2. Rsearch Questions
• (Anderson and Eshima ,2013) (A*)
• How does age and intangible resource endowment
change the degree of the EO-growth relationship?
• What configurations of EO, age, and intangible
resource endowment result in the most efficacious
growth outcomes?
• (Kasim and Altinay, 2016) (C)
• To explore whether organizational learning (OL)
mediates the relationships between entrepreneurial
orientation (EO) and growth of Malaysian SMEs.
• To explore whether market conditions (MC) moderate
the relationships between EO and Growth of
Malaysian SMEs.
3. Hypotheses
• (Anderson and Eshima ,2013) (A*)
• H1. EO is more positively related to firm growth among younger SMEs than among older SMEs.
• H2. EO is more positively related to firm growth among SMEs with an intangible resource advantage
than among SMEs lacking a resource advantage.
• H3. EO, intangible resources, and firm age have a three-way interaction effect on firm growth among
SMEs such that the relationship between EO and firm growth is a) strongest among younger SMEs
that possess an intangible resource advantage; b) next strongest among older SMEs that possess an
intangible resource advantage; c) next strongest among younger SMEs lacking an intangible resource
advantage; and d) weakest among older SMEs lacking an intangible resource advantage.
4. Hypotheses
• (Kasim and Altinay, 2016) (C)
• H1: EO has a positive effect on Small and Medium size Hotel growth.
• H2: OL mediates the relationships between EO and SMHs growth.
• H3: The relationship between EO and SMEs growth is moderated by MC.
5. Participants
• (Anderson and Eshima ,2013) (A*)
• Senior manager in SMEs between January and
February of 2008.
• (Kasim and Altinay, 2016) (C)
• Managers/ owners of small and medium size hotels
(SMHs) operating in three of the most famous tourism
destinations in Peninsular Malaysia i.e., Penang,
Langkawi and Kuala Lumpur.
6. Instruments
• (Anderson and Eshima ,2013) (A*)
• A three-item, seven-point, subjective performance
scale measured firm growth (e.g., Covin and
Slevin,1989).
• An eight-item, seven-point scale measured EO
(Covin and Slevin,1989)
• Firm age was measured as the number of years since
the firm's self-reported establishment (George, 2005)
• Intangible resource advantage was measured using a
five-item, five-point scale (Anderson and Eshima
,2013)
• (Kasim and Altinay, 2016) (C)
• The study used personally assisted
questionnaires to collect data.
