Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous country located in Central Asia along the ancient Silk Road. It has a continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. The population is over 5.8 million, with Kyrgyz people making up around 65% of the population. Kyrgyzstan has significant natural resources like gold, coal, oil, and other minerals. However, exploiting these resources in the rugged terrain has been challenging. The country also has potential in hydropower and agriculture.

3. Map of
Kyrgyzstan

4. Location of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan is a rugged Central Asian country along the Silk Road, the
ancienttrade route between Chinaand the Mediterranean. The Tian Shan
mountains, which surround the old caravan route and dominate the country, are

5. home to snow leopards, lynx and sheep. In the south, the millennia-old city of
Osh has a huge, busy bazaar that was a stop on the Silk Road.
Kyrgyzstan Weather, climate and
geography
Weather & climate
Kyrgyzstan has a continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. In the
lowlands, the temperature ranges from around -6°C (21°F) in January to
24°C (75°F) in July. In the low-lying Fergana Valley of the south temperatures
may peak as high as the low 40s in summer.
In the highlands, the temperatures range frombetween -20° (-4°F in January to
12°C (54°F) in July, although some high mountain valleys can drop as low as -
30°C (-22°F) in winter. Rainfall is fairly low throughoutthe country but there
can be heavy snowfalls during winter. The wettest area is the mountainsabove
the Fergana Valley; the driest, the southwest shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. March
to May and Octoberto Novemberare usually the wettest months
Vegetation cover in kyrgyzstan
The vegetation in Kyrgyzstan is classified vertically into three belts:
The first and the lowest of these lies below 1 500 metres and was historically
dominated by grass steppe, with marshes and reed-bedsalong rivers such as the
Chu. Much of this, particularly where irrigation has been developed and the
land drained, is now undersettled agriculture, exceptin areas which are too arid

6. or the gradienttoo steep. In the south-west on the fringesof Ferghana where
there is higherprecipitation along the mountain slopes relic ancientfruit and nut
forests occur.
The second belt between 1 500 and 3 000 metres is mainly open mountain
grasslands and scrub, with some broadleaf and coniferforest, depending on the
location and configuration of the mountain ranges and valleys up to a tree line
that never exceeds3 000 metres.
The third and highestbelt above 3 000 metres comprisesalpine grassland and
sub-alpine meadows, intercalated with permanent snow-fields, glaciers and
rocks.
Natural resources of kyrgyzstan
Soviet geologists have estimated Kyrgyzstan's coal reserves at about 27 billion
tons, of which the majority remained entirely unexploited in the mid-1990s.
About 3 billion tons of that amount are judged to be of highestquality. This
coal has proven difficultto exploit, however, because most of it is in small
depositsdeep in the mountains. Kyrgyzstan also has oil resources; small
depositsof oil-bearing shale have been located in southern Kyrgyzstan, and
part of the Fergana oil and natural gas complex lies in Kyrgyzstani territory. In
the Osh region, fourpools of oil, fourof natural gas, and fourmixed pools have
been exploited since the 1950s; however, the yield of all of them is falling in the
1990s. In 1992 their combined outputwas 112,000 tonsof oil and 65 million
cubic meters of natural gas, compared with the republic's annual consumption of
2.5 million tons of oil and 3 billion cubic meters of natural gas.
Kyrgyzstan's iron ore depositsare estimated at 5 billion tons, most containing
about 30 percentiron. Copperdepositsin the mountains are located in

7. extremely complexmineral deposits, making extraction costly. The northern
mountains also contain lead, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, and bismuth. The
south has deposits of bauxite and mercury; Kyrgyzstan was the Soviet Union's
main supplier of mercury, but in the 1990splummeting mercury priceshave
damaged the international market. A tin and tungsten mine was 80 percent
complete in 1995. Kyrgyzstan had a virtual monopoly on supplying antimony to
the Soviet Union, but post-Soviet international markets are small and highly
specialized. Uranium, which was in high demand forthe Soviet Union'smilitary
and atomic energy programs, no longer is mined in Kyrgyzstan.
The Soviet Union'slargest gold mine was located at Makmal in Kyrgyzstan,
and in the Soviet period Kyrgyzstan's 170 proven depositsput it in third place
behind only Russia and Uzbekistan in gold production in the union. Two more
promising deposits, at Kumtor and Jerui, have been discovered. Kumtor, said
to be the seventh-largest gold depositin the world with an estimated value of
US$5.5billion, is being explored by the Canadian Metals Company
(Cameco), a uranium company, in a joint-venture operation. Gold depositsare
concentrated in Talas Province in north-central Kyrgyzstan, where as much as
200 tons may exist; deposits in Makmal are estimated at sixty tons. Deposits
adjacent to the Chatkal River in the northwest amount to an estimated 150
tons.
The terms of the agreement for Kumtor exploitation with Cameco, which gains
one-third of profits fromgold extraction, caused public concern in 1992. To
improve control of the mineral-extraction and refining processes, and to address
the uncontrolled movementof preciousmetals out of the country, President
Akayev created a new administrative agency, Kyrgyzaltyn (Kyrgyzstan Gold),
to replace Yuzhpolmetal, the Soviet-era body responsible forpreciousmetals.
In January 1993, Akayev also broughtthe country'santimony and mercury
minesinto Kyrgyzaltyn. The latter are especially important because mercury is

8. used to refine gold. Control of the mercury minesmakes more likely the
realization of Akayev's hope that Kyrgyzstan will become more than just a
supplier of raw materials.
Although Kyrgyzstan has one of the largest proven gold reserves in the world,
in the early 1990sfuel and spare parts shortages combined with political
disputes to hamperoutput (see Governmentand Politics, this ch.). Production
in 1994 was 3.5 tons, but the output goal for1996 was ten tons.
Kyrgyzstan's major energy source, water, has also been discussed as a
commercial product. The export of bottled mineral and fresh water was the
objectof several unrealized plans in the mid-1990s.
Beautiful views in
kyrgyzstan
Issyk-Kul
Song kol lake

9. Burana tower
Ala Archa National Park

10. Sulayman Mountain
Tree in the mountains
of kyrgyzstan
1. Jeti-Ögüz resort

11. 1. Tash Rabat
1. Kyrgyz Ala-Too
Range

12. 1. Altyn Arashan
Kyrgyzstan products
KYMYZ
KURUT

13. CHALAP
sunfun
holistic

14. white beans
Organic walnut
Komamono honpo

15. hamilton
lightlink
Kyrgyzstan population

16. Kyrgyzstan Population clock
04-08-2015 17:57:51
5 897 983 Current population
2 909 196 Current male population (49.3%)
2 988 787 Current female population(50.7%)
78 418 Births this year
272 Births today
22 505 Deaths this year
78 Deaths today
-8 617 Net migration this year
-30 Net migration today
47 296 Population growththis year
164 Population growthtoday
Kyrgyzstan population 2015

17. During 2015Kyrgyzstan population is estimated to be increased by 83 489
people and reach 5 934 176 in the beginning of 2016. The natural increase is
expected to be positive, as the numberof births will exceed the numberof
deaths by 98 701. If external migration will remain on the previousyear level, the
population will be declined by 15212 due to the migration reasons. It means
that amount of people who leaves Kyrgyzstan to settle permanently in another
country (emigrants) will prevail over the amount of people who moves into the
country (to which they are notnative) in order to settle there as permanent
residents (immigrants).
Population dynamics in 2015
According to our estimations, daily change rates of Kyrgyzstan population in
2015 will be the following:
 379 live births average per day (15.80 in a hour)
 109 deaths average per day (4.53 in a hour)
 -42 emigrants average per day (-1.74 in a hour)
Kyrgyzstan population history
Year Population Growth Rate
1960 2 172 300 N/A %
1961 2 255 900 3.85 %
1962 2 333 400 3.44 %
1963 2 413 700 3.44 %
1964 2 495 300 3.38 %
1965 2 573 300 3.13 %

18. 1966 2 655 300 3.19 %
1967 2 736 500 3.06 %
1968 2 818 300 2.99 %
1969 2 894 800 2.71 %
1970 2 959 900 2.25 %
1971 3 022 300 2.11 %
1972 3 088 200 2.18 %
1973 3 153 800 2.12 %
1974 3 223 900 2.22 %
1975 3 292 400 2.12 %
1976 3 358 700 2.01 %
1977 3 423 900 1.94 %
1978 3 487 100 1.85 %
1979 3 552 000 1.86 %
1980 3 617 400 1.84 %
1981 3 685 800 1.89 %
1982 3 759 300 1.99 %
1983 3 838 300 2.10 %
1984 3 916 400 2.03 %
1985 3 990 300 1.89 %
1986 4 066 500 1.91 %
1987 4 144 600 1.92 %
1988 4 218 400 1.78 %
1989 4 307 500 2.11 %
1990 4 391 200 1.94 %
1991 4 463 600 1.65 %

19. 1992 4 515 400 1.16 %
1993 4 516 700 0.03 %
1994 4 515 100 -0.04 %
1995 4 560 400 1.00 %
1996 4 628 400 1.49 %
1997 4 696 400 1.47 %
1998 4 769 000 1.55 %
1999 4 840 400 1.50 %
2000 4 898 400 1.20 %
2001 4 945 100 0.95 %
2002 4 990 700 0.92 %
2003 5 043 300 1.05 %
2004 5 104 700 1.22 %
2005 5 162 600 1.13 %
2006 5 218 400 1.08 %
2007 5 268 400 0.96 %
2008 5 318 700 0.95 %
2009 5 383 300 1.21 %
2010 5 447 900 1.20 %
2011 5 514 600 1.22 %
2012 5 607 200 1.68 %
2013 5 687 215 1.43 %
2014 5 768 372 1.43 %
2015 5 850 687 1.43 %

20. Ethnic in Kyrgyzstan
According to a 1999 census, about 65% of the population were Kyrgyz, about
14% were Uzbeks, 13% were Russians, 1%
Dungan (ethnic Chinese Muslims), 1% Uighur,
1% Tatar, and0.4%German. About420,000
ethnic Kyrgyz reside elsewhere in the former
Soviet Union and 170,000 in China. Kyrgyz
speak a Turkic language and most are Sunni
Muslims. There are major ethnic and clan-based
cleavages, including north-south clan and
regional tensionsthat threaten fragmentation. According to some reports, 10%
or more of Russians left Kyrgyzstan during 1991 because of ethnic tensions.
Ethnic Germans, deported to Kyrgyzstan by Stalin during World War II, are
also leaving Kyrgyzstan. In June
1990, in the Osh region on the
eastern edge of the fertile Fergana
Valley, a major ethnic conflictbroke
out between Kyrgyzand Uzbek
inhabitants over land distribution.
Approximately 250 people died in
what has been termed "the most explosive region of Central Asia," because of
its mixed population of Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, poverty, and high unemployment.
Periodic clashes also occurbetween Kyrgyz and Tajiks along the borderwith
Tajikistan over water resources. Beefed-up Kyrgyzsecurity forceswere

21. placed in Osh and Alais regionsin early 1993 to prevent spillover from fighting
going on between Tajik ex-communists and oppositionistsin the mountains of
northern Tajikistan and to halt the inflowof Tajik refugees.
Almazbek Atambayev
has been the President of Kyrgyzstan since 1 December
2011. He previously was Prime Minister of
Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December
2011, having also been Prime Minister from 29 March
2007 until 28 November 2007. He also served as
Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of
Kyrgyzstan from 30 July 1999 to 23 September 2011.
On 20 April 2009, Atambayev was announced as a
candidate for the July 2009 Kyrgyz presidential
elections.But on polling day Atambayev withdrew his
candidacy claiming "widespread fraud": "Due to massive,
unprecedented violations, we consider these elections
illegitimate and a new election should be held".
Atambayev has repeatedly presented himself as a pro-Russian politician. He
has announced Kyrgyzstan’s entry into the Customs Union, promised to
secure the withdrawal of the American base from the country in 2014, and has
spoken of the need for closer economic relations with Russia, which

22. temporarily employs about 500,000 citizens of Kyrgyzstan; however, he also
expressed his wish to achieve greater economic and energy independe nce
from it.