Presentation1-PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION
MR. JONES H.M-MBA
8/27/2019JONES H.M-MBA
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DEFINITION
•Perception is the process by which
the brain receives, organizes and
interprets information.
•Perception also means the process
by which immediate awareness of
what is happening in the environment
is obtained.
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•The process by which people
select, organize, interpret,
and respond to information
from the world around them.
3

Surprised?
In love?
4

Sad?
Tired?
5

Happy?
Scary?
6

Angry?
Joking?
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Consciously or
unconsciously
we are creating
our reality by the
way we perceive
our selves and
the world around
us..
8

SENSORY ORGANS
INVOLVED IN
PERCEPTION•The brain receives
information through the
sensory organs.
•In order to find
meaning, the brain
organizes information in
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WHAT IS THE
SENSORY SYSTEM?• The sensory system: is a part of the
nervous system responsible for
processing sensory information.
• A sensory system consists of sensory
receptors, neural pathways and parts
of the brain involved in sensory
perception.
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VISION
• The eye is the receptor for vision. It contains rods for black and white
vision and the cones for color vision.
• There are a lot of visual cues that can be used.
• We have two eyes which converge to focus on an object, we get
information from the convergence
• We see a three dimensional world from a two dimensional retinal
image.
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HEARING
•Hearing is the ability to
perceive sound by detecting
vibrations.
•The Ear is an organ of hearing.
•We hear sounds in terms of
pitch, loudness, and timbre.
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•As adults we use some cues which
enable us to locate sound
accurately.
•Sounds which are directly ahead
arrive at both ears at the same
time.
•Displaced sounds arrive at
different times .e.g. sound from
the left side will arrive at the left
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OLFACTORY
•This sense is mediated by
specialized sensory cells of
nasal cavity of vertebrates.
•Nose is an organ involved
in smelling.
•We are able to respond to
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TASTE
•Taste is the ability to perceive the
flavour of substances including
food.
•The Tongue is the organ of taste.
•Human beings receive tastes
through sensory organs called
taste buds concentrated on the
upper surface of the tongue.
15

TOUCH
• Skin is the body’s largest sensory
organ
• Millions of skin receptors mix and
match to produce specific
perception
• Four basic types of sensations
• Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
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BODY SENSES
• Kinesthetic sense
• Provides info about position of joints, muscles, limbs
• Gives us control over body movements
• Vestibular sense
• Provides info about body’s orientation relative to gravity and head’s position in
space
• Helps us maintain balance
• Relies on semicircular canals in the inner
ear
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• The above sense organs are the ones
that receive information, and then
information is relayed to the brain through
nerve fibres for interpretation.
• This teaches you as a Nurse that these
sensory organs are very important for you
in order to understand your patient well.
• These need to be sharp in you.
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STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY• The stimulus response theory: refers to a
belief that behaviour manifest as a result
of interplay between stimulus and
response, in particular, the belief is that a
subject is presented with a stimulus and
then responds to that stimulus producing
behaviour, in other words behaviour
cannot exist without a stimulus of some
sought.
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STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY
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MENTAL PROCESSES INVOLVED
IN PERCEPTION
The following are the mental processes
involved in perception:
• Memory
• Attention
• Concentration
• Emotions
• Reasoning
• Intelligence
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•Without this mental process it will not
be ease for one to have sound
perception.
•People often form impressions of
others very quickly with only minimal
information.
• We frequently base our impressions
on the roles and social norms we
expect from people.
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•We may consider how we make
judgment of people we meet for
the first time depending on
dressing, speech and beliefs.
• Our perception of others refers to
the mental processes that we use
to form impressions of other
people
23

TYPES OF MENTAL
PROCESSING
Top down processing
•We perceive by filling the
gaps in what we sense.
•Based on our experiences
and schemas.
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E.G OF TOP DOWN PROCESSING: CNA
YUO RAED TIHS
• i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd
waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the
hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearchr at
Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr
the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is
taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The
rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it
whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid
deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a
wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot
slpeling was ipmorantt!
25

Bottom-Up Processing
• Also called feature analysis.
• We use the features on the object
itself to build a perception.
• Takes longer that top-down but is
more accurate.
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BOTTOM UP PROCESSING: WHAT
DO YOU SEE?
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FACTORS INFLUENCING
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION• These factors are in two groups namely; personal
and social cultural factors.
Personal factors
• Motivation: Our desires or needs shape our
current perceptions
• Values
• Expectations
• Cognitive Style
• Experience and Culture
• Personality
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Socio-cultural factors
•Beliefs
•Values
•Norms of the society
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SOME PROBLEMS OF
PERCEPTION• The attention paid to the object
• Environmental influences
• The relationship between the perceiver and what is
being perceived
• What precedes or surrounds the object
• The health of sense organs and brains
• The general nature of the sense organs
• We see what we are prepared to see
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THANK YOU!
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