to adjust correctly if not already in place
- #27 Controls: 1- Faucet with a small indication of of red and blue (labeling) to indicate which side it should be turned for hot or cold water. 2- Small knob (lift up and down) for blocking and releasing water 3- Hinged latch door with label for trash can 4- Two toilet paper holders (when filled used for unrolling toilet paper) 5- Toilet Seat and cover (both can be moved up and down for open and close) 6- Button behind toilet – flushing mechanism 7- Space for toilet seat covers (behind toilet) Image: http://mentalfloss.com/article/502891/10-fascinating-facts-about-airplane-bathrooms Problems: Too claustrophobic of a space. Limbs might not be able to fully extend to use controls with ease (toilet paper, if long hands might have to move body away from the toilet, or dig elbows into your back) Hinged door too low and too small to comfortably put trash through.
- #28 Pic 1: http://latinflyer.com/airlines/airline-review-jetblue-airbus-a320-cartagena-to-new-york/ Pic 2: http://image.airlineratings.com/articles/jetBlueJFK_EMS005.jpg 2 sizes of screens – 5.6’’ and 10.1’’ screen. High contrast, can increase brightness to suit individual customers. Has live TV and multiple channels for watching. It also contains pre-selected on demand movies that can be purchased by customer. Problems: No haptic feedback, customer doesn’t know if the thing they’ve pressed on the screen has been selected until the screen moves on.
- #29 Seatbelt: https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-risky-thing-we-all-do-on-a-plane Advantages: Contrasting colors. Colors used are culturally appropriate as red and orange capture attention. Green return to seat sign is also bright. Problems: Out of range of regular head motions (60 degrees up and 45 degrees down) when seated. Would be better if it were situated on the display panel on the seat. In the bathroom – while display usually placed under the mirror, not immediately visible. Should also have a auditory feedback if things are getting bad enough to go back to the seat.
- #30 https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8007/7653848312_0808570b8d_b.jpg http://cdn.travelpulse.com/images/99999999-9999-9999-9999-999999999999/e01e2b3f-1c66-e511-8b9f-0050568e420d/630x355.jpg Displays: Exit signs labeled clearly. In red to provide contrast against the white and make it stand out clearly. All associated mechanisms related to exit are grouped together with clear display instructions on how exit should occur from the airplane. Problems: Letters could be larger? In contrast to the space, it seems quite small (think I saw something about it in the Human factors handbook.)
- #36 http://investor.jetblue.com/media-room/multimedia/images/a320 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSlzJ_BxlDQFGxNMI3dNuzVN-067TmgJ1H1OR3lWT94EGxE0OnChg
- #37 In a nutshell: Flight attendants provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers. The first people you’ll see as you step onto the aircraft are flight attendants. jetBlue is required by the Federal Aviation Administration to provide 4 flight attendants on the Airbus A320 for the safety and security of the passengers. (The number of flight attendants is determined by the number of seats on a plane.) Though many people believe attendants are there for their comfort, the primary job of flight attendants is to keep passengers safe, ensuring that everyone follows security regulations and that the flight deck is secure. However, flight attendants also try to make flights comfortable and stress free for passengers. At times, they may deal with passengers who display disruptive behavior. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
- #38 http://investor.jetblue.com/media-room/multimedia/images/a320 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSlzJ_BxlDQFGxNMI3dNuzVN-067TmgJ1H1OR3lWT94EGxE0OnChg
- #39 196 pages of Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices http://www.airlinequality.com/info/seat-pitch-guide/
- #40 Flight attendants typically do the following: Participate in preflight briefings with the pilots, to discuss cabin conditions and flight details Conduct preflight inspections of emergency equipment Demonstrate the use of safety equipment and emergency equipment Ensure that passengers have their seatbelts fastened when required and that all other safety requirements are met Serve, and sometimes sell, beverages, meals, or snacks Take care of passengers’ needs, particularly those with special needs Reassure passengers during the flight, such as when the aircraft hits turbulence Administer and coordinate emergency medical care, as needed If an emergency arises, provide direction to passengers, including how to evacuate the aircraft Airlines are required by law to provide flight attendants for the safety and security of passengers. The primary job of flight attendants is to keep passengers safe, ensuring that everyone follows security regulations and that the flight deck is secure. Flight attendants also try to make flights comfortable and stress free for passengers. At times, they may deal with passengers who display disruptive behavior. About 1 hour before takeoff, the captain (pilot) may conduct a preflight briefing with flight attendants about relevant flight information, including the number of hours the flight will take, the route the plane will travel, and weather conditions. Flight attendants must ensure that emergency equipment is working, the cabin is clean, and there is an adequate supply of food and beverages on board. Flight attendants greet passengers as they board the aircraft, direct them to their seats, and provide assistance as needed. Before the plane takes off, flight attendants demonstrate the proper use of safety equipment to all passengers, either in person or through a video recording. They also ensure that seatbelts are fastened, seats are locked in the upright position, and all carry-on items are properly stowed in accordance with federal law and company policy. A flight attendant’s most important responsibility, however, is to help passengers in the event of an emergency. This responsibility ranges from dealing with unruly passengers to performing first aid, fighting fires, protecting the flight deck, and directing evacuations. Flight attendants also answer questions about the flight, attend to passengers with special needs, and generally assist all passengers as needed. Before the plane lands, flight attendants once again ensure that seatbelts are fastened, seats are locked in the upright position, and all carry-on and galley items are properly stowed. Before they leave the plane, flight attendants survey the condition of the cabin. They submit reports on any medical, safety, or security issues that may have occurred during the flight. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
- #41 196 pages of Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices PUBLISHED BY IATA The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade association for the world’s airlines, representing some 275 airlines or 83% of total air traffic. We support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues. http://www.iata.org/
- #42 FAA regulations on OPERATIONS, SUBPART ___ … https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=40b94aad368d833c1dd08d5e4c93dd5e&mc=true&n=pt14.3.121&r=PART&ty=HTML#sp14.3.121.j
- #43 Turbulence is the leading cause of injury to Flight Attendants. Since January 2017, at least one turbulence event with injuries has been reported every month. The Association of Professional Flight Attendants has created best practices for deaing with the three leels of turbulence experienced during flight: light, moderate, severe. -https://www.apfa.org/images/safety/Turbulence-Best-Practices-2017.pdf Work Environment About this section Flight attendants make sure all overhead luggage is properly stored. Flight attendants work primarily in the cabin of passenger aircraft. Dealing directly with the public and standing for long periods can be stressful and tiring. Occasionally, flight attendants must deal with turbulence, which can make providing service more difficult and causes anxiety in some passengers. Although rare, dealing with emergencies and unruly customers also can be difficult and cause stress. Flight attendants spend many nights away from home and often sleep in hotels or apartments shared by a group of flight attendants.
- #44 Association of Professional Flight Attendants: Thirty-four percent of all flight attendants have been injured on the job since 2003 One in four flight attendants lost work time due to an injury while on duty In 2003, American Airlines flight attendants lost injury pay protection in contract restructuring Injuries and Illnesses Injuries may occur when overhead compartments are opened, during turbulence, when the attendant is pushing carts, or during aircraft emergencies. In addition, medical problems can arise from irregular sleep patterns, the stress of frequent travel, and exposure to ill passengers. As a result, flight attendants experience some work-related injuries and illnesses.
- #45 Work Schedules Flight attendants usually have variable schedules. They often work nights, weekends, and holidays because airlines operate every day and have overnight flights. In most cases, a contract between the airline and the flight attendant union determines the total daily and monthly workable hours. A typical on-duty shift is usually about 12 to 14 hours per day. However, duty time can be increased for international flights. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that flight attendants receive at least 9 consecutive hours of rest following any duty period before starting their next duty period. Attendants usually fly 75 to 100 hours a month and generally spend another 50 hours a month on the ground, preparing flights, writing reports, and waiting for aircraft to arrive. They can spend several nights a week away from home. During this time, employers typically arrange hotel accommodations and a meal allowance. An attendant’s assignments of home base and route are based on seniority. New flight attendants must be flexible with their schedule and location. Almost all flight attendants start out working on call, also known as reserve status. Flight attendants on reserve usually live near their home airport, because they have to report to work on short notice. As they earn more seniority, attendants gain more control over their schedules. For example, some senior flight attendants may choose to live outside their home base and commute to work. Others may choose to work only on regional flights. On small corporate airlines, flight attendants often work on an as-needed basis and must be able to adapt to changing schedules. About 1 in 4 flight attendants worked part time in 2014. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
- #46 Stressed yet?
- #48 Wickens, C. D. (2014). An introduction to human factors engineering. Harlow: Pearson.
- #49 As Arousal Increases, there is a level of peak performance.
- #50 Figure 13.4 Wickens, C. D. (2014). An introduction to human factors engineering. Harlow: Pearson.
- #52 https://www.consumeraffairs.com/travel/jetblue.html?page=2#sort=recent&filter=1 https://thepointsguy.com/2016/05/jetblue-airbus-a321-review-las-jfk/
- #53 Positive Reviews 5/30/2016 - “I found my economy seat to be really roomy for me at 5’10”, however, it would have been nice to have several extra inches to stretch out during the long flight home. The seat itself is a “slimline” design but I found it to be comfortable and appreciated that the headrest came with adjustable side cushions, making sleeping a bit more cozy.” 10/9/2015 - “The plane also has a dedicated “Marketplace” section (including a fridge-full of Coca-Cola products) located between the Mint and coach cabins, something I’d previously only seen on international flights. The fact that I could just get up and get whatever I wanted without having to ask a flight attendant for help was a welcome touch.” 10/9/2015 “I also loved that JetBlue offers live TV, free snacks and free Wi-Fi. The flight attendants on this flight were friendly and helpful and the clean, modern atmosphere of the A321 kept this six hour and 20-minute flight from feeling stuffy or stale.” http://www.airlinequality.com/airline-reviews/jetblue-airways/ https://thepointsguy.com/2016/05/jetblue-airbus-a321-review-las-jfk/ https://bestcompany.com/airlines/company/jetblue
- #54 Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
- #55 Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
- #56 Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
- #57 Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
- #58 https://datausa.io/profile/soc/532031/ https://www.truity.com/career-profile/flight-attendant
- #59 http://www.airlinejobfinder.com/members/airline-jobs/cabin-service/ https://datausa.io/profile/soc/532010/
- #62 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740021347.pdf RICHARDS, L. G., & JACOBSON, I. D. (1975). Ride Quality Evaluation 1. Questionnaire Studies of Airline Passenger Comfort. Ergonomics, 18(2), 129–150. doi:10.1080/00140137508931447