INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
REASSESSMENT AND PERSPECTIVES OF LABOUR POLICIES
14-15 December 2017- University Roma Tre, Department of Economics
School of Economics and Business, Via Silvio D’Amico 111, 00145 Roma
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, WAGES AND PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity and wages, dynamics in the euro-system
and the role of two-tier bargaining
Massimo Resce
This paper presents an analysis of Portugal's economy from 1999 to 2015, providing an
alternative to explanations that present the situation faced by Southern European
countries after the Great Recession as a matter of excessive expenditure or loss in
competitiveness. Based upon the Sraffian Supermultiplier model, we look at how
demand components evolved along the analyzed period, in a growth accounting setting.
This assessment evidences that insufficient effective (public) demand -- not balance-ofpayments
constraints nor an alleged excess of public expenditure -- is what explains
Portugal's low-to-negative growth rates from 2001 forward. Given the limited
productive structure, a labor market that is not strong enough to guarantee a solid
internal credit expansion and the present institutional setting (which makes fiscal
expenditure an also limited source of effective demand), we conclude that the only way
for Portugal to abandon the low growth path would be a more cooperative fiscal stance
from the European Union.
Aon Hewitt 6th European HR Barometer Executive Summary (2011)Inspiring Benefits
Sexta edición de la encuesta realizada por Aon Hewitt (división de consultoría y soluciones de outsourcing de recursos humanos de Aon Corporation) con el EChr (European Club for human resources) entre responsables de recursos humanos europeos.
This paper presents an analysis of Portugal's economy from 1999 to 2015, providing an
alternative to explanations that present the situation faced by Southern European
countries after the Great Recession as a matter of excessive expenditure or loss in
competitiveness. Based upon the Sraffian Supermultiplier model, we look at how
demand components evolved along the analyzed period, in a growth accounting setting.
This assessment evidences that insufficient effective (public) demand -- not balance-ofpayments
constraints nor an alleged excess of public expenditure -- is what explains
Portugal's low-to-negative growth rates from 2001 forward. Given the limited
productive structure, a labor market that is not strong enough to guarantee a solid
internal credit expansion and the present institutional setting (which makes fiscal
expenditure an also limited source of effective demand), we conclude that the only way
for Portugal to abandon the low growth path would be a more cooperative fiscal stance
from the European Union.
Aon Hewitt 6th European HR Barometer Executive Summary (2011)Inspiring Benefits
Sexta edición de la encuesta realizada por Aon Hewitt (división de consultoría y soluciones de outsourcing de recursos humanos de Aon Corporation) con el EChr (European Club for human resources) entre responsables de recursos humanos europeos.
The Employment Restructuring Report is compiled by Kelly Services. It provides a timely review of economic, labour and hiring conditions in the relevant markets, with a detailed focus on the most recent data regarding mass layoffs and restructuring. The report is compiled utilising publicly available data from official, private and not-for-profit organisations. published on a quarterly basis, the employment Restructuring Report is available in separate editions for the United States and the European Union.
More than six years have passed since the subprime mortgage crisis began in the US in the summer of 2007. In the following year, it spread to the entire world economy. Its consequences have not been fully overcome yet. Thus it’s not surprising that economists’ attention has been largely devoted to short-term, crisis-related issues like financial deleveraging and repairing the balance sheets of governments, corporations and households. For the macroeconomic policy debate, this means concentrating on demand management by using monetary and fiscal policy tools in order to return to a pre-crisis growth path. Rarely has the question been asked of whether or not this is a realistic goal, i.e., whether post-crisis growth can return to pre-crisis levels. An analysis of growth perspectives in the medium-to-longterm calls for using the neo-classical growth theory, according to which there are three factors at play: labor, capital and total factor productivity (TFP). In this brief we will try to figure out what their expected dynamics are and how much each of them can contribute to economic growth in the foreseeable future.
Authored by: Marek Dabrowski
Published in 2013
The main message of this contribution is that lean times are here to stay for the old member states. The main reasons are deep seated: Deteriorating demographics continue with ratio of working age population to total population falling. There are thus fewer and fewer producers for every consumer and recipient of transfers. On top of this productivity growth is declining as labour quality is falling and investment growth slowing. In the new member countries the demographic trends also unfavourable, but they are (more than) compensated by catch up growth as a relatively well educated work force finds its place in the internal market.
What does this diagnosis imply for the role of structural policies? No Lisbon agenda change demographics trends, nor can it change the declining capital/labour ratio due to insufficient investment growth. But structural reforms might counteract the impact of these two negative trends. Moreover, the performance gap between big and small member countries suggests that policy can make a difference.
Authored by: Daniel Gros
Published in 2005
The country’s imbalances are not primarily the result of demographics, lack of competitiveness and loss
of macroeconomic policy autonomy on joining the euro, or cheaper investment goods. Rather, they reflect political choices: the government’s drive to balance the budget; reforms that undermined labour’s bargaining power; a highly unequal distribution of wealth; and too much taxation of consumption and too little of corporate profits, wealth and property.
Global Economy, National Economies, and CompetitionIn the first pa.pdfebrahimbadushata00
Global Economy, National Economies, and Competition
In the first part of the twenty-first century a great recession struck most of the countries in the
world. The next decade has been severally impacted with the consequences of this crisis. In this
atmosphere, domestic investments and foreign investments shrink. The importance of the
prudent macroeconomic analysis is clear.
Identify and read at least four peer-reviewed journal articles focused on macroeconomic factors
in two selected countries. Use national statistical data or data from international institutions
(World Economic Forum, World Bank, International Monetary Fund). Then, respond to the
following:
Select two countries and identify major economic indicators for the last 5 years:
gross domestic product
gross national product
rate of inflation
interest rates
unemployment rate and type of unemployment
national debt
total export and import of a country
bilateral export and import between two selected countries.
Present these data in one table. Compare and contrast all factors in your essay. Write a critical
analysis of macroeconomic status, reasons and consequences of selected countries.
Write a two-to-three-page paper in Word format.
Solution
Italy:Recession 2009
The ongoing economic lull is majorly affecting creation in Italy, with total national output falling
and joblessness ascending to 7.8%. Little organizations, industrialized locales and generation
have been most exceedingly awful influenced. In 2009, the Ministry for Economic Development
propelled more than 150 exchange tables with the social accomplices to discover answers for
corporate and sectoral emergencies including in excess of 300,000 laborers.
The economic recession has influenced the Italian generation framework completely, yet to
varying degrees as indicated by the economic division, geological zone and friends qualities. In
2009, the Ministry for Economic Development (Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico) built up in
excess of 150 discourse tables with the social accomplices with the point of discovering answers
for corporate and sectoral emergencies including in excess of 300,000 laborers. Much of the
time, these emergencies have influenced vast estimated organizations, with harming impacts on
subcontractors and providers. Cases of such emergencies incorporate the instances of: the media
transmission administrations supplier Eutelia-Agile, the Termini Imerese plant in Sicily of the
auto maker Fiat (IT1002019I), the home and expert apparatuses producer Electrolux, the
medicinal services organization Glaxo SmithKline, the restroom suites maker Ideal Standard, the
design aggregate IT Holding, the broadcast communications organizations Italtel and Motorola,
the furniture producer Natuzzi, the auto parts producer Oerlikon Graziano, the steel funnels
maker Tenaris and the electronic and home machines producer Videocon (for points of interest,
see factsheets of the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)).
Negative economic ex.
Comparative analysis of the socioeconomic and demographic change in Europe: i...ifoasapereutile
Verso l’Europa 2020 - imprese e persone che cambiano
Evento Finale del Progetto EMPOWER+ “Rete Europea per la promozione dell’occupabilità: lavoratori senior come Mentor, Coach e Team-Leaders”
Intervento di Nikos Vasileiadis: Trek Consulting (Grecia)
“Verso l’Europa 2020, persone e imprese che cambiano” è il titolo con cui si è celebrato il 24 settembre 2013 in IFOA, a Reggio Emilia, l’evento finale del progetto europeo “Empower Plus”, realizzato da un partnership costituita da enti rappresentativi di diversi paesi europei: Grecia, regione della Macedonia Centrale, Germania, Spagna e Italia che con IFOA ha contribuito al progetto apportando la sua esperienza nella formazione.
Il convegno si è soffermato sull’importanza del mantenimento del filo di collegamento intergenerazionale che garantisce la continuità nel ricambio all’interno delle organizzazioni: mantenere il patrimonio di conoscenze che i lavoratori più anziani detengono e studiare e praticare modalità di trasferimento delle competenza ai più giovani significa per le imprese sopravvivere al cambiamento e assicurarsi continuità e innovazione.
Resto perchè cambio: così l’invecchiamento attivo sul posto di lavoro diventa un valore sociale, una ricchezza per l’impresa, un’ opportunità per i giovani, un arricchimento per i lavoratori maturi.
Efeitos de crescimento das reformas estruturais na Europa do Sul - 511: O cas...Cláudio Carneiro
Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de crescimento semi-endógena para analisar os efeitos intertemporais das reformas estruturais nos países do sul da Europa (Itália, Espanha, Portugal e Grécia). O modelo segue o paradigma variedade de produtos em um ambiente semi-endógena, e inclui uma desagregação do trabalho em grupos diferentes de habilidade. Nós usamos um conjunto abrangente de indicadores estruturais, a fim de calibrar o modelo de relações macroeconômicas importantes e os níveis de produtividade e do emprego. Nossos resultados mostram que as reformas estruturais produzir ganhos econômicos significativos a médio e longo prazo. Os resultados apontam para a importância das reformas dos mercados de produtos e de reformas educacionais e fiscais do mercado de trabalho como as áreas mais promissoras de intervenções de política estrutural. Este documento também defende a colocar mais ênfase na política de educação que é fundamental na melhoria da força de trabalho, especialmente naqueles países onde a percentagem de trabalho pouco qualificado está entre as mais altas na área do euro.
The Employment Restructuring Report is compiled by Kelly Services. It provides a timely review of economic, labour and hiring conditions in the relevant markets, with a detailed focus on the most recent data regarding mass layoffs and restructuring. The report is compiled utilising publicly available data from official, private and not-for-profit organisations. published on a quarterly basis, the employment Restructuring Report is available in separate editions for the United States and the European Union.
More than six years have passed since the subprime mortgage crisis began in the US in the summer of 2007. In the following year, it spread to the entire world economy. Its consequences have not been fully overcome yet. Thus it’s not surprising that economists’ attention has been largely devoted to short-term, crisis-related issues like financial deleveraging and repairing the balance sheets of governments, corporations and households. For the macroeconomic policy debate, this means concentrating on demand management by using monetary and fiscal policy tools in order to return to a pre-crisis growth path. Rarely has the question been asked of whether or not this is a realistic goal, i.e., whether post-crisis growth can return to pre-crisis levels. An analysis of growth perspectives in the medium-to-longterm calls for using the neo-classical growth theory, according to which there are three factors at play: labor, capital and total factor productivity (TFP). In this brief we will try to figure out what their expected dynamics are and how much each of them can contribute to economic growth in the foreseeable future.
Authored by: Marek Dabrowski
Published in 2013
The main message of this contribution is that lean times are here to stay for the old member states. The main reasons are deep seated: Deteriorating demographics continue with ratio of working age population to total population falling. There are thus fewer and fewer producers for every consumer and recipient of transfers. On top of this productivity growth is declining as labour quality is falling and investment growth slowing. In the new member countries the demographic trends also unfavourable, but they are (more than) compensated by catch up growth as a relatively well educated work force finds its place in the internal market.
What does this diagnosis imply for the role of structural policies? No Lisbon agenda change demographics trends, nor can it change the declining capital/labour ratio due to insufficient investment growth. But structural reforms might counteract the impact of these two negative trends. Moreover, the performance gap between big and small member countries suggests that policy can make a difference.
Authored by: Daniel Gros
Published in 2005
The country’s imbalances are not primarily the result of demographics, lack of competitiveness and loss
of macroeconomic policy autonomy on joining the euro, or cheaper investment goods. Rather, they reflect political choices: the government’s drive to balance the budget; reforms that undermined labour’s bargaining power; a highly unequal distribution of wealth; and too much taxation of consumption and too little of corporate profits, wealth and property.
Global Economy, National Economies, and CompetitionIn the first pa.pdfebrahimbadushata00
Global Economy, National Economies, and Competition
In the first part of the twenty-first century a great recession struck most of the countries in the
world. The next decade has been severally impacted with the consequences of this crisis. In this
atmosphere, domestic investments and foreign investments shrink. The importance of the
prudent macroeconomic analysis is clear.
Identify and read at least four peer-reviewed journal articles focused on macroeconomic factors
in two selected countries. Use national statistical data or data from international institutions
(World Economic Forum, World Bank, International Monetary Fund). Then, respond to the
following:
Select two countries and identify major economic indicators for the last 5 years:
gross domestic product
gross national product
rate of inflation
interest rates
unemployment rate and type of unemployment
national debt
total export and import of a country
bilateral export and import between two selected countries.
Present these data in one table. Compare and contrast all factors in your essay. Write a critical
analysis of macroeconomic status, reasons and consequences of selected countries.
Write a two-to-three-page paper in Word format.
Solution
Italy:Recession 2009
The ongoing economic lull is majorly affecting creation in Italy, with total national output falling
and joblessness ascending to 7.8%. Little organizations, industrialized locales and generation
have been most exceedingly awful influenced. In 2009, the Ministry for Economic Development
propelled more than 150 exchange tables with the social accomplices to discover answers for
corporate and sectoral emergencies including in excess of 300,000 laborers.
The economic recession has influenced the Italian generation framework completely, yet to
varying degrees as indicated by the economic division, geological zone and friends qualities. In
2009, the Ministry for Economic Development (Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico) built up in
excess of 150 discourse tables with the social accomplices with the point of discovering answers
for corporate and sectoral emergencies including in excess of 300,000 laborers. Much of the
time, these emergencies have influenced vast estimated organizations, with harming impacts on
subcontractors and providers. Cases of such emergencies incorporate the instances of: the media
transmission administrations supplier Eutelia-Agile, the Termini Imerese plant in Sicily of the
auto maker Fiat (IT1002019I), the home and expert apparatuses producer Electrolux, the
medicinal services organization Glaxo SmithKline, the restroom suites maker Ideal Standard, the
design aggregate IT Holding, the broadcast communications organizations Italtel and Motorola,
the furniture producer Natuzzi, the auto parts producer Oerlikon Graziano, the steel funnels
maker Tenaris and the electronic and home machines producer Videocon (for points of interest,
see factsheets of the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)).
Negative economic ex.
Comparative analysis of the socioeconomic and demographic change in Europe: i...ifoasapereutile
Verso l’Europa 2020 - imprese e persone che cambiano
Evento Finale del Progetto EMPOWER+ “Rete Europea per la promozione dell’occupabilità: lavoratori senior come Mentor, Coach e Team-Leaders”
Intervento di Nikos Vasileiadis: Trek Consulting (Grecia)
“Verso l’Europa 2020, persone e imprese che cambiano” è il titolo con cui si è celebrato il 24 settembre 2013 in IFOA, a Reggio Emilia, l’evento finale del progetto europeo “Empower Plus”, realizzato da un partnership costituita da enti rappresentativi di diversi paesi europei: Grecia, regione della Macedonia Centrale, Germania, Spagna e Italia che con IFOA ha contribuito al progetto apportando la sua esperienza nella formazione.
Il convegno si è soffermato sull’importanza del mantenimento del filo di collegamento intergenerazionale che garantisce la continuità nel ricambio all’interno delle organizzazioni: mantenere il patrimonio di conoscenze che i lavoratori più anziani detengono e studiare e praticare modalità di trasferimento delle competenza ai più giovani significa per le imprese sopravvivere al cambiamento e assicurarsi continuità e innovazione.
Resto perchè cambio: così l’invecchiamento attivo sul posto di lavoro diventa un valore sociale, una ricchezza per l’impresa, un’ opportunità per i giovani, un arricchimento per i lavoratori maturi.
Efeitos de crescimento das reformas estruturais na Europa do Sul - 511: O cas...Cláudio Carneiro
Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de crescimento semi-endógena para analisar os efeitos intertemporais das reformas estruturais nos países do sul da Europa (Itália, Espanha, Portugal e Grécia). O modelo segue o paradigma variedade de produtos em um ambiente semi-endógena, e inclui uma desagregação do trabalho em grupos diferentes de habilidade. Nós usamos um conjunto abrangente de indicadores estruturais, a fim de calibrar o modelo de relações macroeconômicas importantes e os níveis de produtividade e do emprego. Nossos resultados mostram que as reformas estruturais produzir ganhos econômicos significativos a médio e longo prazo. Os resultados apontam para a importância das reformas dos mercados de produtos e de reformas educacionais e fiscais do mercado de trabalho como as áreas mais promissoras de intervenções de política estrutural. Este documento também defende a colocar mais ênfase na política de educação que é fundamental na melhoria da força de trabalho, especialmente naqueles países onde a percentagem de trabalho pouco qualificado está entre as mais altas na área do euro.
Money Deficits and Inflation Evidence and Policy Issues of Euro Zone during D...paperpublications3
Abstract: An important lesson from the euro area sovereign debt crisis is that the need for sound economic policies does not end once a country has adopted the euro. There are no automatic mechanisms to ensure that the process of nominal convergence which occurs before adoption of the euro produces sustainable real convergence there after. The global financial crisis that started in 2008 has showed that some countries participating in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) had severe weaknesses in their structural and institutional set-up. This has resulted in a large and protracted fall in real per capita income levels in these countries since 2008. While there has been real convergence in the European Union (EU) as a whole since 1999 owing to the catching up of central and eastern European (CEE) economies, there has been no process of real convergence among the 12 countries that adopted the euro in 1999 and 2001. This lack of convergence is related to several factors, notably weak institutions, structural rigidities, weak productivity growth and in sufficient policies to address asset price booms. Against this background, several factors appear crucial for ensuring real convergence in EMU: macroeconomic stability, and sound fiscal policy in particular; a high degree of flexibility in product and labor markets; favorable conditions for an efficient use of capital and labor in the economy, supporting total factor productivity (TFP) growth; economic integration within the euro area; and a more active use of national policy tools to prevent asset price and credit boom-bust cycles.
Keywords: Money Deficits, Inflation, Policy, Euro Zone,Sustainability, Monetary Policy, Investments.
Jel codes: H62, H68, H6, E41, E42
Title: Money Deficits and Inflation Evidence and Policy Issues of Euro Zone during Debt Crisis
Author: Dr. Stamatis Kontsas
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Rebalancing the €A: Insights from #BdFeco research, Marc-O. Strauss-KahnSoledad Zignago
Marc-O. Strauss-Kahn's presentation "Rebalancing the €A: Insights from #BdFeco research", 13th CompNet Annual Conference, Brussels, June 29 2017. Other slides available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/conference_program_-_version_6_july_2017.pdf
The Finnish unemployment rose in the early 1990’s from three to eighteen percent in four years. Unemployment has then decreased to the average European level, being 9.0 percent in January 2003. In this paper, we describe the shocks leading to this unforeseen increase in unemployment. We then discuss the role of labour market institutions in the adjustment process that has brought unemployment back to ‘normal’ levels. We argue that these institutions cannot be blamed for the increase in unemployment, but that more flexible institutions could have lead to a more rapid decline in unemployment.
The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and formal economy.
Inequality can be addressed through policies that affect wage distribution directly or indirectly, as well as through fiscal redistribution. However, increasing inequality in the labour market places a heavier burden on efforts to reduce inequality through taxes and transfers. The report thus emphasizes the need for combined policy action that includes minimum wages, strengthened collective bargaining, interventions to eliminate wage gaps, the promotion of paid employment and redistribution through taxes and transfers.
In the first of a series of reports commissioned by HSBC, we consider the macroeconomic situation in Europe, prospects for growth and the strengths of the continent's economy
La detassazione del premio di risultato nella contrattazione di secondo livel...Massimo Resce
Contrattazione di secondo livello e innovazione:
Scenari e prospettive
Osservatorio su contrattazione collettiva, innovazione tecnologica e qualità del lavoro
Mercoledì 24 Novembre 2021, h 14
Via Salaria 113, Aula Portico
Saluti istituzionali
Pierpaolo D’Urso
Direttore del Dip. di Scienze Sociali ed Economiche
Sebastiano Fadda
Presidente INAPP
Introduce e modera
Luisa De Vita
Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma
Intervengono
Lucia Valente
Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma
“I sistemi incentivanti della contrattazione di secondo livello”
Francesca Bergamante
INAPP
“Le caratteristiche della contrattazione di secondo livello: evidenze dall’Indagine Inapp-Ril”
Massimo Resce
INAPP
“La detassazione del premio di risultato nella contrattazione di secondo livello:
aspetti strutturali e misurazione del radicamento della misura governativa"
Achille Paliotta
INAPP
“Crisi pandemica e contrattazione di II livello delle imprese:
evidenze dai dati sulla detassazione del premio di risultato”
Conclude
Mimmo Carrieri
Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma
L’obiettivo innovazione nella contrattazione di secondo livello, shock pandem...Massimo Resce
L’obiettivo innovazione nella contrattazione di secondo livello, shock pandemico e prospettive
Negli ultimi anni abbiamo condotto analisi di tipo quantitativo sui dati amministrativi relativi alle domande per accedere al beneficio fiscale della detassazione del salario variabile riformato dalla Legge di Stabilità per il 2016. Grazie alle evidenze quantitative si riesce a fotografare la distribuzione delle domande e dei contratti collettivi stipulati per dimensione di impresa, per settore e territorio, alcuni quesiti però rimangono irrisolti sull’efficacia della misura governativa e sul ruolo della contrattazione di secondo livello. Per tale motivo è stata anche condotta un’indagine di campo di tipo qualitativo, svolta mediante interviste in profondità rivolte a quattro aziende che hanno beneficiato dell’incentivo.
Finalità g enerale dell’indagine è stata quella di verificare l’esito della policy, nella doppia direzione del radicamento ulteriore della contrattazione decentrata e della reale utilità dei premi sul salario accessorio nello stimolare incrementi di performances e contestualmente di verificare l’importanza dell’innovazione nella competitività aziendale. Oltre a queste finalità si è cercato anche di identificare le scelte operate dalle imprese sui meccanismi di aggancio della contrattazione di secondo livello ai premi di risultato, in particolare sotto la lente dell’innovazione, dell’organizzazione del lavoro e della valorizzazione del capitale cognitivo in azienda.
Nel corso del seminario, ricostruito l'impianto istituzionale della misura, si darà conto delle informazioni macro ricavabili dall'analisi dei dati amministrativi, dell'esito degli studi di caso, anche alla luce della pandemia (le aziende sono state nuovamente intervistate alla fine del 2020), nonché delle attività future che il gruppo di ricerca intende svolgere, utilizzando la stessa base informativa.
L'obiettivo innovazione nella contrattazione di secondo livelloMassimo Resce
Il report presenta i risultati di un’indagine, condotta tramite l’elaborazione di casi studio, per approfondire le caratteristiche delle aziende che hanno fatto richiesta di accesso al beneficio fiscale della detassazione del salario variabile riformato dalla Legge di Stabilità 2016 (L. n. 208/2015).
La finalità generale dello studio è stata quella di verificare l’esito della policy nella doppia direzione del radicamento della contrattazione decentrata e della reale utilità dei premi sul salario accessorio nello stimolare incrementi di performances. Partendo dall’’importanza attribuita all’innovazione nella competitività aziendale, sono stati indagati anche aspetti specifici volti a identificare le scelte operate dalle imprese sui meccanismi di aggancio della contrattazione di secondo livello ai premi di risultato, in particolare sotto la lente dell’organizzazione del lavoro e della valorizzazione del capitale cognitivo in azienda.
Anche se il numero dei casi studio è limitato, nella varietà delle tipologie di imprese selezionate è tuttavia possibile trovare conferme, rispetto ad alcune ipotesi già sviluppate nelle analisi quantitative e riscontrabili in letteratura, ma anche qualche novità. In primo luogo, si è riscontrata l’estrema flessibilità con cui la contrattazione decentrata riesce ad adattarsi a situazioni molto diverse tra di loro (per settore, natura e dimensione di impresa), nonché a regolamentare differenti obiettivi di performances e condizioni di welfare aziendale. Il suo utilizzo presenta un approccio più maturo nelle imprese di grandi dimensioni, grazie alla presenza di relazioni sindacali consolidate, dove la negoziazione collettiva si esprime nella sua pienezza, toccando istituti disparati. In quelle di piccole dimensioni, invece, sembra essere considerata più come una opportunità occasionale e il premio di risultato potrebbe risultare l’unico fine della contrattazione. La contrattazione decentrata poi raramente viene utilizzata come leva per introdurre e accelerare processi di innovazione, ma per quelle aziende che puntano sull’organizzazione del personale e sul capitale cognitivo, quale primo elemento di competitività, essa assume un ruolo strategico imprescindibile. Il ricorso alla misura governativa in alcuni casi è stata occasione per definire nuovi modelli di accordi decentrati ed è stata utile ad accompagnare processi di riorganizzazione interna con il rafforzamento degli istituti di welfare aziendale. Tuttavia il sistema di incentivi fiscali risulta a volte limitante in quei modelli organizzativi calibrati più sulle performances individuali che su quelle collettive.
Politiche di sostegno a soluzioni di rent-sharing nella contrattazione di sec...Massimo Resce
Al fine di garantire una maggiore diffusione della contrattazione decentrata il Governo a partire dal 2016 negli ultimi anni ha riformato il regime fiscale agevolato riconosciuto proprio alla parte di retribuzione affidata al secondo livello di contrattazione, il premio di risultato; nel contempo la legislazione ha legato questo premio ad un ampliamento della disciplina fiscale di favore relativa al welfare aziendale.
La misura risponde all’interesse sempre più forte dei policy maker europei e nazionali a sostegno della diffusione della contrattazione di secondo livello, proprio perché ritenuto il luogo dove è possibile regolare l’efficienza economia con gli aumenti salariali, da un lato, e declinare formule di welfare occupazionale, dall’altro. E’ un interesse finalizzato a dare risposte alla dinamica ormai piatta della produttività del lavoro e a fortificare le soluzioni di welfare mix in un periodo, di forti vincoli di bilancio, in cui la contrattazione collettiva ha subito una continua traslazione dalla posta monetaria a quella "sociale", come avvenuto peraltro sia al primo livello che al secondo livello.
Il paper proposto, partendo dall’analisi di dati amministrativi ricavati dal deposito telematico dei contratti collettivi di secondo livello, intende focalizzare l’attenzione sul rent-sharing ovvero della suddivisione tra imprese e lavoratori delle rendite generate nel processo produttivo determinate da obiettivi ex ante definiti nella contrattazione di secondo livello sugli incrementi di performance in determinati ambiti (produttività; redditività; qualità; efficienza; innovazione). A fronte delle maggiori rendite ottenute tramite aumenti di produzione, risparmi dei fattori produttivi e miglioramento della qualità dei prodotti e dei processi, le imprese corrispondono dei premi in termini di salario monetario di risultato o soluzioni di carattere non monetario di ampio spettro in termini di welfare aziendale.
La distribuzione delle istanze asimmetrica lascia, però, intravedere rischi di polarizzazioni per territorio, per dimensione aziendale e per settore. Quindi, laddove realmente gli incentivi dovessero funzionare si inasprirebbero, per queste dimensioni, le divergenze nella produttività del lavoro e aumenterebbe la disparità nell’accesso a misure di welfare da parte dei lavoratori.
MODELLI E APPROCCI TERRITORIALI PER LO SVILUPPO DELLE COMPETENZE E DEL VALOR...Massimo Resce
Relazione alla XL Conferenza scientifica annuale
L'Aquila(AQ), 16-18 Settembre 2019
"OLTRE LE CRISI: RINNOVAMENTO, RICOSTRUZIONE E SVILUPPO DEI TERRITORI"
Obiettivi: Analizzare nuovi modelli e approcci territoriali per la circolazione delle competenze negli Ecosistemi 4.0. Metodologia: L’approccio utilizzato nella ricerca è di tipo qualitativo tramite un indagine documentale di tipo desk e una field tramite interviste a testimoni privilegiati. Risultati: Su quali saranno gli impatti della quarta rivoluzione industriale nel mondo del lavoro le posizioni sono contrastanti ma molti concordano sul ruolo strategico che assumono la formazione e le competenze. Anche la competizione tra sistemi territoriali si sposta sulla capacità di generare capitale cognitivo. Di qui l’importanza di codificare i nuovi Ecosistemi 4.0 intesi come ambienti fertili per la conoscenza e i nuovi sistemi di produzione. Limiti e implicazioni: Individuare nuove politiche per questo trend evolutivo dei sistemi produttivi è particolarmente complesso. In Italia, conformemente a quanto previsto dalla strategia è stato avviato un network per supportare l’Impresa 4.0. Il rischio che questa misura rimanga inattuata sotto l’imperativo della “discontinuità” del Governo di turno. Originalità: Industria 4.0 è una tendenza evolutiva e siamo solo all’inizio di questo processo di cambiamento. Il paper vuole offrire un primo contributo in termini di descrizione e mappatura del percorso di attuazione della strategia di digitalizzazione prevista dalle politiche europee e nazionali negli ultimi anni e con l’analisi di alcune declinazioni territoriali.
FIRST EVIDENCES FROM THE MONITORING ON TAX REBATES ON PERFORMANCE-RELATED PAY...Massimo Resce
SEVENTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN COMMEMORATION OF PROF. MARCO BIAGI
Modena, 18-19 March 2019
THE COLLECTIVE DIMENSION(S) OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ORGANISATIONAL AND REGULATORY CHALLENGES IN A WORLD OF WORK IN TRANSFORMATION
In Italy the trilateral Social Pact signed 23 July 1993 promoted new forms of decentralized bargaining. One of the aims was to stimulate the productivity growth in the second level of bargaining, by linking wages dynamics to productivity. Recently, the Italian government has encouraged the second-level bargaining through the provision of tax incentives related to performance bonuses and corporate welfare programmes set forth in the company/local collective bargaining agreement. Monitoring measures were also envisaged through a special instrument for collecting summary data and the Italian Ministry of Labour and Social Policy activated a Repository for this purpose. The paper proposes some analyses of the Italian second level bargaining, using data collected by this the Repository in the two-years period 2016-2017. In particular, it focuses on the choices made by companies to improve labor productivity, proposing an analysis by sector and by territory.
Nota MLPS 04 gennaio 2019 n. 87 di trasmissione:
Decreto - Legge contenente disposizioni relative all'introduzione del reddito di cittadinanza (RdC) e a interventi in materia pensionistica.
Ecosistemi 4.0, digital innovation hub, competence center e circolazi...Massimo Resce
#GTL2018
PROFESSIONALITÀ, CONTRATTO E CONTRATTAZIONE NEL SOLCO DELL’INNOVAZIONE SOCIALE
Transizioni occupazionali, percorsi formativi e professionali, valore del lavoro nella IV Rivoluzione industriale
Convegno internazionale promosso nell’ambito del Dottorato di ricerca in Formazione della persona e mercato del lavoro Università degli Studi di Bergamo e ADAPT - IX edizione
Università degli Studi di Bergamo 30 novembre-1 dicembre 2018
Los retos para el legislador y la representatividad: welfare, innovación, formación
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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE CONFERENCE (IREC) 2018
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DECENTRALIZED BARGAINING AND MEASURES FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND CORPORATE WELFARE GROWTH IN ITALY
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE CONFERENCE (IREC) 2018
Sustainable labor markets: social welfare and protection, working conditions, job quality and work-life balance
DECENTRALIZED BARGAINING AND MEASURES FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND CORPORATE WELFARE GROWTH IN ITALY
TENDENZE EVOLUTIVE DEL MERCATO DEL LAVORO VERSO ECOSISTEMI TERRITORIALI 4.0Massimo Resce
Conferenza Internazionale - Bergamo
Industry 4.0: Triggering Factors and Enabling Skills
Infrastrutture immateriali per la conoscenza e l’innovazione
#skills40
Massimo Resce
INDUSTRY 4.0: TRIGGERING FACTORS AND ENABLING SKILLSMassimo Resce
INDUSTRY 4.0: TRIGGERING FACTORS AND ENABLING SKILLS
International Conference organised by the
PhD in Human Capital Formation and Labour Relations
Università degli Studi di Bergamo, ADAPT
VIII Edition
Università degli Studi di Bergamo, 1-2 December 2017
via Pignolo n. 123 – piazzale S. Agostino n. 2
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INAPP - Istituto Nazionale per l'Analisi delle Politiche Pubbliche
materiale divulgativo per "I seminari del venerdì"
Summary: Produttività, salari e contrattazione decentrata - Dinamiche in area euro e posizionamento dell'Italia
Produttività, salari e contrattazione decentrataMassimo Resce
INAPP - Istituto nazionale per l'Analisi delle Politiche Pubbliche
Slide per "I seminari del venerdì" - (20.10.2017 - ROMA)
Titolo: Produttività, salari e contrattazione decentrata - Dinamiche in area euro e posizionamento dell'Italia
The 17th edition of Social policy in the European Union: state of play reports on recent EU and national social policymaking, with contributions from leading scholars pointing to a ‘crisis’, the best word to characterize 2015. Tensions in the EU reached an unprecedented level: the migration crisis showed the EU the limits of its decision-making capacity, economic weakness continued to prevail, austerity policies and the badly handled socioeconomic Greek crisis turned populations against the EU – and then came the Brexit vote.
This book argues that the centrifugal pressures within the EU and the EMU can be handled through a process of managed integration and disintegration. It maintains that the EU’s renewed focus on long-term unemployment is biased towards a ‘jobs first’ approach, contributing to the EU’s Janus-faced approach to the social dimension. It demonstrates that the austerity dogma has led to an erosion of social rights and makes a plea in favour of going ‘back to basics’ with regard to worker’s protection. Reflection and down-to-earth debate on the long-term integration of both EU migrants and refugees is required.
The political reality of 2015 demonstrates that the EU project has been too narrowly focused on reciprocity, instead of solidarity. The harsh reality is that the European project can no longer be considered irreversible. The EU’s core values must therefore be reaffirmed with a view to creating a new common sense of purpose, including a more explicit commitment to equitable growth via a European Social Union.
Le incursioni della BCE sul mercato del lavoro italianoMassimo Resce
L'articolo analizza le sollecitazioni della BCE sulla contrattazione a livello di impresa con un'analisi delle dinamiche della produttività e dei salari nell’Eurozona. Infine, descrive le dinamiche in Italia ed i primi interventi per la crescita della produttività evidenziando il dualismo territoriale tra Centro Nord e Mezzogiorno.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
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Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Competition and Regulation in Professional Services – KLEINER – June 2024 OEC...
Productivity and wages, dynamics in the euro-system and the role of two-tier bargaining
1. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, WAGES AND PRODUCTIVITY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
REASSESSMENT AND PERSPECTIVES OF LABOUR POLICIES
14-15 December 2017- University Roma Tre, Department of Economics
School of Economics and Business, Via Silvio D’Amico 111, 00145 Roma
Productivity and wages, dynamics in the euro-system
and the role of two-tier bargaining
Massimo Resce
2. Activities carried out under the National Operational Programme
for the implementation of the European Social Fund (ESF)
“SPAO”
3. Introduction
1. Productivity and wages: the leverage of two-tier bargaining
2. Dynamics in the euro-system and Italy placement
3. Italian policies for dissemination of the two-tier bargaining
Bibliography
INDEX
The INAPP cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences
arising from the use of information contained in this paper.
The views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author and do
not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.
4. INTRODUCTION
The Italian labour productivity slowdown
4
The last quarter report on the labor market, published by ISTAT in September, gives
us some encouraging results on the in employment’s increase. The debate that
followed was characterized by conflicting positions on the overall reading of the
labour market trend.
In reality, there is some evidence that should make reflect policymakers.
INTERPRETATIONS
?
STRUCTURAL
PROBLEM!
From
JOBLESS
GROWTH
To
GROWTH
LESS JOBS
EMPLOYMENT =
23 mln HOURS
WORKED <
6%
ALU
< 1
mln
GDP <
6,5%
LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY
DATA COMPARED TO PRE-
CRISIS LEVELS (2008)
5. INTRODUCTION
The Italian labour productivity slowdown
5
In addition to the complex evaluations on the transformation of the quality of work, once again the problem of
productivity growth is raised. This is a structural aspect of our economy.
In fact, since the post-war years up to the '70s, productivity growth in Italy has been more sustained than the European
average, whereas from the 1990s to the present day it has collapsed compared to other European States.
ES11 - Definition
The entry into the euro area was progressive and did not occur for all countries at the same time. Therefore the
first 11 countries entered between 1999 and 2002 were taken into consideration as Euro-System: Austria, Belgium,
Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
6. PRODUCTIVITY AND WAGES: THE LEVERAGE OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING 6
A large number of countries adopted in the 1990s two-tier
bargaining structures or extended the scope of the existing
ones. Although the history and design of these structures
differ considerably from country to country, a common
factor behind these developments was the search for an
organized or controlled decentralization of collective
bargaining, in which the so-called social partners, rather
than moving from fully centralized to fully decentralized
structures, opted for an intermediate solution.
In Italy the «Protocol» of 23 July 1993 expressly opened to
forms of «decentralized bargaining».
One of the aims was to stimulate productivity growth in the
second level of bargaining, by linking wages dynamics to
productivity.
This pattern still today is hard to catch on.
In essence, national collective agreements do not
compensate the productivity increases. This function is
delegated to decentralized bargaining (at company and / or
territorial level), which can remunerate productivity gains
on the base of the achievement of production results (ie
Performance-related pay).
The Protocol of 23 July 1993 and the two-tier bargaining
7. The recommendations of the European authorities on bargaining
7
The drive to increase the use of decentralized bargaining intensifies after the crisis and even today there
are strong demands in this direction from European authorities.
LETTER OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK TO
PRIME MINISTER (5 AUGUST 2011)
«[…] b) There is also a need to further reform
the collective wage bargaining system allowing
firm-level agreements to tailor wages and
working conditions to firms’ specific needs and
increasing their relevance with respect to
other layers of negotiations. […]»
COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on the 2017 National
Reform Programme of Italy and delivering a Council
opinion on the 2017 Stability Programme of Italy
COM(2017) 511 final
«Whereas: […] (22) Second-level bargaining is not broadly
used. This hampers the efficient allocation of resources
and the responsiveness of wages to local economic
conditions. This is also due to the existing framework rules
and practices for collective bargaining, which entail
uncertainty in industrial relations and leave limited scope
for local-level bargaining. […] ».
[…]
«RECOMMENDS […] (4) With the involvement of social
partners, strengthen the collective bargaining framework
to allow collective agreements to better take into account
local conditions. Ensure effective active labour market
policies. Facilitate the take-up of work for second earners.
Rationalise social spending and improve its composition.
[…]».
PRODUCTIVITY AND WAGES: THE LEVERAGE OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
8. The recommendations of the European authorities on bargaining
8
The use of greater decentralized bargaining is mainly seen as a function of the possibility of wage
moderation. To support this orientation, has often been used empirical evidence about sustained
growth of "nominal" wages compared to productivity. The dynamics of the "real" wage, on the other
hand, show a lower trend compared to the ones of productivity, except the period in which the crisis
occurred (most likely due to the effect of labor hoarding).
PRODUCTIVITY AND WAGES: THE LEVERAGE OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
9. DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
Introduction of the euro not neutral on productivity
9
There are several factors traditionally taken into account to motivate productivity growth (such as
variables on the size of the company, those technological, demographic, institutional, on the
knowledge, etc.). In reality, even the adoption of a single currency and the transfer of sovereignty
over monetary policy seems to have had an impact on productivity dynamics in the recent years.
EURO
10. Italy placement in the euro area
10
In the analysis of the positioning of Italy, the classical dichotomy between "nominal" and "real"
variables was considered. The first one are expressed in terms of current monetary values instead the
second are defined net of changes in general prices levels.
Therefore, the average variation of productivity (π) and wages (w) from the introduction of the euro
(1999) to the last available data (2016) was calculated.
Considering the "nominal" variables, Italy has the lowest value of the average productivity growth
(2.04%). For the wages, the lowest growth is that of Germany (1.95%) while the trend in salaries in
Italy has been more sustained (2.11%). Therefore in Italy the differential between productivity and
wages (Δ) was negative even if only slightly (-0.07%).
Average nominal productivity and wage in euro area ES11 (1999-2016)
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
11. 11
From the point of view of real dynamics, however, Italy has the lowest average productivity growth
rate in the euro area (0.20%) but the trend in real wages is much lower than in Germany (0.21%
against 0.76%).
In Italy the productivity-wage growth differential is almost nil (-0.01%) in the period considered, while
in Germany also in this case it is positive (0.39%).
Average real productivity and wage in euro area ES11 (1999-2016)
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
Italy placement in the euro area
12. 12
Comparing the two types of differentials (nominal and real Gap) it is clear that Italy has been affected by the more
contained dynamics in the euro area. Furthermore, in real terms, productivity and wages have grown in the same way.
Hence two main observations:
1. the push for the use of second level company bargaining to stimulate greater wage moderation may not have the
hoped-for effect of increasing the differences between productivity and wages, considering the already flat
dynamics;
2. even if we are looking for mechanisms to anchor wage growth to productivity, it would seem that in the period
under review the system has already achieved a balance in the dynamics of the two variables.
GAP Productivity- Wage, nominal and real, in euro area ES11 (1999-2016)
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
Italy placement in the euro area
13. Some explanations of the productivity trend in Italy
13
Some explanations of the productivity trend in Italy can be found in the sectorial dynamics and in the dimensional structure
of our economy.
With regard to the former, the collapse of the professional services sector in Italy is more intense than in other countries.
Also the traditional sectors (such as construction and trade) together with the mining and utilities industry have suffered.
Manufacturing grows but not as much as that of other countries.
On the other hand, the performance of “information and communication” and of “financial and insurance activities” is
good.
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
14. 14
Another explanation of the
underperformance of productivity
in Italy is generally found also in
the structure of the productive
fabric consisting mainly of micro-
enterprises (1-9 employees).
Approximately 46% of employed
persons are concentrated in this
category while in the large
enterprise (250+ employees) is
concentrated the lowest share of
ES11 around 20%.
Productivity grows as company
size increases, so Italy is penalized
by the spread of micro
businesses.
LabourproductivitybysizeclassLaboursharebysizeclass
Some explanations of the productivity trend in Italy
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
15. 15
Another explanation can still be
found in the employment
structure by age group.
In fact, Italy has the lowest
participation of young people (15-
34) among the employed only
30%.
Young people is the most skilled
category of all for which many
think that this is a deterrent for
productivity growth.
Some explanations of the productivity trend in Italy
DYNAMICS IN THE EURO-SYSTEM AND ITALY PLACEMENT
16. ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
The opportunities offered by two-tier bargaining
16
Two-tier bargaining remains the level where conditions for a better company-workers relationship can
be made, which indirectly could result in increased labor productivity.
Corporate Welfare
Work-life balance
Benefits
Participation
The solutions that can be developed in the second
level are many: from corporate welfare, to company
participation, to rent-sharing formulas, to
productivity bonuses on accessory wages, to
performance-related pay, etc.
In recent years, the
Government has put in
place a package of
incentives aimed at rooting
the two-tier bargaining in
the firms, providing for a
tax benefits regime for an
ever-wider basket of
services (scholarships for
the children of employees,
assistance to elderly
relatives, baby-sitting or
gym voucher, etc.).
17. A new repository
17
The incentive system has stimulated until today the deposit of more than 25 thousand second-level
contracts.
ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
The intervention, initially envisaged in the 2016
Stability Law, was subsequently strengthened
with that for 2017, which widens the maximum
limit of the productivity bonus deducted from €
2,500 to € 4,000 p.c. and expanding the income
threshold (€ 50,000 to € 80,000). REPOSITORY
Since 2008 the Italian law has expected forms of variable wage tax reduction. The new discipline
preserves some elements of this "experimental" system and makes significant changes.
Measure monitoring was also envisaged, by
compiling a special instrument for collecting
summary data: the Repository activated by the
MLPS, whose data were processed by INAPP.
The data obtained from the Repository, like all
administrative data, have been verified by
INAPP and linked with other datasets (Asia -
Sisco) to increase the quality of information.
Below are some analyzes, limited to company level bargaining, extracted from the preparatory works for
the «Rapporto sul mercato del lavoro e contrattazione collettiva 2016-2017» (CNEL in collaboration with
ANPAL and INAPP).
18. First effects of the measure: the risk of a territorial dualism
18
CorporatebargainingincidencebyRegion
Regionaldistributionofdeclaredprizes
ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
In the field of two-tier bargaining, company level bargaining represents the prevalent type with
approximately 82% of the applications filed to the MLPS.
The territorial distribution of the company level bargaining appears with clear characters already from the
first reading. In fact, most of this requests came from the central-northern regions, while in the southern
Italy were much lesser.
In particular, about 4.6 million beneficiaries are divided into 44.1% in the North-West, 28.3% in the
North-East, 20.1% in the Center and 7.5% in the South and Islands.
19. 19
Incidence: n. contracts on employees by size class
ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
Among the determinants that most affect the propensity for the activation of company bargaining there is
the dimensional aspect: the propensity to activate company contracts increase as the company size
increases. The dimensional impact explodes more clearly considering the number of overall beneficiaries
involved in the measure.
This correlation between the size of the company and the propensity for company bargaining is one of the
most used motivations to justify the low level of second level bargaining in the South, due to the high
presence of small and micro companies in this geographic area.
Labour productivity in the manufacturing sector
In reality, in the “South and Islands” the demand coming from micro and small companies (ie with up to
15 employees and from 15 to 50) is the lowest demand of all the other areas.
First effects of the measure: the risk of a territorial dualism
20. 20
Sectorial distribution of beneficiaries
(breakdown Ateco 2007)
Distribution by sector and geographical area
ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF TWO-TIER BARGAINING
The sector structure of the requests, net of a missing data that weighs around 14.81%, sees the prevalence of the
'services' sector, which measured in terms of beneficiaries involved represents 44.99%, followed by the sector' industry in
the strict sense '(38.20%) and the' construction 'sectors (1.89%) and' agriculture '(0.11%).
So we are witnessing a very differentiated sectorial dynamics. If we consider the regional specialization models these
could have influenced the same territorial dynamics.
First effects of the measure: the risk of a territorial dualism
21. First effects of politics: the risk of a territorial dualism
21
In conclusion, the impact of this policy still remains to be assessed but it is clear from the first deposits
that there is a greater activation by the regions of the Center-North compared to those of the South.
This condition could risk accentuating the territorial dualism, which characterizes the growth of
productivity in the Italian regions, if the system is not integrated by other policies that take into account
the differences in the context.
Labourproductivityinthemanufacturingsector
CorporatebargainingincidencebyRegion
ITALIAN POLICIES FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF THE TWO-TIER BARGAINING
22. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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