Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Processor management
1. {Prepared By : Devang Vyas(14501002)
Processor Management
And
Device Manager
2. Index
Sr. No Contents
1) Introduction
2) Job Scheduling VS Process Scheduling
3) Process Scheduling Algorithms
4) Cache Memory
5) Interrupts
6) List of I/O devices
7) Need of device manager
8) Way of communication
9) Serial /parallel
10) Synchronous/asynchronous
4. Process Manager performs job scheduling, process scheduling and
interrupt management .
In single-user systems, processor is busy only when user is
executing a job—at all other times it is idle.
Processor management is simple.
In multiprogramming environment, processor must be allocated
to each job in a fair and efficient manner.
Requires scheduling policy and a scheduling algorithm
How Does Processor Manager
Allocate CPU(s) to Jobs?
5. Processor Manager has 2 sub-managers:
1. Job Scheduler :-
in charge of job scheduling.
2. Process Scheduler :-
in charge of process scheduling.
Job Scheduling vs. Process Scheduling
6. Selects jobs from a queue of incoming jobs.
Places them in process queue (batch or interactive), based
on each job’s characteristics.
Goal is to put jobs in a sequence that uses all system’s
resources as fully as possible.
Strives for balanced mix of jobs with large I/O interaction
and jobs with lots of computation.
Tries to keep most system components busy most of time.
Job Scheduler
7. Low-level scheduler – assigns the CPU to execute processes
of those jobs placed on ready queue by Job Scheduler.
After a job has been placed on the READY queue by Job
Scheduler, Process Scheduler that takes over.
Determines which jobs will get CPU, when, and for how
long.
Decides when processing should be interrupted.
Determines queues job should be moved to during
execution.
Recognizes when a job has concluded and should be
terminated.
Process Scheduler
8. First Come First Served (FCFS)
Shortest Job Next (SJN)
Priority Scheduling
Shortest Remaining Time (SRT)
Round Robin
Multiple Level Queues
Process Scheduling Algorithms
9. Cache Memory
Cache memory -- quickly accessible memory that’s designed to
alleviate speed differences between a very fast CPU and slower
main memory.
Stores copy of frequently used data in an easily accessible memory
area instead of main memory.
This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or
placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with
the CPU.
10. Cache memory is fast and expensive. Traditionally, it is categorized as
"levels" that describe its closeness and accessibility to the
microprocessor:
Level 1 (L1) cache is extremely fast but relatively small, and is
usually embedded in the processor chip (CPU).
Level 2 (L2) cache is often more capacious than L1; it may be located
on the CPU or on a separate chip or coprocessor with a high-speed
alternative system bus interconnecting the cache to the CPU, so as not
to be slowed by traffic on the main system bus.
Level 3 (L3) cache is typically specialized memory that works to
improve the performance of L1 and L2. It can be significantly slower
than L1 or L2, but is usually double the speed of RAM. In the case of
multicore processors, each core may have its own dedicated L1 and
L2 cache, but share a common L3 cache.
Cache Memory Level
11. There are instances when a job claims CPU for a very long
time before issuing an I/O request.
builds up READY queue & empties I/O queues.
Creates an unacceptable imbalance in the system.
Process Scheduler uses a timing mechanism to periodically
interrupts running processes when a predetermined slice of
time has expired.
suspends all activity on the currently running job and
reschedules it into the READY queue.
Interrupts
14. The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft
Windows operating systems.
It allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the
computer.
When a piece of hardware is not working, the offending
hardware is highlighted for the user to deal with.
The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria.
Need of Device Manager
15. There are two way of Communication :-
Serial/Parallel
Synchronous/Asynchronous
Way of Communication
16. Serial/parallel
• serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time,
sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus.
• Devices :- Keyboard, Mouse
17. When you turn the computer on, the motherboard executes a piece
of code called the BIOS that is stored in a chip on the
motherboard.
The BIOS knows how to find and communicate with the
keyboard, and you can use the keyboard to configure the
motherboard.
The operating system will then use routines in the BIOS to get
keystrokes from the keyboard.
Bios :-BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal
computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system
started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the
computer's operating system and attached devices such as the
hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
Working of Key-board
19. Synchronous serial communication describes a serial
communication protocol in which "data is sent in a continuous
stream at a constant rate.
Synchronous :- Communication Does not Complete until the
message has been received.
Asynchronous :- Completes as soon as the message is “on its way",
and hopefully it gets to destination.
Synchronous/Asynchronous
