An underwater image enhancement by reducing speckle noise using modified anis...IJECEIAES
Underwater images are usually suffering from the issues of quality degradation, such as low contrast due to blurring details, color deviations, non-uniform lighting, and noise. Since last few decades, many researches are undergoing for restoration and enhancement for degraded underwater images. In this paper, we proposed a novel algorithm using modified anisotropic diffusion filter with dynamic color balancing strategy. This proposed algorithm performs based on an employing effective noise reduction as well as edge preserving technique with dynamic color correction to make uniform lighting and minimize the speckle noise. Furthermore, reanalyze the contributions and limitations of existing underwater image restoration and enhancement methods. Finally, in this research provided the detailed objective evaluations and compared with the various underwater scenarios for above said challenges also made subjective studies, which shows that our proposed method will improve the quality of the image and significantly enhanced the image.
A Fusion Based Visibility Enhancement of Single Underwater Hazy ImageIJAAS Team
Underwater images are prone to contrast loss, limited visibility, and undesirable color cast. For underwater computer vision and pattern recognition algorithms, these images need to be pre-processed. We have addressed a novel solution to this problem by proposing fully automated underwater image dehazing using multimodal DWT fusion. Inputs for the combinational image fusion scheme are derived from Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for contrast enhancement in HSV color space and color constancy using Shades of Gray algorithm respectively. To appraise the work conducted, the visual and quantitative analysis is performed. The restored images demonstrate improved contrast and effective enhancement in overall image quality and visibility. The proposed algorithm performs on par with the recent underwater dehazing techniques.
25 9152 underwater imageenhancement using edit satIAESIJEECS
The underwater images not only offer an interesting sight, but also have a challenge to monitor marine species and underwater activities. Taking a beautiful underwater image requires extraordinary equipment and technique. Usually, there are distorted colors on the image caused by poor light and water quality. So it requires an image enhancement process to geta proper photo to display. This research offers an improved method of auto levels to produce stunning photos. This method uses the color balancing based on the distribution of each channel R, G and B based on its histogram. The balancing of colors will reproduce colors more attractive compared with other methods of auto level.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An underwater image enhancement by reducing speckle noise using modified anis...IJECEIAES
Underwater images are usually suffering from the issues of quality degradation, such as low contrast due to blurring details, color deviations, non-uniform lighting, and noise. Since last few decades, many researches are undergoing for restoration and enhancement for degraded underwater images. In this paper, we proposed a novel algorithm using modified anisotropic diffusion filter with dynamic color balancing strategy. This proposed algorithm performs based on an employing effective noise reduction as well as edge preserving technique with dynamic color correction to make uniform lighting and minimize the speckle noise. Furthermore, reanalyze the contributions and limitations of existing underwater image restoration and enhancement methods. Finally, in this research provided the detailed objective evaluations and compared with the various underwater scenarios for above said challenges also made subjective studies, which shows that our proposed method will improve the quality of the image and significantly enhanced the image.
A Fusion Based Visibility Enhancement of Single Underwater Hazy ImageIJAAS Team
Underwater images are prone to contrast loss, limited visibility, and undesirable color cast. For underwater computer vision and pattern recognition algorithms, these images need to be pre-processed. We have addressed a novel solution to this problem by proposing fully automated underwater image dehazing using multimodal DWT fusion. Inputs for the combinational image fusion scheme are derived from Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for contrast enhancement in HSV color space and color constancy using Shades of Gray algorithm respectively. To appraise the work conducted, the visual and quantitative analysis is performed. The restored images demonstrate improved contrast and effective enhancement in overall image quality and visibility. The proposed algorithm performs on par with the recent underwater dehazing techniques.
25 9152 underwater imageenhancement using edit satIAESIJEECS
The underwater images not only offer an interesting sight, but also have a challenge to monitor marine species and underwater activities. Taking a beautiful underwater image requires extraordinary equipment and technique. Usually, there are distorted colors on the image caused by poor light and water quality. So it requires an image enhancement process to geta proper photo to display. This research offers an improved method of auto levels to produce stunning photos. This method uses the color balancing based on the distribution of each channel R, G and B based on its histogram. The balancing of colors will reproduce colors more attractive compared with other methods of auto level.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Single image super resolution with improved wavelet interpolation and iterati...iosrjce
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The absorption of the light by sea water and light scattering by small particles of underwater environment has become an obstacle of underwater vision researches with camera. It gives impact to the limitation of visibility distances camera in the sea water. The research of 3D reconstruction requires image matching technique to find out the keypoints of image pairs.
SIFT is one of the image matching technique where the quality of image matching depends on the quality of the image. This research proposed HSV conversion image with auto level color correction to increase the number of SIFT image matching. The experimental results show the number of image matching is increase until 4 %.
Image enhancement is a method of improving the quality of an image and contrast is a major aspect. Traditional methods of contrast enhancement like histogram equalization results in over/under enhancement of the image especially a lower resolution one. This paper aims at developing a new Fuzzy Inference System to enhance the contrast of the low resolution images overcoming the shortcomings of the traditional methods. Results obtained using both the approaches are compared.
Image enhancement technique plays vital role in improving the quality of the image. Enhancement
technique basically enhances the foreground information and retains the background and improve the
overall contrast of an image. In some case the background of an image hides the structural information of
an image. This paper proposes an algorithm which enhances the foreground image and the background
part separately and stretch the contrast of an image at inter-object level and intra-object level and then
combines it to an enhanced image. The results are compared with various classical methods using image
quality measures
Image Resolution Enhancement using DWT and Spatial Domain Interpolation Techn...IJERA Editor
Image Resolution is one of the important quality metrics of images. Images with high resolution are required in
many fields. In this paper, a new resolution enhancement technique is proposed based on the interpolation of
four sub band images generated by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the original Low Resolution (LR)
input image. In this technique, the four sub band images generated by DWT and the input LR image are
interpolated with scaling factor, α and then performed inverse DWT to obtain the intermediate High Resolution
(HR) Image. The difference between the intermediate HR image and the interpolated LR input image is added
to the intermediate HR image to obtain final output HR Image. Lanczos interpolation is used in this technique.
The proposed technique is tested on well known bench mark images. The quantitative and visual results shows
the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art image resolution enhancement
techniques in wavelet domain using haar wavelet filter.
Novel algorithm for color image demosaikcing using laplacian maskeSAT Journals
Abstract Images in any digital camera is formed with the help of a monochrome sensor, which can be either a charge-coupled device(CCD) or complementary metal oxide semi-conductor(CMOS). Interpolation is the base for any demsoaicking process. The input for interpolation is the output of the Bayer Color Filter Array which is a mosaic like lattice structure. Bayer Color Filter Array samples the channel information of R,G and B values separately assigning only one channel component per pixel. To generate a complete color image, three channel values are required. In order to find those missing samples we use interpolation. It is a technique of estimating the missing values from the discrete observed samples scattered over the space. Thus Demosaicking or De-bayering is an algorithm of finding missing values from the mosaic patterned output of the Bayer CFA. Interpolation algorithm results in few artifacts such as zippering effect in the edges. This paper introduces an algorithm for demosaicking which outperforms the existing demosaciking algorithms. The main aim of this algorithm is to accurately estimate the Green component. The standard mechanism to compare the performance is PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and the image dataset for comparison was Kodak image dataset. The algorithm was implemented using Matlab2009B version. Keywords: Demosaicking, Interpolation, Bayer CFA, Laplacian Mask, Correlation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This is a paper I wrote as part of my seminar "Inverse Problems in Computer Vision" while pursuing my M.Sc Medical Engineering at FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
The paper details a state-of-the-art method used for Single Image Super Resolution using Deep Convolutional Networks and the possible extensions to the original approach by considering compression and noise artifacts.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Single image super resolution with improved wavelet interpolation and iterati...iosrjce
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The absorption of the light by sea water and light scattering by small particles of underwater environment has become an obstacle of underwater vision researches with camera. It gives impact to the limitation of visibility distances camera in the sea water. The research of 3D reconstruction requires image matching technique to find out the keypoints of image pairs.
SIFT is one of the image matching technique where the quality of image matching depends on the quality of the image. This research proposed HSV conversion image with auto level color correction to increase the number of SIFT image matching. The experimental results show the number of image matching is increase until 4 %.
Image enhancement is a method of improving the quality of an image and contrast is a major aspect. Traditional methods of contrast enhancement like histogram equalization results in over/under enhancement of the image especially a lower resolution one. This paper aims at developing a new Fuzzy Inference System to enhance the contrast of the low resolution images overcoming the shortcomings of the traditional methods. Results obtained using both the approaches are compared.
Image enhancement technique plays vital role in improving the quality of the image. Enhancement
technique basically enhances the foreground information and retains the background and improve the
overall contrast of an image. In some case the background of an image hides the structural information of
an image. This paper proposes an algorithm which enhances the foreground image and the background
part separately and stretch the contrast of an image at inter-object level and intra-object level and then
combines it to an enhanced image. The results are compared with various classical methods using image
quality measures
Image Resolution Enhancement using DWT and Spatial Domain Interpolation Techn...IJERA Editor
Image Resolution is one of the important quality metrics of images. Images with high resolution are required in
many fields. In this paper, a new resolution enhancement technique is proposed based on the interpolation of
four sub band images generated by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the original Low Resolution (LR)
input image. In this technique, the four sub band images generated by DWT and the input LR image are
interpolated with scaling factor, α and then performed inverse DWT to obtain the intermediate High Resolution
(HR) Image. The difference between the intermediate HR image and the interpolated LR input image is added
to the intermediate HR image to obtain final output HR Image. Lanczos interpolation is used in this technique.
The proposed technique is tested on well known bench mark images. The quantitative and visual results shows
the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art image resolution enhancement
techniques in wavelet domain using haar wavelet filter.
Novel algorithm for color image demosaikcing using laplacian maskeSAT Journals
Abstract Images in any digital camera is formed with the help of a monochrome sensor, which can be either a charge-coupled device(CCD) or complementary metal oxide semi-conductor(CMOS). Interpolation is the base for any demsoaicking process. The input for interpolation is the output of the Bayer Color Filter Array which is a mosaic like lattice structure. Bayer Color Filter Array samples the channel information of R,G and B values separately assigning only one channel component per pixel. To generate a complete color image, three channel values are required. In order to find those missing samples we use interpolation. It is a technique of estimating the missing values from the discrete observed samples scattered over the space. Thus Demosaicking or De-bayering is an algorithm of finding missing values from the mosaic patterned output of the Bayer CFA. Interpolation algorithm results in few artifacts such as zippering effect in the edges. This paper introduces an algorithm for demosaicking which outperforms the existing demosaciking algorithms. The main aim of this algorithm is to accurately estimate the Green component. The standard mechanism to compare the performance is PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and the image dataset for comparison was Kodak image dataset. The algorithm was implemented using Matlab2009B version. Keywords: Demosaicking, Interpolation, Bayer CFA, Laplacian Mask, Correlation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This is a paper I wrote as part of my seminar "Inverse Problems in Computer Vision" while pursuing my M.Sc Medical Engineering at FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
The paper details a state-of-the-art method used for Single Image Super Resolution using Deep Convolutional Networks and the possible extensions to the original approach by considering compression and noise artifacts.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
1. Computational Intelligence, Communications, and Business
Analytics (CICBA 2023) (27 – 28 January, 2023 )
A Proposed Method for Underwater Image Enhancement
using Color Balancing, Contrast Stretching, Increasing
Sharpness, etc
Mr. Raja Sarkar
Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology, Banjetia,
Berhampore, West Bengal, India, rajasarkarjadavpur@gmail.com
2. Disclaimer
The use of general descriptive names, registered names,
trademarks, service marks, etc. in this presentation does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice
and information in this presentation are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of presentation. Neither the organisers nor
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions
that may have been made.
3. Paper Outline
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Proposed Method
– White Balance using Gray World Algorithm
– Simplest Color Balance
– Contrast Enhancement using CLAHE
– Increase Sharpness
4. Experimental Result and Analysis
5. Conclusion
6. Future works
4. Motivation
underwater image in several environmental conditions like-
low visibility, non-uniform lighting, scattering, abundance
of moving marine particles[1-7] results degradation of
visual quality of the images it require retrieval process.
Due to transmission factor and atmospheric light many
times important important image information is lost in such
degraded images. Therefore restoration of the contrast,
color, and lost image information using the image
processing techniques is necessary in real time
applications.
5. Abstract
Underwater image are essentially characterize by their
poorvisibility because light is exponentially attenuated as it
travels in the water
Underwater images mainly suffer from the problem of poor
color contrast and poor visibility. These problems occur due
to the non-uniform ligting, scattering of light and refraction
of light while entering from rarer to denser medium.
Scattering causes the blurring of light and reduces the color
contrast resulting important information from the image
gets lost.
6. Introduction
• Underwater image are essentially characterize by their
poorvisibility because light is exponentially attenuated as it
travels in the water
• Underwater images are different from its counterpart which is
captured in the open air[1-13].
• Underwater images suffer from degradation due to poor
visibility conditions and effects such as light absorption, light
reflection, bending of light and scattering of light[1][2].
• Water absorbs light more than air resulting lower lighting in
deeper underwater image.
7. Proposed Method
This study proposes an underwater image
enhancement approach using a four step
strategy.
a) white balancing,
b) color balancing,
c) contrast enhancement
and d) increasing the sharpness.
This handcrafted method is directly
applied on underwater images. It requires
no prior information regarding the
ambient while capturing the images. It
works on single image.
8. White Balance using Gray World Algorithm
Input: Raw image, Output: Enhanced image
Step 1: Convert RGB image to gray scale image to get the mean
luminance.
Step 2: Seperate individual color channels- Red, Green, and Blue.
Step 3: Normalize each channel seperately so that all channels
have the same mean.
Step 4: Combine all normalized color channels into a single, true
color RGB image.
9. Simplest Color Balance
Input: Array of N elements,
Output: Array of stretched N elements.
Step 1:
Sorting of the intensity values: The image is converted into a
one dimensional array of size and the array is sorted. A copy
of the original unsorted array is kept also.
10. Step 2:
Selection the quantiles from the ascending ordered array: Let
the saturation level be s=s1+s2 , in the range[0,100] . Set the
element at
Step 3:
Saturation of pixels: Update(saturate) all pixel values
Step 4:
Map the values in new range: Remaining pixel values are
updated in the range [MAX , MIN] using the affine
transformation
11. Contrast Enhancement using CLAHE
Step 1:
Convert the RGB image into the L*a*b* color space.
Step 2:
Perform CLAHE on the L channel using the following steps 2.a
to 2.d.
a) Divide the L channel into tiles.
b) Enhance contrast of each tile separately.
c) Join the contrast enhanced tiles together.
d) Apply interpolation to remove induced boundaries.
Thus L channel in restored.
Step 3:
Convert the resulting image back into the RGB color space
12. Increase Sharpness
Sharpening is any enhancement technique that highlights edges
by increasing the contrast between bright and dark regions to
bring out features. Addition of the original image to a signal
proportional to a high-pass filtered version of the original image.
The sharpening operation is performed using
Is(i,j)=I(I,j) + λ*F(I(i,j))
Where I(i,j) is the original pixel value of Image, I at the
coordinate (I,j) . F() is the high-pass filter, Is(I,j) is the respective
sharpened pixel. λ > 0 is a tuning parameter decides the grade of
sharpness desired. Higher value of λ gives more sharpened
image.
13. Experimental Result and Analysis
We have tested our method on many images. The present
work is implemented using MATLAB R2018b version.
The output shows that the overall visual quality of the
result images is significantly improved.
Contrast and color of the objects are improved reasonably,
and the objects are clearer from the background.
Our approach significantly improves image details, reduces
the noises, and enhances the contrast.
Few sample output images are shown here
14.
15. For quantitative analysis of performance of the proposed method,
we tried to measure the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)[21],
Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) [21] between the
original image and the enhanced images and also Measure of
Entropy(MoE) [22] of the original underwater image as well as the
enhanced image.
Below Table shows the computed PSNR and SSIM between the
underwater image and its respective enhanced image and also gives
a comparative study with another handcrafted method[10]
reported in 2011 where Dark Channel Prior along with Simple Color
Balance are applied.
From the result it is can be seen that in almost 66% cases our
methods performs better in terms of PSNR and SSIM.
16. TABLE I. Computed PSNR and SSIM using DCP with SCB, proposed
method where CLAHE applied on RGB image and proposed
method where CLAHE applied on l channel of L*a*b image
17. Entropy is a statistical measure of randomness that
characterizes the texture of the image.
Here for quantitative analysis Measure of Entropy(MoE)
[22] is calculated on original underwater image as well
as on the enhanced image using the proposed
method(where CLAHE is applied on L channel of L*a*b
color model).
The result in the table clearly shows the proposed
method significantly improves the image information of
the underwater images
19. Conclusion
This study proposes a handcrafted filter based
underwater image enhancement method that directly
works on the input underwater image.
This study solves common issues of underwater
images like poor visibility, noises, loss of important
information etc.
The experimental result shows that the method
successfully restores the contrast, color and lost
information from images.
20. Future works
Future works may be focused on modification of the steps
for better performance.
21. References
1. K. Iqbal, R. A. Salam, A. Osman and A. Z. Talib, “Underwater image enhancement using integrated color
model”, IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 34, No. 2 , 2007.
2. Abdul Ghani, A.S., Mat Isa, “Underwater image quality enhancement through composition of dual-
intensity images and Rayleigh-stretching”, SpringerPlus 3, 757, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-
3-757.
3. W. N. J. H. W. Yussof, M. S. Hitam, E. A. Awalludin, and Z. Bachok, “Performing Contrast Limited Adaptive
Histogram Equalization Technique on Combined Color Models for Underwater Image Enhancement
International Journal of Interactive Digital Media, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013.
4. Sonam bharal, “L*a*b based contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization for underwater images”,
International Journal of Computer Application (2250-1797), Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 165-174, 2015.
5. Huimin Lu, Yujie Li, and Seiichi Serikawa, “Underwater image enhancement using guided trigonometric
bilateral and fast automatic color correction”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp.
3412–3416, 2013.
6. Shu Zhang, TingWang, Junyu Dong, and Hui Yu, “Underwater image enhancement via extended multi-
scale Retinex”, Neurocomputing, Vol. 245, pp. 1–9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2017.03.029.
22. 7. D. Akkaynak and T. Treibitz, “A Revised Underwater Image Formation Model”, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference
on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018, pp. 6723- 6732, DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2018.00703.
8. C. O. Ancuti, C. Ancuti, C. De Vleeschouwer and P. Bekaert, “Color Balance and Fusion for Underwater
Image Enhancement” IEEE Transactions On Image Pro-cessing, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2018, pp. 379-393.
9. Dana Berman, Deborah Levy, Shai Avidan, and Tali Treibitz, “Underwater single image color restoration
using haze-lines and a new quantitative dataset”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, Vol. 43, pp. 2822-2837, 2021, DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2020.2977624.
10. Kaiming He, Jian Sun, and Xiaoou Tang, “Single image haze removal using dark channel prior”, IEEE
Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 2341–2353, 2011.
11. Bolun Cai, Xiangmin Xu, Kui Jia, Chunmei Qing, and Dacheng Tao, “DehazeNET: An end-to-end system
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