Written before the Euro Crisis set in, this paper explains how Euro evolved from 1990s till now and the threats it is facing because of countries like Greece being a part of Eurozone. However unfortunate, the bright part of the paper is that the predictions done in the paper are coming true now with S&P rating Greece as Junk and IMF coming out to bail it. Please email me at ankurdineshsharma@gmail.com for any further information and/or details on this.
8. International Currency and Currency CrisisCharu Rastogi
This presentation deals with Euro Phases, Benefit and Cost of the Euro, Euro and Implication for India, Trade Invoicing in Euro vs. Dollars and South East Asian Currency Crisis
The Euro Crisis & New Jersey Business (2012)Marissa Pié
-Disparate narrative and statistical data sources regarding the Euro Crisis and its implications on U.S. industry.
-Collected throughout internship experience
-Presented as a unified plan of action for the New Jersey Department of State
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency).
Should Denmark adopt euro? Strong euro may get in trouble for exporters , like Denmark, and discourage foreign investment in the euro zone, but helps importers and euro zone investments around the world.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Written before the Euro Crisis set in, this paper explains how Euro evolved from 1990s till now and the threats it is facing because of countries like Greece being a part of Eurozone. However unfortunate, the bright part of the paper is that the predictions done in the paper are coming true now with S&P rating Greece as Junk and IMF coming out to bail it. Please email me at ankurdineshsharma@gmail.com for any further information and/or details on this.
8. International Currency and Currency CrisisCharu Rastogi
This presentation deals with Euro Phases, Benefit and Cost of the Euro, Euro and Implication for India, Trade Invoicing in Euro vs. Dollars and South East Asian Currency Crisis
The Euro Crisis & New Jersey Business (2012)Marissa Pié
-Disparate narrative and statistical data sources regarding the Euro Crisis and its implications on U.S. industry.
-Collected throughout internship experience
-Presented as a unified plan of action for the New Jersey Department of State
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency).
Should Denmark adopt euro? Strong euro may get in trouble for exporters , like Denmark, and discourage foreign investment in the euro zone, but helps importers and euro zone investments around the world.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
2. When was the euro currency introduced?
The Euro is the new 'single currency' of the European Monetary Union, adopted on January 1, 1999 by 11 Member
States. Greece became the 12th Member state to adopt the Euro on January 1, 2001. On January 1, 2002, these 12
countries officially introduced the Euro banknotes and coins as legal tender. On January 1, 1999, the European
Union introduced its new currency, the euro. The euro provided several economic advantages to the citizen of the EU.
Travel was made easier by removing the need for exchanging money, and more importantly, the currency risks were
removed from European trade. After much disagreement, in December 1995 the name euro was adopted for the
new currency (replacing the name Ecu used for the previous accounting currency), on the suggestion of then-German
finance minister Theo Waigel. They also agreed on the date 1 January 1999 for its launch. Likewise, which countries
adopted the euro in 1999? EU Countries and the euro
•Austria and the euro. Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and was one of the first countries to adopt the euro on
1 January 1999.
•Belgium and the euro.
•Bulgaria and the euro.
•Croatia and the euro.
•Cyprus and the euro.
•Czechia and the euro.
•Denmark and the euro.
•Estonia and the euro.
3. Administration
The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank (ECB) and
the Eurosystem (composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries). As an independent central
bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing,
minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states, and the operation of the eurozone
payment systems.
The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain
monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, although not all states have done so. Denmark has
negotiated exemptions,while Sweden (which joined the EU in 1995, after the Maastricht Treaty was
signed) turned down the euro in a non-binding referendum in 2003, and has circumvented the
obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that
have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. The Maastricht Treaty
was later amended by the Treaty of Nice,which closed the gaps and loopholes in the Maastricht and
Rome Treaties.
4. Since 1 January 2002, the national central banks (NCBs) and
the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Eurosystem
NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation
by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not
repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes
issued by the Eurosystem.In practice, the ECB's banknotes are
put into circulation by the NCBs, thereby incurring matching
liabilities vis-à-vis the ECB. These liabilities carry interest at the
main refinancing rate of the ECB. The other 92% of euro
banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their
respective shares of the ECB capital key,calculated using national
share of European Union (EU) population and national share of
EU GDP, equally weighted.
Issuing modalities for banknotes
5. History
The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. To
participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet strict criteria, such as a
budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP (both
of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation,
and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United
Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to
the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro.
The name "euro" was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December
1995.Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot, a former teacher of French and history is
credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the
European Commission, Jacques Santer, suggesting the name "euro" on 4 August
1995.[43]
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all
conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process
of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values of one euro in terms of
the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro are shown on the right.
6. Direct usage
The euro is the sole currency of 19 EU member states:
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, and Spain. These countries constitute the
"eurozone", some 343 million people in total as of 2018.
With all but one (Denmark) EU members obliged to join
when economic conditions permit, together with future
members of the EU, the enlargement of the eurozone is
set to continue. Outside the EU, the euro is also the sole
currency of Montenegro and Kosovo and
several European microstates (Andorra, Monaco, San
Marino and the Vatican City) as well as in three overseas
territories of France that are not themselves part of the
EU, namely Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon,
and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Together
this direct usage of the euro outside the EU affects nearly
3 million people.
7. Exchange rates
Flexible exchange rates
The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange
rates and in general, does not intervene on the
foreign exchange rate markets. This is because of
the implications of the Mundell–Fleming model,
which implies a central bank cannot (without capital
controls) maintain interest rate and exchange rate
targets simultaneously, because increasing
the money supply results in a depreciation of the
currency. In the years following the Single European
Act, the EU has liberalised its capital markets and,
as the ECB has inflation targeting as its monetary
policy, the exchange-rate regime of the euro
is floating.