A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission. Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features: More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple links as long as they are in different cells Mobile devices use less power than with a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of the Earth. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and public Internet. Private cellular networks can be used for research[1] or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company.[2]

1. Making PowerPoint Slides
Avoiding the Pitfalls
of Bad Slides

2. Tips to be Covered





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
Outlines
Slide Structure
Fonts
Colour
Background
Graphs
Spelling and Grammar
Conclusions
Questions

3. Outline
 Make
your 1st or 2nd slide an outline of your
presentation
–
Ex: previous slide
 Follow
the order of your outline for the rest of
the presentation
 Only place main points on the outline slide
–
Ex: Use the titles of each slide as main points

4. Slide Structure – Good
 Use
1-2 slides per minute of your presentation
 Write in point form, not complete sentences
 Include 4-5 points per slide
 Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases
only

5. Slide Structure - Bad
 This
page contains too many words for a
presentation slide. It is not written in point
form, making it difficult both for your audience
to read and for you to present each point.
Although there are exactly the same number of
points on this slide as the previous slide, it
looks much more complicated. In short, your
audience will spend too much time trying to
read this paragraph instead of listening to you.

6. Slide Structure – Good
 Show
–
–
–
one point at a time:
Will help audience concentrate on what you are
saying
Will prevent audience from reading ahead
Will help you keep your presentation focused

7. Slide Structure - Bad
 Do
not use distracting animation
 Do
not go overboard with the animation
 Be
consistent with the animation that you use

8. Fonts - Good
 Use
at least an 18-point font
 Use different size fonts for main points and
secondary points
–
this font is 24-point, the main point font is 28-point,
and the title font is 36-point
 Use
Arial
a standard font like Times New Roman or

9. Fonts - Bad

If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
 CAPITALIZE
ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT
IS DIFFICULT TO READ
 Don’t use a complicated font

10. Colour - Good
 Use
a colour of font that contrasts sharply with
the background
–
Ex: blue font on white background
 Use
colour to reinforce the logic of your
structure
–
Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
 Use
–
colour to emphasize a point
But only use this occasionally

11. Colour - Bad
 Using
a font colour that does not contrast with
the background colour is hard to read
 Using colour for decoration is distracting and
annoying.
 Using a different colour for each point is
unnecessary
–
Using a different colour for secondary points is also
unnecessary
 Trying
to be creative can also be bad

12. Background - Good
 Use
backgrounds such as this one that are
attractive but simple
 Use
 Use
backgrounds which are light
the same background consistently
throughout your presentation

13. Background – Bad
 Avoid
backgrounds that are distracting or
difficult to read from
 Always be consistent with the background that
you use

14. Graphs - Good
 Use
–
–
graphs rather than just charts and words
Data in graphs is easier to comprehend & retain
than is raw data
Trends are easier to visualize in graph form
 Always
title your graphs

15. Graphs - Bad
January February
Blue Balls
20.4
27.4
Red Balls
30.6
38.6
March
90
34.6
April
20.4
31.6

16. Graphs - Good
Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Blue Balls
Red Balls
20
10
0
January
February
March
April

17. Graphs - Bad
100
90
90
80
70
60
Blue Balls
50
Red Balls
38.6
40
34.6
31.6
30.6
27.4
30
20.4
20.4
20
10
0
January
February
March
April

18. Graphs - Bad
 Minor
gridlines are unnecessary
 Font is too small
 Colours are illogical
 Title is missing
 Shading is distracting

19. Spelling and Grammar
 Proof
–
–
–
 If
your slides for:
speling mistakes
the use of of repeated words
grammatical errors you might have make
English is not your first language, please
have someone else check your presentation!

20. Conclusion
 Use
–
Your audience is likely to remember your last words
 Use
–
–
an effective and strong closing
a conclusion slide to:
Summarize the main points of your presentation
Suggest future avenues of research

21. Questions??
 End
your presentation with a simple question
slide to:
–
–
–
Invite your audience to ask questions
Provide a visual aid during question period
Avoid ending a presentation abruptly