Problem solving nei sistemi complessi

•

1 like•2,002 views

Problem solving nei sistemi complessi: l'utilizzo del modello SCORE https://www.pnlapps.com/blog-corsi/problem-solving https://www.pragmatica-mente.com/2016/03/problem-solving-sistemico.html Nel mondo materiale, il causa – effetto è una cosa evidente, e ci accompagna fin dalla prima infanzia. Via via che accumuliamo esperienze, comprendiamo che ad ogni azione corrisponde un effetto, spesso prevedibile. Ma nel mondo vivente le cose sono più complesse: Bateson esemplificava questo concetto paragonando l’azione di dare un calcio ad una palla e ad un cane. Mentre l’effetto sulla palla è del tutto prevedibile, l’effetto sul cane non lo è, dal momento che gli esseri viventi hanno un margine di libertà nella reazione, in proporzione alla complessità del loro sistema nervoso. L’approccio tradizionale ai problemi è di tipo meccanicistico: questo orientamento ha guidato gran parte della scienza e della tecnologia nel nostro secolo, e quindi è profondamente radicato nel nostro modo di pensare. Per cui tendiamo ad applicare alcune delle soluzioni che funzionano nella realtà esterna, caratterizzate da catene di causalità lineare, ai nostri problemi personali. "Non lineare" significa che, per esempio, se si raddoppia la dose di un farmaco, o il numero di dipendenti di uno stabilimento, non si ottiene il doppio dell'effetto iniziale, ma molto di più o molto di meno. (Nassim N. Taleb) Le soluzioni che derivano da un pensiero semplice e lineare sono sempre parziali, e risolvono i problemi solo in modo temporaneo. Per trovare soluzioni più robuste e durature, che tengano conto di tutta la complessità del nostro mondo interiore, ci alleneremo ad utilizzare il modello SCORE, che permette un’analisi più complessa dei problemi.

1. The document describes the trench method planting technique for sugarcane that can increase productivity. It involves making trenches, placing fertilizer and two rows of sugarcane sets in each trench. 2. Field demonstrations using this technique along with site-specific nutrient management in Uttar Pradesh led to improved germination from 38% to 64% and increased average yields from 675 quintals/hectare to 1000 quintals/hectare, doubling district productivity. 3. Variety CO 0238 is highlighted as a promising early variety for the Northwestern zone of India that has achieved the highest ever sugar recovery recorded in subtropical India.

Crop production 1

Nasser Elgizawy

This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.

Principles of orchard establishment

pavanknaik

1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation. 2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing. 3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which

Seed sampling

AnubhavkumarVerma

1) Seed sampling involves obtaining representative samples from a seed lot by taking small portions randomly from different positions and depths and combining them. 2) A seed lot number uniquely identifies the lot and includes information like month/year of production, location, and quantity. 3) Primary samples are small samples taken from one point in the lot. Composite samples are formed by combining and mixing primary samples. 4) Careful random sampling using techniques like triers and by hand is needed to obtain representative submitted samples for testing.

Soil and Water Conservation

Subham Dwivedi

This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.

Deficiency symptoms of micro nutrient

Aminul Haque

This document discusses micronutrients which are essential plant nutrients that are needed in small quantities. It defines the 8 main micronutrients, their sources, forms absorbed by plants, functions, deficiency symptoms, and amounts found in soils and plants. Key points include that iron is the most abundant micronutrient, manganese and copper help with enzyme production, zinc is important for protein synthesis, and boron aids with cell wall formation and pollination. Deficiency symptoms for each micronutrient are provided along with examples of specific deficiencies in different crops.

Organic Fertilizers & their impact on crop production

Cotton Research Institute Multan

This document discusses organic fertilizers and their impacts on crop production. It provides background on the history of organic fertilizer use in farming. It defines organic fertilizers as those extracted from organic sources like animal waste, plant waste, poultry manure, compost, and municipal wastes. Examples of different types of organic fertilizers are described like cottonseed meal, molasses, green manures, fish emulsions, animal manures, bone meals, compost, farm yard manure, blood meal, and poultry manure. The benefits of organic fertilizers are highlighted such as increasing soil fertility, structure, and water holding capacity which leads to improved crop production.

Methods of weed control

College of Agriculture, Balaghat

This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.

Pre and post harvest losses in crops, fruits and vegetables in Pakistan are estimated to be around 35%. Key factors contributing to these losses include poor soil fertility management, improper fertilizer use, lack of plant nutrients, water issues, inadequate cultivation practices, mechanical damage during harvesting and handling, and suboptimal storage and transportation conditions. Addressing pre-harvest and post-harvest handling practices through better extension services, infrastructure, and training could help reduce significant losses in the agricultural sector.

Economic importance and Production technology of Oil Palm

Ghulam Asghar

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa. Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.

Irrigation water requirement

chala hailu

1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil. 2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention. 3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.

viability of organic farming

shikhu_baba

Organic farming is more sustainable and better for the environment and human health compared to conventional farming because it does not use harmful chemical pesticides and fertilizers. However, farmers face challenges in adopting organic farming such as lack of knowledge, lower initial productivity, and higher costs of organic seeds and certification. The study aimed to identify problems farmers face in adopting organic farming through a survey of 50 farmers in each of two villages. The results showed that while farmers understand the health benefits of organic food, they are less likely to adopt organic farming or continue buying organic due to higher prices and initial lower productivity compared to conventional methods.

cropping system types

SharmithaSaravanan

This document discusses different types of cropping systems including mono cropping, multiple cropping, mixed cropping, and intensive cropping. It defines various terms used in multiple cropping systems and describes different types of multiple cropping such as intercropping, mixed cropping, sequential cropping, relay cropping, and double/triple cropping. It also discusses concepts like land equivalent ratio, income equivalent ratio, and overyielding in the context of evaluating intercropping systems.

Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and Responses

SukhveerSingh31

Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies. Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.

Tillage n tilth

Krishnamayee Sethi

Tillage and tilth involve mechanical soil manipulation to create ideal conditions for plant growth. Tillage includes primary tillage like ploughing to open soil and secondary tillage like harrowing to break clods. The objectives are to prepare seedbeds, control weeds, aerate soil, and mix amendments. On-season tillage occurs before planting while off-season tillage conditions soil for future crops. Different tillage types include subsoiling to break hardpans and puddling for rice where soil is tilled under water. The depth and number of tillage operations varies by crop needs and soil conditions.

Components of organic farm & manure application

SankritaShankarGaonk

This document discusses the components of organic farming and manure application. It outlines various organic manures like farm yard manure, compost, and green manuring that supply nutrients and organic matter to soils. It also discusses crop rotation, biopesticides, biofertilizers, and weed management techniques in organic farming. For manure application, it describes broadcasting, banding, and injection methods for placing manure in fields in ways that reduce weeds and pathogens.

Harvesting Equipments.pptx

Ajay Singh Lodhi

The document discusses various harvesting equipment used in agriculture, including manual tools like sickles as well as mechanized equipment. It describes in detail the components and functioning of potato diggers, tapioca harvesters, and fruit harvesters. Potato diggers come in various designs from blade types to elevator types, and are used to efficiently harvest potatoes. Tapioca harvesters are tractor-mounted and consist of digging blades and pegs to uproot the tubers. Fruit harvesters come in fixed and adjustable height models, with cutting blades and nets to collect the fruit without damage. Hoists are also discussed as equipment to assist with tasks like pruning in orchards.

IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...

UAS, Dharwad

Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014). The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production. Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.

Different methods of sowing

P RP

There are two main methods of sowing seeds - direct sowing and transplanting. Direct sowing can be done through broadcasting, which scatters seeds randomly, or line sowing, which includes drilling seeds in rows, dibbling by placing seeds in holes, or sowing behind a plow. Broadcasting is often done manually while line sowing methods like drilling and dibbling can be manual or mechanized. Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then planting them in the field.

Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics

MahiiKarthii

This document discusses acid soils and acid sulfate soils. It defines different levels of soil acidity and notes that about 8% of India's land area is affected by acid soils. The key causes of acid soil formation are excessive rainfall, acidic parent materials, fertilizer and organic matter decomposition, and human activities like drainage. Acid soils have light texture, low nutrient availability, and reduced biological activity. Liming can reduce acidity and aluminum toxicity. Acid sulfate soils form in coastal areas and produce sulfuric acid when drained, releasing toxic aluminum and iron. Maintaining flooding or controlling drainage helps manage acid sulfate soils.

Water Management In Rice...

Rahul Sharma

Rice requires ample water to grow and is usually cultivated with continuous flooding or intermittent flooding of rice fields. The total water requirement for rice is approximately 1,100-1,250 mm, with the critical growth stages being active tillering, panicle initiation, booting, heading, and flowering when water stress can severely impact yields. Proper water management through irrigation practices such as intermittent flooding, shallow and controlled flooding, and reducing percolation losses through soil management are important for optimizing rice production.

Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,Thrishur

Aslam Muhammed

Training and Pruning of Fruit Crops

Dr.Sunil Prajapati

The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on: 1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center. 2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important. 3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.

methods of sowing Of crops

Saad Rafiq

There are several different sowing methods for planting seeds, each with advantages and disadvantages. The main methods discussed are broadcasting, drilling or line sowing, dibbling, transplanting, and putting seeds behind the plough. Broadcasting involves scattering seeds over a prepared field by hand, while drilling places seeds in rows using an implement. Dibbling positions seeds individually using a dibbler. Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them. Putting seeds behind the plough drops seeds into furrows made by a plough. Factors like the type of crop, soil moisture, and costs determine which sowing method is best.

Shelterbelts and windbreaks

bhargaviMadival5

This document discusses the structure and functions of shelterbelts and windbreaks. Shelterbelts are belts of trees planted at right angles to prevailing winds to deflect air currents and protect areas from wind erosion and desiccating effects. Windbreaks are strips of trees and shrubs that protect fields, homes, and crops from wind and blowing soil. They reduce wind speed and evaporation and provide habitat. Well-established shelterbelts and windbreaks provide ecological benefits like increased crop yields and biodiversity. The choice of tree species depends on growth rate, wind resistance, and economic and environmental factors.

Soil health overview

Cornell Cooperative Extension of Northern NY

The document discusses the importance of soil health and its relationship to soil function. It explains that soil serves several important functions like supporting plant growth, regulating water, recycling nutrients, providing habitat, and supporting construction. Soil health refers to the soil's ability to carry out these functions. The document then discusses the components of soil, including solids like sand, silt and clay, pore space, organic matter, and the role of aggregation and structure. It notes several characteristics of healthy soil and how intensive agriculture can damage soil health through tillage, lack of diversity and cover crops, and overuse of chemicals. This can trigger a downward spiral of loss of organic matter, structure, and function over time. Strategies to improve

Rapeseed & Mustard ppt by Haseena Shabnam

Haseena Shabnam

1. The document provides information about the crops Mustard and Rapeseed, including their botanical names, uses, cultivation practices, and yields. 2. Mustard and Rapeseed are the third most important edible oilseed crops worldwide. They are grown in many countries including India, where they account for nearly one-third of edible oil production. 3. The document discusses the crops' origins, varieties, seed rates, land preparation, irrigation needs, harvesting, and expected yields. Mustard yields are typically higher than Rapeseed at 2.0-2.5 tons/hectare compared to 1.4-2.0 tons/hectare.

Il metamodello PNL

Fabrizio Pieroni

Time Management e produttività personale: GTD e Zen To Done

Fabrizio Pieroni