Deanna Geelhoed, Kara Smit, and Dr. Dave Warners conducted a study to determine the effects of soil treatments on the growth of five native plant species and weeds. They established 60 experimental plots with combinations of tilled or non-tilled soil and varying sand to compost ratios. Their results showed that some species like sedges and coreopsis preferred tilled soil while others like blazing star and little bluestem preferred non-tilled soil. Most species grew best in soil with a 90% sand and 10% compost ratio. Weed growth was not correlated with any soil treatment factors. The study provides initial insights into how to best establish and maintain native plantings but requires
Slaughtering waste ,disposal of cacasses Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses challenges and proposed solutions regarding waste management from livestock and slaughtering operations. It notes a lack of adequate information, resources, and stakeholder cooperation in waste management. Some proposed solutions include developing a waste management strategic plan, capacity building, and job creation through waste collection and recycling activities. The document also compares different disposal methods for slaughter waste and deadstock, including burial, composting, incineration, and rendering. It notes advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Desertification is a major threat in Africa, particularly in the Sahel region just below the Sahara desert. It occurs when dryland areas are degraded due to factors like overgrazing, drought, and harmful agricultural practices. This causes a reduction in vegetation which can lead to increased desertification. As the land becomes desert and less fertile, it affects local populations through issues like migration, poverty, lack of food, and higher death rates. The Sahara desert is expanding southward by around 30 miles per year, worsening the problem. Unless patterns of degradation are reversed, Africa may only be able to feed 25% of its population by 2025 due to the impacts of desertification.
Desertification by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Desertification is the process by which productive land becomes desert due to human activity and climate changes. Overgrazing, deforestation, and overcultivation degrade vegetation and soil. About 1 billion people in over 100 countries are directly affected as the desert expands. Controlling desertification requires reducing livestock, replanting vegetation, and sustainable land management practices. Pakistan faces desertification due to low rainfall in many areas as well as human causes like overgrazing, tree cutting, and waterlogging from poor irrigation. Reversing desertification helps prevent economic and social problems from loss of agricultural land.
The document discusses Garrett Hardin's concept of the "Tragedy of the Commons" and environmental issues caused by human behavior. It summarizes three concepts that have led to overuse of resources: that resources are unlimited, humans are separate from nature, and humans can conquer nature. However, facts show resources are finite and depletion is now difficult to recover from. The document identifies technology, apathy, insignificance, and self-centeredness as contributing to environmental deterioration and proposes both bottom-up and top-down approaches to solving problems.
The document provides guidance on planning trips to minimize environmental impact through proper preparation. It discusses the importance of:
1) Adequately planning trips to match goals, skills and abilities while preparing for safety, minimizing impacts, and having enjoyable experiences. Poor planning can result in damage and safety issues.
2) Considering factors like weather, regulations, group size and meal planning to reduce waste when preparing. Meal planning should utilize one-pot meals and repackaged food to minimize trash.
3) Spreading out and avoiding fragile vegetation and surfaces like cryptobiotic crusts when traveling off trails, and concentrating on durable trails when possible to prevent multiple trail formation. Proper planning and trip conduct can help
Desertification is the degradation of land in dryland areas caused by various factors including climate change and human activities. Nearly half the world's land is drylands, with overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation, and drought being the main causes of desertification. The removal of vegetation leaves soil exposed to wind and water erosion, reducing soil fertility and agricultural productivity. This in turn can lead to food shortages, malnutrition, and migration from affected areas. Solutions include sustainable land management practices, drought-resistant crops, afforestation programs, and improved access to water resources.
Desertification occurs where semi-arid lands bordering deserts lose vegetation and soil fertility due to drought and human activities. The Sahel region in Africa is highly vulnerable to desertification due to its semi-arid climate and experienced periods of drought in the 1970s that caused widespread impacts. Desertification results from both physical processes like soil erosion from wind and water after vegetation dies as well as human factors such as overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable agriculture that degrade the soil.
This document provides practical tips for organic gardening in 3 sections: How to get started, How to keep going, and Recommended resources. It emphasizes the importance of soil microbes and feeding the soil with organic matter like compost and mulch. Tips include stopping pesticide use, mulching beds, sheet mulching to create new beds, and organic lawn care practices like leaving clippings and using compost. Recommended books and the Society for Organic Urban Land Care are provided for further resources.
Slaughtering waste ,disposal of cacasses Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses challenges and proposed solutions regarding waste management from livestock and slaughtering operations. It notes a lack of adequate information, resources, and stakeholder cooperation in waste management. Some proposed solutions include developing a waste management strategic plan, capacity building, and job creation through waste collection and recycling activities. The document also compares different disposal methods for slaughter waste and deadstock, including burial, composting, incineration, and rendering. It notes advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Desertification is a major threat in Africa, particularly in the Sahel region just below the Sahara desert. It occurs when dryland areas are degraded due to factors like overgrazing, drought, and harmful agricultural practices. This causes a reduction in vegetation which can lead to increased desertification. As the land becomes desert and less fertile, it affects local populations through issues like migration, poverty, lack of food, and higher death rates. The Sahara desert is expanding southward by around 30 miles per year, worsening the problem. Unless patterns of degradation are reversed, Africa may only be able to feed 25% of its population by 2025 due to the impacts of desertification.
Desertification by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Desertification is the process by which productive land becomes desert due to human activity and climate changes. Overgrazing, deforestation, and overcultivation degrade vegetation and soil. About 1 billion people in over 100 countries are directly affected as the desert expands. Controlling desertification requires reducing livestock, replanting vegetation, and sustainable land management practices. Pakistan faces desertification due to low rainfall in many areas as well as human causes like overgrazing, tree cutting, and waterlogging from poor irrigation. Reversing desertification helps prevent economic and social problems from loss of agricultural land.
The document discusses Garrett Hardin's concept of the "Tragedy of the Commons" and environmental issues caused by human behavior. It summarizes three concepts that have led to overuse of resources: that resources are unlimited, humans are separate from nature, and humans can conquer nature. However, facts show resources are finite and depletion is now difficult to recover from. The document identifies technology, apathy, insignificance, and self-centeredness as contributing to environmental deterioration and proposes both bottom-up and top-down approaches to solving problems.
The document provides guidance on planning trips to minimize environmental impact through proper preparation. It discusses the importance of:
1) Adequately planning trips to match goals, skills and abilities while preparing for safety, minimizing impacts, and having enjoyable experiences. Poor planning can result in damage and safety issues.
2) Considering factors like weather, regulations, group size and meal planning to reduce waste when preparing. Meal planning should utilize one-pot meals and repackaged food to minimize trash.
3) Spreading out and avoiding fragile vegetation and surfaces like cryptobiotic crusts when traveling off trails, and concentrating on durable trails when possible to prevent multiple trail formation. Proper planning and trip conduct can help
Desertification is the degradation of land in dryland areas caused by various factors including climate change and human activities. Nearly half the world's land is drylands, with overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation, and drought being the main causes of desertification. The removal of vegetation leaves soil exposed to wind and water erosion, reducing soil fertility and agricultural productivity. This in turn can lead to food shortages, malnutrition, and migration from affected areas. Solutions include sustainable land management practices, drought-resistant crops, afforestation programs, and improved access to water resources.
Desertification occurs where semi-arid lands bordering deserts lose vegetation and soil fertility due to drought and human activities. The Sahel region in Africa is highly vulnerable to desertification due to its semi-arid climate and experienced periods of drought in the 1970s that caused widespread impacts. Desertification results from both physical processes like soil erosion from wind and water after vegetation dies as well as human factors such as overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable agriculture that degrade the soil.
This document provides practical tips for organic gardening in 3 sections: How to get started, How to keep going, and Recommended resources. It emphasizes the importance of soil microbes and feeding the soil with organic matter like compost and mulch. Tips include stopping pesticide use, mulching beds, sheet mulching to create new beds, and organic lawn care practices like leaving clippings and using compost. Recommended books and the Society for Organic Urban Land Care are provided for further resources.
The document summarizes how plant and animal populations change over time. Seeds germinate and plants grow, producing more seeds. This increases the plant population. Herbivore animals then eat the plants, and their population rises. Carnivores then prey on the herbivores. Population sizes depend on the availability of prey and predators. The document also discusses competition between plant producers for resources like sunlight and soil. It notes some examples of poor resource management impacting populations, like overfishing, deforestation, and overusing land. Solutions proposed include quotas, protected areas, more efficient agriculture, and sustainable land use.
Desertification is threatening farmers in West Africa as fertile land becomes too dry to support life due to overgrazing, overfarming, and drought. These practices damage the topsoil so it cannot hold nutrients or water. Solutions include stopping overuse of land, new irrigation projects, and planting drought-resistant crops to repair the topsoil. If not addressed, desertification could cause the Sahara Desert to expand further.
The document discusses desertification, including its causes and strategies to deal with the problem. Desertification is the process by which land turns to desert, caused by both natural and human factors. Unsustainable human land uses like arable farming, cattle farming, and cash cropping can lead to overgrazing, overcultivation, and soil erosion, turning the land into desert. The Sahel region of Africa is a case study of this issue, as climate change and increased population have exacerbated problems from commercial agriculture and caused desertification. Proposed strategies to address desertification include water conservation techniques, controlled grazing, shelter belts, education, reforestation, and strip farming.
This document discusses desertification, which is the process of fertile land turning into desert. Approximately one-third of India's land is dry or arid and increasing annually, with 90% of land in Kutch and Saurashtra affected by desertification. Desertification is caused by factors like semi-arid land influencing human habitation and animal grazing, which reduces land fertility; salty water sweeping onto fertile coastal land; continuous farming without fertilizer or manure use; and soil erosion by wind and streams. Methods to minimize desertification discussed include water conservation through check dams, irrigation, collecting rainwater, and dry land farming of cactus species that require little water.
What is subsoil manuring?
• A mechanical/engineering intervention
• Large volumes (10-20 t/ha) of Nitrogen rich manures
placed within the clay matrix of soil in a single deep
ripping operation.
Desertification is the process by which typically arid regions expand, due to both natural and human-caused factors. The main causes of desertification are drought, overgrazing of livestock which damages vegetation, overcultivation of crops which depletes soil nutrients, and removal of trees for fuel. Short term solutions to desertification include refugee camps, medical aid and food assistance, while long term solutions involve fencing off overgrazed areas, planting drought-resistant crops and trees to stabilize soil, rotating crops, and using irrigation.
The document summarizes research on managing forests to balance timber yield with early successional habitat for biodiversity. Preliminary results show that early successional patch size had little effect on plants or bats but larger patches may be needed for some bird species. Aggregating early successional patches together showed higher insect abundance compared to dispersed patches. Economic modeling indicated that harvesting in larger, aggregated patches provided the highest net present value and may be the best approach to balance timber and biodiversity goals.
Xeriscape From the Ground Up with Jim Tolstrup - Fort Collins, ColoradoEric851q
This document discusses the environmental impacts of conventional lawns and gardens and introduces an alternative approach called xeriscaping. It notes that most of the United States has been altered for human use, including large areas of pavement and lawns. Conventional lawns require large amounts of water, pesticides, fertilizers and fuel for mowing, which harm wildlife and water quality. The document advocates for sustainable landscaping principles like xeriscaping that are low-maintenance, conserve resources and support local biodiversity. It outlines seven principles of xeriscaping, including planning, using drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation, soil improvement and mulching.
The document discusses key concepts of permaculture including soil composition and health, mulching, composting techniques, and the nutrient cycles that occur in soil ecosystems. It defines important soil horizons like the organic layer and subsoil. It also explains the carbon-nitrogen ratio needed for compost, different composting methods, and common materials that can and cannot be composted. The rhizosphere and role of mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient exchange between plants and soil is also summarized.
Water is another vital element & normally very badly managed in our society, due to our usual ignorance of its importance, characteristics & inter-relationships with other elements.
In this class we learn of harvesting systems for this vital substance, how to re-connect ourselves with the water cycle, the strategies of "slow it, spread it, sink it"
& we see various examples where a good management of water has totally changed the system. Small re-designs can improve the whole environment a great deal, & this is especially true with water re-designs.
Elements of Permaculture, class two: Design methodologies, reading the landscape, mapping flows of energetic materials, slope, zone, sector, design elements & design functions. Also indoor plumbing, crabs, etc.
Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate change and human activities. It has four categories ranging from light to very severe damage to vegetation and soil. India faces high rates of desertification due to overuse of lands, overgrazing, deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and high population growth. Consequences include environmental damage like reduced biodiversity, economic impacts like decreased crop yields and poverty, and social effects like famine. Combating desertification involves raising awareness, planting native trees, sustainable agriculture, community involvement, women's empowerment, and developing rural markets.
This document summarizes the biographies and work of Elihu Katz and Jay Blumler, two theorists who developed the uses and gratifications theory of media. The theory proposes that people use media to fulfill certain needs, such as cognitive needs to understand concepts, affective needs for pleasure or entertainment, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, and tension release needs to relieve stress. Katz and Blumler published a paper in 1974 outlining these four categories of needs that drive media use. The document provides two examples of modern media that fulfill different needs.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
Егорьевское шоссе, на границе Московской и Рязанской областей. Между большими озёрами, рядом с Мещёрским заповедником. Такие объекты появляются в продаже 1-2 раза в год. Посмотрите видео. Может быть именно этот дом вы ищете.
The document summarizes how plant and animal populations change over time. Seeds germinate and plants grow, producing more seeds. This increases the plant population. Herbivore animals then eat the plants, and their population rises. Carnivores then prey on the herbivores. Population sizes depend on the availability of prey and predators. The document also discusses competition between plant producers for resources like sunlight and soil. It notes some examples of poor resource management impacting populations, like overfishing, deforestation, and overusing land. Solutions proposed include quotas, protected areas, more efficient agriculture, and sustainable land use.
Desertification is threatening farmers in West Africa as fertile land becomes too dry to support life due to overgrazing, overfarming, and drought. These practices damage the topsoil so it cannot hold nutrients or water. Solutions include stopping overuse of land, new irrigation projects, and planting drought-resistant crops to repair the topsoil. If not addressed, desertification could cause the Sahara Desert to expand further.
The document discusses desertification, including its causes and strategies to deal with the problem. Desertification is the process by which land turns to desert, caused by both natural and human factors. Unsustainable human land uses like arable farming, cattle farming, and cash cropping can lead to overgrazing, overcultivation, and soil erosion, turning the land into desert. The Sahel region of Africa is a case study of this issue, as climate change and increased population have exacerbated problems from commercial agriculture and caused desertification. Proposed strategies to address desertification include water conservation techniques, controlled grazing, shelter belts, education, reforestation, and strip farming.
This document discusses desertification, which is the process of fertile land turning into desert. Approximately one-third of India's land is dry or arid and increasing annually, with 90% of land in Kutch and Saurashtra affected by desertification. Desertification is caused by factors like semi-arid land influencing human habitation and animal grazing, which reduces land fertility; salty water sweeping onto fertile coastal land; continuous farming without fertilizer or manure use; and soil erosion by wind and streams. Methods to minimize desertification discussed include water conservation through check dams, irrigation, collecting rainwater, and dry land farming of cactus species that require little water.
What is subsoil manuring?
• A mechanical/engineering intervention
• Large volumes (10-20 t/ha) of Nitrogen rich manures
placed within the clay matrix of soil in a single deep
ripping operation.
Desertification is the process by which typically arid regions expand, due to both natural and human-caused factors. The main causes of desertification are drought, overgrazing of livestock which damages vegetation, overcultivation of crops which depletes soil nutrients, and removal of trees for fuel. Short term solutions to desertification include refugee camps, medical aid and food assistance, while long term solutions involve fencing off overgrazed areas, planting drought-resistant crops and trees to stabilize soil, rotating crops, and using irrigation.
The document summarizes research on managing forests to balance timber yield with early successional habitat for biodiversity. Preliminary results show that early successional patch size had little effect on plants or bats but larger patches may be needed for some bird species. Aggregating early successional patches together showed higher insect abundance compared to dispersed patches. Economic modeling indicated that harvesting in larger, aggregated patches provided the highest net present value and may be the best approach to balance timber and biodiversity goals.
Xeriscape From the Ground Up with Jim Tolstrup - Fort Collins, ColoradoEric851q
This document discusses the environmental impacts of conventional lawns and gardens and introduces an alternative approach called xeriscaping. It notes that most of the United States has been altered for human use, including large areas of pavement and lawns. Conventional lawns require large amounts of water, pesticides, fertilizers and fuel for mowing, which harm wildlife and water quality. The document advocates for sustainable landscaping principles like xeriscaping that are low-maintenance, conserve resources and support local biodiversity. It outlines seven principles of xeriscaping, including planning, using drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation, soil improvement and mulching.
The document discusses key concepts of permaculture including soil composition and health, mulching, composting techniques, and the nutrient cycles that occur in soil ecosystems. It defines important soil horizons like the organic layer and subsoil. It also explains the carbon-nitrogen ratio needed for compost, different composting methods, and common materials that can and cannot be composted. The rhizosphere and role of mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient exchange between plants and soil is also summarized.
Water is another vital element & normally very badly managed in our society, due to our usual ignorance of its importance, characteristics & inter-relationships with other elements.
In this class we learn of harvesting systems for this vital substance, how to re-connect ourselves with the water cycle, the strategies of "slow it, spread it, sink it"
& we see various examples where a good management of water has totally changed the system. Small re-designs can improve the whole environment a great deal, & this is especially true with water re-designs.
Elements of Permaculture, class two: Design methodologies, reading the landscape, mapping flows of energetic materials, slope, zone, sector, design elements & design functions. Also indoor plumbing, crabs, etc.
Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate change and human activities. It has four categories ranging from light to very severe damage to vegetation and soil. India faces high rates of desertification due to overuse of lands, overgrazing, deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and high population growth. Consequences include environmental damage like reduced biodiversity, economic impacts like decreased crop yields and poverty, and social effects like famine. Combating desertification involves raising awareness, planting native trees, sustainable agriculture, community involvement, women's empowerment, and developing rural markets.
This document summarizes the biographies and work of Elihu Katz and Jay Blumler, two theorists who developed the uses and gratifications theory of media. The theory proposes that people use media to fulfill certain needs, such as cognitive needs to understand concepts, affective needs for pleasure or entertainment, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, and tension release needs to relieve stress. Katz and Blumler published a paper in 1974 outlining these four categories of needs that drive media use. The document provides two examples of modern media that fulfill different needs.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
Егорьевское шоссе, на границе Московской и Рязанской областей. Между большими озёрами, рядом с Мещёрским заповедником. Такие объекты появляются в продаже 1-2 раза в год. Посмотрите видео. Может быть именно этот дом вы ищете.
This presentation discusses a university's campus facilities, including multiple campuses and hospitals. It also mentions uniforms. The presentation was created by Jorelyn Joy Llanes Vidamo.
Продажа 1 комнатной квартиры в Рязани на ул. Вишневая, д.21 корп.2. Удачная планировка - нет лишних квадратных метров "для переплаты". Комфортная придомовая территория с детской площадкой и паркингом. В соседнем доме расположен современный фитнес-центр.
My last vacation was spent in Puente de Boyaca in December where I walked around the entire area, saw its lighting displays, and learned about its surprising history. I also saw owls and ate apples during the trip with my family, which taught me about the importance of homeland.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, air, water, and organic matter that supports plant growth. It consists of inorganic components like weathered rock and organic components like dead plants and animals. There are three main soil textures: sandy soil which has large particle spaces but poor water retention; silt which is finer than sand and prone to erosion; and clay which is very fine with tiny spaces and can become hard when dry. Loam is an ideal soil texture with a balance of particle sizes that allows for good aeration, water drainage, and nutrient retention to support plant growth. Maintaining healthy soil structure and avoiding compaction is important for plant health.
This document discusses low-impact landscaping and more environmentally friendly landscape management practices. It notes that traditional lawn maintenance requires heavy use of resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides. It suggests alternatives to lawns like planting native plants, vegetable gardens, and meadows. It provides tips for more sustainable lawn care if a lawn is kept, such as using organic fertilizers and irrigation. The document also discusses using integrated pest management and natural pest control strategies instead of chemical pesticides. Overall it promotes landscape design and maintenance practices that conserve water and other resources and reduce pollution.
The document discusses maintaining a healthy lawn and environment. It notes that a properly maintained green lawn is better for the environment than an unmanaged one, as it filters air and water and cools the environment. Several myths about lawn care are also addressed, such as that bagging clippings causes thatch, mowing very short is best, and mulching leaves is harmful. Proper mowing, fertilizing, irrigation, and addressing weeds and diseases are emphasized as keys to a healthy lawn.
Gardening Organically - Catherine Wissner, University of Wyoming
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
STEM-H in the Garden: 30 (or So) Garden Activities in 60 Minutes (or Less)Ben Capozzi
This document outlines various STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) activities that can be done in a garden. It discusses 31 different garden projects that teach STEM concepts, from exploring soil types and building compost to designing gardens, growing specific plants, and developing unique plant varieties. The projects are meant to get people outside and engaged with nature, science, and problem-solving through hands-on gardening experiences.
This document discusses creating an environment for growing herbs. It recommends mulching soil rather than digging and provides examples of herbs that grow well in different soil and light conditions, such as mints in shady areas and garlic and onions in sunny spots. The document also discusses bringing some herb plants indoors over winter and integrating herbs into existing flower and vegetable gardens.
This document discusses invasive species management. It defines invasive species and explains what traits allow plants to become invasive. It emphasizes the importance of identifying invasive plants, understanding their biology, prioritizing which species to manage, and using integrated management methods. Effective management requires developing a detailed plan, using a variety of control techniques such as pulling, mowing, herbicide application, and monitoring over multiple seasons. Early detection and prevention of new invasives is crucial to success.
1.weed management an introduction A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document provides an introduction to weeds, including their characteristics and management. Weeds are plants that grow where they are not wanted. Key characteristics that allow weeds to thrive include abundant seed production, rapid growth, seed dormancy, long seed viability in soil, effective dispersal mechanisms, and ability to colonize disturbed sites. Common weed management methods discussed are prevention, chemical control, mechanical control, and cultural practices like crop rotation. The document provides examples to illustrate different weed types, life cycles, reproductive structures, and control challenges.
This document provides non-toxic methods for weed control, including mulching, hand pulling, hoeing, dense planting, and using allelopathic plants. It suggests using sheet mulching with cardboard and wood chips to smother weeds. Herbicides should be avoided as they kill beneficial organisms and contaminate the environment. The document recommends monitoring new materials brought into gardens to prevent introducing weed seeds and providing optimal growing conditions so crop plants outcompete weeds.
1. The document discusses the requirements for an agriculture honor program which includes identifying components of soil, different soil types like loam and clay, the seed germination process, how plants convert nutrients into food, common weeds, pests, and diseases, the purpose of various farming processes, and how to prevent soil erosion.
2. It defines agriculture as the science of farming including growing crops and raising livestock.
3. Key farming processes mentioned are plowing to loosen soil, disking and cultivating to prepare soil, and irrigation and harvesting crops.
Dr. Lee Briese - Herbicide/cover Crop Interactions. Cover Crops Are Tools; Se...John Blue
Herbicide/cover Crop Interactions. Cover Crops Are Tools; Select The Right Tool. - Dr. Lee Briese, CCA, North Dakota, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
This document discusses soil biology and composting. It describes the various microorganisms that live in soil and their important roles in decomposing organic matter, cycling nutrients, and creating a healthy habitat for plant roots. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, earthworms, and other organisms all contribute to the complex soil ecosystem. The document also provides instructions for making compost, emphasizing the need for a balanced mix of carbon and nitrogen sources, water, air, and maintaining proper temperature. Adding compost to soil improves its structure, water retention, and nutrient content.
Soil is a complex mixture that supports plant and animal life. The type of soil, such as sandy, clay, or loam influences what plants can grow. Organisms in the soil break down organic matter and cycle nutrients. Humans can negatively impact soils through erosion, desertification, acidification, deforestation, salinization, and mining which damages the soil ecosystem. Maintaining healthy soil is important for sustaining communities of plants, animals, and human settlements.
This document discusses factors that influence population distribution and abundance. It describes how physical environment limits species' geographic ranges, and defines the niche as factors influencing growth, survival and reproduction. Examples are given of kangaroo and tiger beetle distributions correlating with climate. Plant and animal distributions are shown to correspond to gradients in temperature, moisture and intertidal exposure. Population densities generally decline with increasing organism and plant size. Frameworks for classifying commonness versus rarity based on range, habitat tolerance and local population size are introduced.
The document discusses factors that affect populations and how organisms adapt to their environments. Populations can be impacted by competition, predation, migration, disease, and natural disasters. Adaptation helps organisms better cope with extremes in weather, compete for food and escape predators. Polar bears are adapted to Arctic conditions with thick fur, large bodies, and fat to conserve heat. Camels store water in humps and have padded feet to survive hot deserts. Reptiles find shade and lift feet to avoid hot sand, while desert plants like cacti have deep roots and store water to endure dry conditions.
This document discusses populations and adaptations. It explains that a population is the number of a species living in a particular area, and factors like competition, predation, migration, disease, and natural disasters can change populations. Adaptation describes how plants and animals survive in different environments. Well-adapted organisms are better at coping with weather extremes, competing for food, escaping predators, and reproducing. Examples are given of adaptations in Arctic and desert environments, including thick fur, fat, and camouflage in polar bears and water storage and large feet in camels.
Gardening with Native Plants - Container GardeningRetiz16x
This document discusses container gardening with native plants. It provides examples of native plant species suitable for containers, including Butterfly Weed, Great Blue Lobelia, Purple Coneflower, and Virginia Sweetspire. It discusses the benefits of using containers, including being low maintenance and accommodating physical and landscape limitations. The document also provides information on purchasing and viewing native plants locally as well as online resources for learning more about native plant species and container gardening.
This document discusses the importance and complexity of plants. It notes that plants are more than objects for human use, are responsible for atmospheric composition and mass extinctions, and are the basis for all life. While humans have altered most of the planet's terrain, plants can communicate, defend themselves, and change their environment without needing humans. The document advocates learning about local native plant communities and their relationships with other species. It suggests gardening with native plants to support biodiversity and providing habitat for insects and birds.
Gardeners need to understand the scope of plant extinction and how all native animals depend on the evolved species of a given landscape. They need to see the garden more as a habitat than a collection of alien plant "pets". Growing efforts need to consider the food and shelter value of plants to birds and the insects they eat. Features the work of Doug Tallamy and the Habitat Network.
3. • While you and I might not be thrilled to admit it, the
extinction of the human race would be the very best
possible outcome for the rest of the community of life on
our fragile world.
• And that could happen. But not before we kill off much of
our fellow beings. We don't have to, of course. We still
have time. We can still awaken to our true responsibility
to serve the Earth and not exploit it to death. We are just
an infant species. We are not yet mature but this is our
chance to grow. We could face our predatory truth
together and begin to take great care. We could. It is one
4. • Pollinator attraction
• Wildlife habitat
• Storm water capture
• Enhance genetic
diversity
• Aesthetics
• Decreased fossil fuel
use
• Decreased herbicide
and pesticide use
• Educational
5. • Native habitat + urban areas =
• Trial run of short grass planting
for potential main campus
project
• Collect data on how to best
establish a native planting
• Long term monitoring of relative
success of different native
⇧
21. • Carex and
Coreopsis
preferred the
rototilled soil
(Coreopsis only
90:10)
• Blazing Star and
Little Bluestem
preferred non-
rototilled soil
• Pasture Rose no
preference
23. There was no
correlation between
weed mass and soil
ratio, rototilling, or
the plot’s position in
the prairie planting.
24. • Rototilling is
species dependent
• Sandier is generally
preferred
• Weeds happen
• ~3 years of
maintenance
• More data and
conclusions to
come
Editor's Notes
Increased human development has decreased native landscapes and biodiversity. In urban areas one way to combat this loss is to establish green spaces comprised of native plants and trees, which have many benefits including:
∙ Storm water and erosion control
∙ Pollinator attraction
∙ Wildlife habitat
∙ Trophic support
∙ Genetic diversity enhancer
∙ Aesthetic pleaser
∙ Decreased fossil fuel use
∙ Decreased herbicide and pesticide use
This study’s aim was to determine how to install a prairie in an urban area to produce optimal growth with minimal maintenance and thus optimal benefits.
Our specific research was done on how to restore a short grass prairie. A short grass prairie was established on Calvin's campus north of the Prince Conference Center during the summer of 2013 by researchers
We got these plants from a restoration organization associated with Calvin. They collect seeds locally and propagate plants for restoration projects. The each of the prairie plots were half-meter by half-meter. Every other plot was roto-tilled. The plots were given one of three soil treatments. The soil treatments were ratios of sand to compost.
Each ½ meter plot was planted with plugs (not by seed) of the same five prairie species in the same configuration.
Among the space between the 60 plots we planted many other native prairie plants.
Measurements were taken at the beginning and end of the summer. Because each species has a different growth habit, it became evident that different types of measurements would be required per species.
(Carex brevior) Sedge : height, base area, culm number
Sand Coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata): height, base area, bud number
Pasture Rose (Rosa carolina): heights, shoot number, leaf number
Northern Blazing Star (Liatris scariosa): height, leaf number
Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium): height, base area
We also took weed mass measurements at the beginning of the summer.
Pulled up weeds in quadrat. Dried them and measured biomass. We also ID the weeds to check for a trend
Formal hypoth. The original researchers thought that a loose tilled soil would allow for quicker, easier root establishment, and that because the plants were grown from native prairie species, they would prefer the sandiest soil ratio since they would have adapted to low nutrient conditions.
Comparison between species of which till yielded the most growth. Since many different measurements were collected for different species, the data were standardized to fit on one graph, so there are no units on the y-axis. Significance is indicated by the p-values above the columns.
Comparison between species of which sand:organic ratio yielded the most growth. Since many different measurements were collected for the species, the data were transformed to fit on one graph, so there are no units on the y-axis. Significance is indicated by the p-values above the columns.
Comparing the mean height change of different species:
from 2013-2014 per soil treatment, we could tell that not all species followed the same growth pattern. For instance, in the 2-way ANOVA tests showed here with 95% confidence (an α=0.05) the Northern blazing star always grew best in the 90/10 sand:organic soil ratio, and for all the soil ratios. optimal growth also occurs when the soil has not been rototilled.
The coreopsis, in the 2-way ANOVA tests has a significant interaction. We couldn’t say that the 90:10 ratio or rototilled plots were always best. Instead, we can see that together the 90:10 ratio and rototilled plots is best for coreopsis. But in 50/50 ratios, they grow best in non-rototilled plots.
For coreopsis, shown here we are 99% confident (an α=0.01) that the interaction between the soil treatments was significant. The 90:10 and 70:30 ratios grew optimally in rototilled soil while the 50:50 ratio yielded more growth in the non-rototilled soil.
After weighing and ID ing the weeds we ran the stats and didn’t find anything significant between soil composition or rototilled vs non rototilled. We thought there might be a correlation on location of the plot and amount of weeds.
Here we can see that there is no significant relationship between weed mass and location near the lawn, middle or path side of the garden.
Growth was species dependent for rototilling. Carex and Sand Coreopsis preferred the loose rototilled plots, while the Blazing Star and Little Bluestem preferred non-rototilled soil (the rose did not have significant results).
Maybe for the first few season of some prarie plants they don’t invest a lot in growth more in gaining bio mass
Just as last year’s researchers predicted, all of the prairie species grew optimally in the sandiest soil ratios, likely since they have evolved to be adapted to drier, nutrient poor prairie landscapes. Specifically the mean growth values of sedge, Coreopsis, and Blazing star were lowest in the least sandiest soil ratio (50:50).
There was no correlation between weed mass and soil ratio, rototilling, or the plot’s position in the prairie (next to the lawn or the path).
Further research could be done considering more factors such as amount of sun or rain fall per plot
Taking these results, future prairie restoration projects can know that while rototilling should be species dependent, all the species we studied yielded optimal growth in the sandiest soil composition ratio of 90:10, sand:organic compost. Even though it is tempting to fertilize and plant in nutrient rich soil, that is not advised for these praire plants.
When it comes to weeds, be ready for them and maintence. If left alone, a newly planted area can become overrun by weeds. About three years of continued maintenance to keep most weeds out. After that, the established native plants should be able to keep out weed invasion.
Side note all These beautiful photos were taken from the prairie.
Outcomes for me:
Learned about natives
Plant ID
Soil types
Restoration techniques
When we plant native gardens wildlife responds. Deer came and ate wild strawberries
Maybe for the first few season of some prarie plants they don’t invest a lot in growth more in gaining bio mass