The document provides an overview of product planning and development. It discusses key concepts like the features of a product, different types of products, product levels, and the product life cycle. It also covers topics like packaging, labeling, branding, and the new product development process. The main points are:
1) It defines what a product is and lists its essential features like being tangible, providing value, and satisfying customer needs.
2) Products are classified as consumer products or industrial products. Consumer products are purchased for direct use while industrial products are used as inputs.
3) A company manages its product mix using three product levels - core, actual and augmented. Packaging, labeling, warranties are part of
This document discusses product marketing concepts including the nature of products, classifications of consumer and business products, and services. It defines the three levels of a product - core, actual, and augmented. Consumer products are classified as convenience, shopping, specialty, or unsought. Business products include materials/parts, capital items, and supplies/services. Key characteristics that differentiate services are discussed. The document also covers extending product classifications and the firm's product decisions around attributes, branding, and brand strategies.
The document discusses new product planning and the product life cycle. It begins by defining what a product is, including both tangible goods and intangible services. It then outlines the stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The document also discusses the different levels of a product from the core benefit to the actual product to augmented services. Finally, it outlines the process of new product development from idea generation through test marketing to improve the odds of success.
The document discusses new product planning and the product life cycle. It begins by defining what a product is, including both tangible goods and intangible services. It then outlines the stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The document also discusses the different levels of a product from the core benefits to the actual product to augmented services. Finally, it outlines the process of new product development from idea generation through test marketing to improve the odds of success.
This document discusses product strategies and the marketing mix. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. It defines what a product is and discusses the three levels of products - the core customer value, the actual product, and the augmented product.
2. It classifies products based on durability and tangibility as nondurable goods, durable goods, and services. It also classifies products based on use as consumer products or industrial products.
3. It discusses product life cycle strategies and how products progress through five stages - product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline - and how companies should adjust their strategies accordingly across these stages.
A product is defined as a collection of tangible and intangible attributes that provide satisfaction to users. Key product decisions include design, production, launch location, product mix, and specifications. Design decisions involve initial or changed designs. Production decisions cover manufacturing processes. Launch decisions consider local, international, multinational, or global markets. The product mix encompasses breadth, depth, consistency, and inconsistency of product lines. Additional decisions involve packaging, labeling, branding, and adapting to cultural requirements.
This document discusses key marketing concepts including needs, wants, exchange, market, goods, and familiarity with marketing systems. It defines marketing as satisfying customer needs through the development, promotion, and distribution of products. It also discusses the marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion and how organizations market products, services, and experiences.
This document discusses product marketing concepts including the nature of products, classifications of consumer and business products, and services. It defines the three levels of a product - core, actual, and augmented. Consumer products are classified as convenience, shopping, specialty, or unsought. Business products include materials/parts, capital items, and supplies/services. Key characteristics that differentiate services are discussed. The document also covers extending product classifications and the firm's product decisions around attributes, branding, and brand strategies.
The document discusses new product planning and the product life cycle. It begins by defining what a product is, including both tangible goods and intangible services. It then outlines the stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The document also discusses the different levels of a product from the core benefit to the actual product to augmented services. Finally, it outlines the process of new product development from idea generation through test marketing to improve the odds of success.
The document discusses new product planning and the product life cycle. It begins by defining what a product is, including both tangible goods and intangible services. It then outlines the stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The document also discusses the different levels of a product from the core benefits to the actual product to augmented services. Finally, it outlines the process of new product development from idea generation through test marketing to improve the odds of success.
This document discusses product strategies and the marketing mix. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. It defines what a product is and discusses the three levels of products - the core customer value, the actual product, and the augmented product.
2. It classifies products based on durability and tangibility as nondurable goods, durable goods, and services. It also classifies products based on use as consumer products or industrial products.
3. It discusses product life cycle strategies and how products progress through five stages - product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline - and how companies should adjust their strategies accordingly across these stages.
A product is defined as a collection of tangible and intangible attributes that provide satisfaction to users. Key product decisions include design, production, launch location, product mix, and specifications. Design decisions involve initial or changed designs. Production decisions cover manufacturing processes. Launch decisions consider local, international, multinational, or global markets. The product mix encompasses breadth, depth, consistency, and inconsistency of product lines. Additional decisions involve packaging, labeling, branding, and adapting to cultural requirements.
This document discusses key marketing concepts including needs, wants, exchange, market, goods, and familiarity with marketing systems. It defines marketing as satisfying customer needs through the development, promotion, and distribution of products. It also discusses the marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion and how organizations market products, services, and experiences.
This document discusses product and service definitions, levels of products and services, product classifications, attributes, branding, packaging, labeling, and service marketing strategies. It defines products and services, explains the core, actual, and augmented levels of products. It also covers consumer and industrial products, attributes like quality, features, style, branding, packaging, and labeling. Finally, it discusses internal, external, and interactive aspects of service marketing and the service profit chain.
This document discusses key concepts related to products, services, and brands. It defines a product as anything offered for sale that might satisfy a want or need, while a service is an intangible activity or benefit offered for sale. It discusses different levels of products from the core benefit to the actual product to augmented services. It also covers classifications of consumer and industrial products, as well as product line and mix decisions companies must make. Finally, it discusses packaging, branding, and brand equity.
This document discusses ingredient branding as a differentiation strategy for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India. It provides background on the FMCG market in India and defines ingredient branding. Ingredient branding involves incorporating a branded ingredient into a host product to build brand image and differentiation. The document reviews literature on ingredient branding and analyzes examples of successful ingredient branding strategies in consumer durables. It then examines characteristics of the FMCG market and provides suggestions for implementing ingredient branding for FMCG companies, such as choosing ingredients with unique benefits to create appeal and awareness. The conclusion is that careful planning is needed to maximize the benefits of any ingredient branding strategy.
The document discusses the key steps in the new product development process, including idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, marketing strategy development, business analysis, product development, test marketing, and commercialization. Idea generation involves brainstorming new product ideas internally or externally. Ideas are then screened for marketing potential and feasibility. Selected concepts are developed and tested before a marketing strategy and business analysis are conducted. The product is developed, tested on a sample market, and commercialized.
This document provides an overview of product and brand management. It defines what a product is, discusses different types of products including consumer and business products. It also covers key product management concepts like the core benefit of a product, different levels of a product from the expected to the potential product, and strategies for managing a product portfolio including product line extensions and stretching a product line.
This document discusses key concepts related to products, services, and brands. It defines a product as anything that can satisfy a want or need, including both tangible goods and intangible services. Products have tangible attributes like packaging as well as intangible attributes like perceptions. The document also discusses classifying products based on durability and tangibility, the significance of product planning, differentiating products, and the importance of building strong brands to create customer value and competitive advantages.
Product management is an important organizational role that typically involves analyzing market conditions, laying out a product vision, and providing cross-functional leadership between different departments like engineering, sales, and marketing. The role spans both strategic and tactical activities. At its best, product management bridges gaps within a company to deliver unique customer value based on demands.
PM 2 Chapter 1 The Product Mix for Students.pdfYaredAdeme1
This document discusses product and service decisions that marketers make. It covers classifying products as durable/non-durable, tangible/intangible, consumer/industrial products. Consumer products are further divided into convenience, shopping, specialty and unsought products. The document also discusses how products can include services, experiences, organizations, people, places and ideas. Marketers make individual product, product line and product mix decisions.
UPDATED SEP17-18Class 12 Marketing CBSE ( 783 ) All chapters in 1 PDF Lovell Menezes
Marketing and Salesmanship
Class 12
CBSE
NCERT
TEXTBOOK
MARKETING NOTES
SALESMANSHIP NOTES
PRODUCT
OLCAE
DISTRIBUTION
PRMOTION
EMERGING TRENDS IN marketing
This document provides an overview of the marketing class curriculum for Unit 1 on products. The unit covers the meaning and importance of products in marketing. It discusses the core product, associated features, brand name, logo, package, and label that make up a product's total offering. It also covers product classification of consumer and industrial goods, the product life cycle, and the role of packaging and labeling. The unit aims to help students understand the key components of a product and their importance in satisfying customer needs and generating profits for a company.
This document discusses product management and new product development. It defines a product, classifies products based on different factors, and describes levels of a product. It also discusses product line and mix decisions, factors influencing new product development, and the process for developing new products. The document notes that new product development is important for meeting changing demands but that new products can fail due to issues like weak distribution, insufficient marketing, higher costs, or defects.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to product and marketing mix. It defines a product, discusses different levels and types of products. It also covers product mix, product life cycle, new product development process and challenges companies may face with new products. The marketing mix elements of product, price, place and promotion are discussed at a high-level. Examples of specific companies' product mixes are also provided.
MBM 6109 Revision Qns and Answers.docx Guiding quaestions and answersahimbisibwelamed
The document discusses industrial and consumer marketing. It begins by defining industrial marketing as marketing products and services to commercial organizations, while consumer marketing targets individuals for personal use.
It then highlights some key similarities and differences between industrial and consumer marketing. Industrial marketing focuses on building long-term relationships and solving complex business needs through customized solutions and rational decision making. Consumer marketing relies more on emotions and impulsive purchases through mass advertising appeals.
The document also provides an example response to an interview question comparing industrial and consumer marketers. It evaluates the statement that "a marketer is a marketer" and outlines how the contexts differ significantly.
The document provides information on industrial and consumer marketing. It begins by defining industrial marketing as marketing products and services to commercial organizations. It discusses the four types of exchanges in industrial marketing: product, information, financial, and social.
It then defines consumer marketing as marketing to individuals for personal use. Consumer markets are divided into food, beverages, transportation, and retail.
The document compares and contrasts industrial and consumer marketing. Key differences include industrial marketing focusing on building long-term relationships while consumer marketing leverages emotions. Industrial products are also discussed and classified into materials/parts, capital items, and supplies/services.
Brief notes are provided on material requirement planning, niche marketing, and buying centers in industrial
The document discusses product, services, and branding strategy. It covers key topics such as defining products and services, product classifications, individual product decisions including branding and packaging, product line and mix decisions, and the unique characteristics of marketing services. The document provides learning objectives and outlines the major sections and subsections to be covered in the chapter.
This document discusses brands and brand management. It defines what a brand is and differentiates brands from products. Brands provide value to both consumers and firms. For consumers, brands reduce risks and search costs when making purchasing decisions. Brands signal quality and allow consumers to easily identify the source or maker of a product. For firms, brands provide identification and differentiation from competitors. The document also outlines the strategic brand management process and discusses how various types of products and services can be branded.
The document discusses industrial marketing and industrial buying behavior. It defines industrial marketing as marketing products and services to business organizations. It notes there are differences between industrial and consumer markets, such as industrial buyers being fewer in number but purchasing larger quantities. The buying process for industrial customers is more complex and involves multiple influencers within an organization. Key participants in the industrial buying process are identified as the buyer, user, influencer, gatekeeper, decider, and initiator. Different buying situations like straight rebuy, modified rebuy, and new tasks are outlined based on complexity, newness, people involved, and time. Stages of industrial procurement decisions and buying phases are also summarized.
Product life cycle and marketing management strategiesAnanthK20
The document discusses the product life cycle and marketing strategies used at each stage. It explains that all products go through stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. To be successful during each phase, companies must understand customer needs, markets, and competitors, and how to apply the appropriate marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion strategies. As a product moves from introduction to decline, companies shift strategies from heavy promotion and building demand, to increasing competition and price reductions. The goal is to recognize a product's stage and set performance targets to improve success throughout its lifetime.
This document discusses research problem definition and research design. It defines a research problem as a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that a researcher aims to address. Good research problems are clear, generate questions, are grounded in theory, and are feasible within time and resource constraints. Research design refers to the overall plan for how a study will be conducted, including what data will be collected and how it will be analyzed. Key aspects of research design discussed include objectivity, reliability, validity, and generalizability. The document also covers sampling design and types of sampling.
This document outlines the units of an information technology course, including introduction to data and information, hardware and software, and computer networks. Unit 1 covers types of data acquisition and storage, as well as information sources, levels, characteristics, uses, and flow in organizations. Unit 2 discusses input, processing, storage, output and communication hardware as well as system and application software and operating system functions. Unit 3 describes types of networks like LAN, MAN, WAN as well as the internet, websites, and their business uses and features. Units 4 and 5 cover making entries and reports in Tally, including company ledgers, accounts, inventory, purchase and sales cycles, as well as trial balances, cash books, ratios, stock
This document discusses product and service definitions, levels of products and services, product classifications, attributes, branding, packaging, labeling, and service marketing strategies. It defines products and services, explains the core, actual, and augmented levels of products. It also covers consumer and industrial products, attributes like quality, features, style, branding, packaging, and labeling. Finally, it discusses internal, external, and interactive aspects of service marketing and the service profit chain.
This document discusses key concepts related to products, services, and brands. It defines a product as anything offered for sale that might satisfy a want or need, while a service is an intangible activity or benefit offered for sale. It discusses different levels of products from the core benefit to the actual product to augmented services. It also covers classifications of consumer and industrial products, as well as product line and mix decisions companies must make. Finally, it discusses packaging, branding, and brand equity.
This document discusses ingredient branding as a differentiation strategy for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India. It provides background on the FMCG market in India and defines ingredient branding. Ingredient branding involves incorporating a branded ingredient into a host product to build brand image and differentiation. The document reviews literature on ingredient branding and analyzes examples of successful ingredient branding strategies in consumer durables. It then examines characteristics of the FMCG market and provides suggestions for implementing ingredient branding for FMCG companies, such as choosing ingredients with unique benefits to create appeal and awareness. The conclusion is that careful planning is needed to maximize the benefits of any ingredient branding strategy.
The document discusses the key steps in the new product development process, including idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, marketing strategy development, business analysis, product development, test marketing, and commercialization. Idea generation involves brainstorming new product ideas internally or externally. Ideas are then screened for marketing potential and feasibility. Selected concepts are developed and tested before a marketing strategy and business analysis are conducted. The product is developed, tested on a sample market, and commercialized.
This document provides an overview of product and brand management. It defines what a product is, discusses different types of products including consumer and business products. It also covers key product management concepts like the core benefit of a product, different levels of a product from the expected to the potential product, and strategies for managing a product portfolio including product line extensions and stretching a product line.
This document discusses key concepts related to products, services, and brands. It defines a product as anything that can satisfy a want or need, including both tangible goods and intangible services. Products have tangible attributes like packaging as well as intangible attributes like perceptions. The document also discusses classifying products based on durability and tangibility, the significance of product planning, differentiating products, and the importance of building strong brands to create customer value and competitive advantages.
Product management is an important organizational role that typically involves analyzing market conditions, laying out a product vision, and providing cross-functional leadership between different departments like engineering, sales, and marketing. The role spans both strategic and tactical activities. At its best, product management bridges gaps within a company to deliver unique customer value based on demands.
PM 2 Chapter 1 The Product Mix for Students.pdfYaredAdeme1
This document discusses product and service decisions that marketers make. It covers classifying products as durable/non-durable, tangible/intangible, consumer/industrial products. Consumer products are further divided into convenience, shopping, specialty and unsought products. The document also discusses how products can include services, experiences, organizations, people, places and ideas. Marketers make individual product, product line and product mix decisions.
UPDATED SEP17-18Class 12 Marketing CBSE ( 783 ) All chapters in 1 PDF Lovell Menezes
Marketing and Salesmanship
Class 12
CBSE
NCERT
TEXTBOOK
MARKETING NOTES
SALESMANSHIP NOTES
PRODUCT
OLCAE
DISTRIBUTION
PRMOTION
EMERGING TRENDS IN marketing
This document provides an overview of the marketing class curriculum for Unit 1 on products. The unit covers the meaning and importance of products in marketing. It discusses the core product, associated features, brand name, logo, package, and label that make up a product's total offering. It also covers product classification of consumer and industrial goods, the product life cycle, and the role of packaging and labeling. The unit aims to help students understand the key components of a product and their importance in satisfying customer needs and generating profits for a company.
This document discusses product management and new product development. It defines a product, classifies products based on different factors, and describes levels of a product. It also discusses product line and mix decisions, factors influencing new product development, and the process for developing new products. The document notes that new product development is important for meeting changing demands but that new products can fail due to issues like weak distribution, insufficient marketing, higher costs, or defects.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to product and marketing mix. It defines a product, discusses different levels and types of products. It also covers product mix, product life cycle, new product development process and challenges companies may face with new products. The marketing mix elements of product, price, place and promotion are discussed at a high-level. Examples of specific companies' product mixes are also provided.
MBM 6109 Revision Qns and Answers.docx Guiding quaestions and answersahimbisibwelamed
The document discusses industrial and consumer marketing. It begins by defining industrial marketing as marketing products and services to commercial organizations, while consumer marketing targets individuals for personal use.
It then highlights some key similarities and differences between industrial and consumer marketing. Industrial marketing focuses on building long-term relationships and solving complex business needs through customized solutions and rational decision making. Consumer marketing relies more on emotions and impulsive purchases through mass advertising appeals.
The document also provides an example response to an interview question comparing industrial and consumer marketers. It evaluates the statement that "a marketer is a marketer" and outlines how the contexts differ significantly.
The document provides information on industrial and consumer marketing. It begins by defining industrial marketing as marketing products and services to commercial organizations. It discusses the four types of exchanges in industrial marketing: product, information, financial, and social.
It then defines consumer marketing as marketing to individuals for personal use. Consumer markets are divided into food, beverages, transportation, and retail.
The document compares and contrasts industrial and consumer marketing. Key differences include industrial marketing focusing on building long-term relationships while consumer marketing leverages emotions. Industrial products are also discussed and classified into materials/parts, capital items, and supplies/services.
Brief notes are provided on material requirement planning, niche marketing, and buying centers in industrial
The document discusses product, services, and branding strategy. It covers key topics such as defining products and services, product classifications, individual product decisions including branding and packaging, product line and mix decisions, and the unique characteristics of marketing services. The document provides learning objectives and outlines the major sections and subsections to be covered in the chapter.
This document discusses brands and brand management. It defines what a brand is and differentiates brands from products. Brands provide value to both consumers and firms. For consumers, brands reduce risks and search costs when making purchasing decisions. Brands signal quality and allow consumers to easily identify the source or maker of a product. For firms, brands provide identification and differentiation from competitors. The document also outlines the strategic brand management process and discusses how various types of products and services can be branded.
The document discusses industrial marketing and industrial buying behavior. It defines industrial marketing as marketing products and services to business organizations. It notes there are differences between industrial and consumer markets, such as industrial buyers being fewer in number but purchasing larger quantities. The buying process for industrial customers is more complex and involves multiple influencers within an organization. Key participants in the industrial buying process are identified as the buyer, user, influencer, gatekeeper, decider, and initiator. Different buying situations like straight rebuy, modified rebuy, and new tasks are outlined based on complexity, newness, people involved, and time. Stages of industrial procurement decisions and buying phases are also summarized.
Product life cycle and marketing management strategiesAnanthK20
The document discusses the product life cycle and marketing strategies used at each stage. It explains that all products go through stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. To be successful during each phase, companies must understand customer needs, markets, and competitors, and how to apply the appropriate marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion strategies. As a product moves from introduction to decline, companies shift strategies from heavy promotion and building demand, to increasing competition and price reductions. The goal is to recognize a product's stage and set performance targets to improve success throughout its lifetime.
This document discusses research problem definition and research design. It defines a research problem as a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that a researcher aims to address. Good research problems are clear, generate questions, are grounded in theory, and are feasible within time and resource constraints. Research design refers to the overall plan for how a study will be conducted, including what data will be collected and how it will be analyzed. Key aspects of research design discussed include objectivity, reliability, validity, and generalizability. The document also covers sampling design and types of sampling.
This document outlines the units of an information technology course, including introduction to data and information, hardware and software, and computer networks. Unit 1 covers types of data acquisition and storage, as well as information sources, levels, characteristics, uses, and flow in organizations. Unit 2 discusses input, processing, storage, output and communication hardware as well as system and application software and operating system functions. Unit 3 describes types of networks like LAN, MAN, WAN as well as the internet, websites, and their business uses and features. Units 4 and 5 cover making entries and reports in Tally, including company ledgers, accounts, inventory, purchase and sales cycles, as well as trial balances, cash books, ratios, stock
The document outlines 5 units that cover various topics related to company accounting:
Unit I discusses the issue of shares including par value shares, premium shares, and discounted shares. It also covers over-subscription, pro-rata allotment, forfeiture and reissue of shares.
Unit II covers redemption of preference shares and debentures including redemption at par and premium.
Unit III discusses profit prior to incorporation, valuation of goodwill, and valuation of shares.
Unit IV outlines the objectives and preparation of financial statements.
Unit V is about liquidation of companies including winding up, statement of affairs, and liquidator's final statement.
Management accounting provides accounting information useful for management decision making. It uses special techniques like budgeting, standard costing, and variance analysis to help plan, control operations, and make decisions. The goals of management accounting are to aid with planning, controlling performance, organizing work, interpreting financial statements, motivating employees, and coordinating activities. Some limitations include reliance on historical data and difficulty in application. Management accounting differs from financial accounting in its focus on non-financial and forward-looking information for internal managers rather than external stakeholders.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a presentation on markets and marketing. It includes definitions of key terms like market and marketing. It describes 5 concepts in marketing: production, product, selling, marketing, and societal marketing concepts. It outlines the importance of marketing for society/consumers and organizations. It also discusses different approaches to marketing like product, institutional, functional, management, and system approaches. Finally, it lists factors that influence the marketing concept such as growth of population, changing family concepts, and urbanization.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a presentation on markets and marketing. It includes definitions of key terms like market and marketing. It describes 5 concepts in marketing: production, product, selling, marketing, and societal marketing concepts. It outlines several approaches to marketing like product, institutional, functional, management, and system approaches. It also discusses factors that influence the marketing concept like growth of population, changing family concepts, and urbanization. Finally, it outlines the importance of marketing for societies and consumers, organizations, and factors influencing marketing decisions.
Research Methodology - Data Collection.pptxDGayathiry
This document discusses techniques in research. It provides an overview of fields of research such as marketing, human resources, management, and finance. It then lists important online research databases and tools for data collection. Effective data collection is important for research integrity and decision making. Primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined. The document concludes by listing some finance research topics and relevant websites.
Research involves systematically collecting, organizing, and evaluating data. It aims to define problems, discover new truths, gain insights, test hypotheses, and accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups. Research can be descriptive or analytical, applied or fundamental, quantitative or qualitative, conceptual or empirical. Motivations for research include gaining degrees or intellectual joy, serving society, and facing challenges. Different types of research include longitudinal, diagnostic, decision-oriented, historical, exploratory, field-setting, and mixed methods approaches.
Bookkeeping records and organizes financial data of a business on a regular basis, such as monthly or quarterly, while accounting provides oversight of accounts and produces financial statements and tax returns in compliance with law. Accountants will review and adjust bookkeeper entries and help make informed business decisions. Accounting is the recording, classifying, summarizing and interpretation of financial transactions and events to provide information to assess results and financial position of a business.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
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4. 2023 UNIT 2 4
MEANING
A product may be defined as a set of
tangible, intangible and associate
attributes capable of being
exchanged for a value with the ability
to satisfy consumers and business
needs. It is anything that can be
offered to a market to satisfy the needs
or wants of the customer. The products
that are marketed include physical
goods, services, experiences, events,
person,
place, properties, organization,
information and ideas
5. 2023 UNIT 2 5
DEFINITION
Philip Kotler: “A product is anything that can be offered to a
market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption. It includes
physical objects, services, personalities, place, organizations
and ideas.”
Alderson: “A product is a bundle of utilities consisting of
various features and accompanying services.”
Schwartz: “A product is something a firm markets that will
satisfy a personal want or fill a business or commercial need
and includes all the peripheral factors that may contribute to
consumer’s satisfaction.”
7. FLOW CHART
2023 UNIT 2 7
FEATURES OF
PRODUCT
ASSOCIATED
ATTRIBUTES
EXCHANGE
VALUE
CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION
TANGIBILITY
INTANGIBLE
ATTRIBUTES
8. ESSENTIAL FEATURES
1) Tangible attributes:To be called a product, an item should be tangible, i.e. it may be
touched, 2 seen its presence felt. It has precise specifications and is offered under a
given description or model number. It denotes color, style, size, weight, durability, quality,
and price features Ex: TV, scooter, mobile, toothpaste, pressure cooker.
2) Intangible attributes: Intangible attributes in a product are those that cannot be
perceived right away or one that is not so very apparent. Ex: repairing, hair-dressing,
banking or insurance. These services may be bought independently or associated with
tangible products.
3) Peripheral or associated attributes: These help in identification of a product and
acceptance by buyers. Ex: Brand, package, warranty, credit delivering terms.
4) Exchange value: Every product should have an exchange value and should be capable
of being exchanged between buyer & seller for a mutually agreeable consideration.
5) Consumer satisfaction: Products should be able to deliver satisfaction to consumers,
which could be real or psychological. Ex: When a girl buys a lakme lipstick, she not only
buys a chemical compound which is real but also buys ‘beauty’ which has some
psychological value.
6) Business need satisfaction: Any product should be able to satisfy a business need. A
very basic business need is to earn profit. Another one is societal need. Ex: Cholesterol
free edible oil is a product that satisfies social need
2023 UNIT 2 8
11. CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Products are broadly classified into two categories – consumer products and industrial
products. Consumer products are products that the ultimate consumer purchases
himself for direct use. The consumer purchases these consumer products to satisfy his
personal needs and desires. Some examples of consumer products are toothpaste,
eatables, textiles, computers etc and various such products. Now there are many types
of consumer products as well. Let us take at the classification of consumer goods based
on the shopping effort involved.
Convenience Products: These are consumer goods that are very
convenient to purchase. They are bought frequently and with very little
effort. Examples include medicines, toiletries, newspapers etc. Such
convenience products have ongoing and continuous demand. Such goods
are also bought in small quantities and are also generally lowly priced.
Shopping Products: To shop for these consumer products, consumers
devote considerable time and effort. They compare prices and features
and a lot of thought is involved before making the decision to buy. Some
such examples are electronics, furniture, jewelry etc. These products
generally fall in the higher price range. Such products are pre-planned
purchases.
Specialty Products: For specialty products, consumers make special
efforts to buy them. They are not your regular run of the mill consumer
products. The buyer is willing to go through a lot of effort to purchase
such products. Take for example any artwork, paintings, sculptures etc.
The demand for such specialty products is usually pretty limited and the
prices are high
2023 UNIT2 11
12. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
These are products which are used as input for manufacturing other
products. Unlike consumer goods, these are not for direct consumption.
These are meant for business and nonpersonal use. Some examples of
industrial products are raw materials, machines, tools etc. Here the demand
for industrial products is limited. Since they are not consumer goods the
demand for them is not vast. The three broad categories of Industrial goods
are as follows.
Machine and Machine Parts: These goods are used entirely in the
manufacturing process. These include raw materials like cotton, lumber,
petroleum etc. They also include manufactured products like glass,
rubber etc.
Capital items: These are goods/products used to manufacture finished
goods. They include installations (lifts, mainframe computers etc) and
equipment (hand tools, personal computers etc)
Business Services and Supplies: These are industrial goods and
services that facilitate the manufacturing process. They include services
such as painters, technicians, maintenance, and repairs. And products
such as lubricants, stationary etc.
2023 UNIT 2 12
16. MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCT MIX THROUGH PLC
EFFECTS AND
RESPONSE
INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE
COMPETITION NOT IMPORTANT SOME EMULATOR MANY COMPERTITORS
ENTERING THE FIELD
FEW IN NUMBER WITH
RAPID SHAKEOUTOF WEAK
MEMBERS
PROFIT PROFIT IS NEGLIGIBLE
BECAUSE OF HIGH
PRODUCTION AND
MARKETING COST
PROFIT REACHING PEAK
LEVEL AS A RESULT OF
HIGH PRICES AND
GROWING DEMAND
STIFF COMPETITION EATING
INTO PROFITN MARGIN
AND IMPACTING TOTAL
PROFIT ADVERSELY
DECLINING VOLUME
PUSHES COSTS UP TO THE
LEVELS THAT ELIMINATE
PROFITS ENTIRELY
DISTRIBUTION SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION DEPLOYMENT OF SALES
PROMOTIONAL TOOLS
TARGETED AT WINNING
DEALER SUPPORT
USING SALES
PROMOTIONAL TOOLS
TARGETED AT DEALERS SO
THAT THEIR SUPPORT IS
SUSTAINED
PHASING OUT UN
PROFITABLE OUTLES
ADVERTISING
STRATEGY
TARGETED AT EARLY
ADOPTERS
RAISING AWARNESS
ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF
PRODUCT AMONG
CONSUMING PUBLIC
HIGHLIGHTING PRODUCT
DIFFERENTIATION
USING
ADVERTISEMENT
HIGHLIGHTING LOW PRICES
TO REDUCE STOCK PILE UP
THROUGH
ADVERTISINGAND SALES
PROMOTIONAL TOOLS
OVERALL
STRATEGY
PERSUADING EARLY
ADOPTERS TO TRY THE
PRODUCT
PERSUADING THE MASS
TO PREFER THE BRAND
THROUGH MARKET
PENETRATION STRATEGY
POPULARIZING BRAND
THEREBY CHECKING THE
INROAD OF COMPETION
PREPARINGTO DROP THE
BRAND AFTER
EXHAUSTINGALL POSSIBLE
AVENUES OF ADVERTISING
REVENUE. 16
18. DEFINITION
Product planning is a technique of planning all the aspects of a product in its relationship with the
market. The aim of product planning is to avoid designing of unsuitable products and all the related
expenses. The present day customer will not accept any product which does not suit his requirements
in any way-price, style, designing, features, distribution etc. Product planning is always done keeping in
mind the market or consumer expectations.
“Product planning is the act of managing and supervising the search, screening, development and
commercialization of new products; the modification of existing lines; and the discontinuance of
marginal or unprofitable items. – Carl H. Titgen
IMPORTANCE
a) Development and introduction of new products.
b) Modification of existing lines as may be needed in terms of changing customer needs and
preferences.
c) Discontinuance or elimination of marginal or unprofitable products.
2023 UNIT 2 18
19. 2023 UNIT 2 19
THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS (NPD)
20. BRAND
Brand means a name, term, sign, symbol, design, or a mix thereof used
to identify the product of one firm and to distinguish if from the
competitive products. A brand is usually composed of a name and a mark
or a mnemonic. A brand name is a part of a brand which can be
vocalized. It consists of words, letters, and / or numbers.
Branding is the process of creating a distinct identity for a business in
the mind of your target audience and consumers. At the the most basic
level, branding is made up of a company's logo, visual design, mission,
and tone of voice.
Benefits of a strong brand include:
2023 UNIT 2 20
INCREASED SALES
HELPING CREATE A
CLEAR AND INSPIRING
MISSION OR PURPOSE
COMPANY WIDE.
HELPING CREATE A
STRONG COMPANY
CULTURE WHERE YOUR
EMPLOYEES LOVE
WHAT THEY DO.
ATTRACTING TOP-
QUALITY TALENT TO
HELP GROW YOUR
BUSINESS EVEN
FURTHER.
CUSTOMER LOYALTY
AND RECOGNITION.
DEVELOPING STRONG
BRAND EQUITY
HELPING YOU STAND
OUT FROM YOUR
COMPETITION.
22. MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS
Packaging is the process of providing a protective and
informative covering to the product in such a way that it protects
the product during material handling, storage, and 11 movement
and also provides useful information to all the concerned parties
about the content of the package.
Characteristics of Good Packaging
Packaging is more than just your product’s pretty face. Your
package design may affect everything from breakage rates in
shipment to whether stores will be willing to stock it. These are the
characteristics of good packaging
Labeling - include certain information on the label of your
product when it is distributed in specific ways.
Opening - product is one that will be distributed in such a way
that customers will want to–and should be able to–sample or
examine it before buying, your packaging will have to be easy to
open and to reclose
Size - product must be shipped a long distance to its distribution
point, then bulky or heavy packaging may add too much to
transportation costs.
Durability - Many products endure rough handling between their
production point and their ultimate consumer.
2023 UNIT 2 22
23. FUNCTION OF PACKAGING
Packaging plays a crucial role from the time a product is developed to the time a product
is fully consumed. These functions of packaging include:
Contains the product: Most products need to be contained either during transportation, storage, or consumption.
Packaging makes sure the product is contained as and when required.
Protects the product: Packaging protects the product and its quality, features, utility, etc. from being damaged or
contaminated during transportation, storage, and consumption.
Aids product handling and usage: Proper packaging aids product handling and makes it easy to transport, ship,
and even use the product.
Differentiates the product and makes it stand out: Packaging makes it easier for the customer to identify and
differentiate it from other products. Moreover, attractive packages have a property to stand out and attract customers
towards it.
Forms a part of product marketing strategy: An attractive and/or informative package makes the product stand
out and have a promotional appeal. Packaging also acts as the final touchpoint that helps in product promotion and
sale.
Provides customer convenience: Packaging is also a convenience tool that makes it convenient for the customer
to carry, transport, and use the product.
Acts as a communication medium: Packaging along with labelling helps communicate the brand identity, brand
message, and product and company information to the customer.
Adds to the aesthetic value: Packaging can make a simple product look attractive or a unique product look
ordinary. It’s an important aesthetic touchpoint that can make or break a sale.
2023 UNIT 2 23
24. LABELLING
Labelling is a part of branding and enables product identification. It is a printed information that
is bonded to the product for recognition and provides detailed information about the product.
Customers make the decision easily at the point of purchase seeing the labelling of the
product.
FUNCTIONS OF LABELLING:
Defines the product and its contents: A label is informative about the
product’s usage and caution to be taken while using the product.
Example, Red Label Natural Care tea mentions five ingredients in its
label that provide immunity.
Recognition of product: Labeling assists in the identification of the
product. Example, the brand name of a chocolate will help one choose
from the rest of the confectionery items available.
Assorting of products: It means classification or grading of products
according to different categories in the market. Example, shampoos
are categorized as dry hair, normal hair and oily hair types and cater to
consumers in the market with the dry, normal and oily scalp,
respectively.
Assists promotion of products: It gives the customer the reason to
purchase the product. Example, it attracts the attention of the
consumer by displaying messages such as ‘20% free’ or ‘save rupees
15’ message in potato chips packet.
In compliance with the law: Labels should strictly abide by the law.
Example, for tobacco, the label should mention ‘Tobacco is injurious to
health’. Cigarettes also should have ‘Smoking is injurious to health’ as
the statutory warning on its package
2023 UNIT 2 24