Australia faces three main health challenges: ensuring equal healthcare access for Aboriginal populations, a projected 5.3% loss in agricultural productivity due to climate change by 2050, and high risks from sea level rise and extreme weather due to its geography. The country's healthcare system has examples of both good policy matches, like its successful tobacco control policies, and mismatches, as obesity policies have lagged despite high obesity rates. While Australia has a mixed public-private healthcare system called Medicare, the system faces issues from divisions between state and federal governments, poor coordination, and workforce shortages. Future priorities include policy actions on obesity and lifestyles, reducing cancer and diabetes, and advancing medical technology.