The document summarizes measurements from multi-frequency, multi-polarization microwave remote sensing systems of the reflective and emissive properties of various natural surfaces including soil, snow, and water ice. Key findings are presented on the angular dependence and physical temperature measurements of these surfaces at C-, Ku-, and Ka-band frequencies for different environmental conditions. The systems and experimental site used to acquire spatially coincident radar backscatter and radiometric brightness temperature data are also described.

1. MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-POLARIZATION AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS OF BARE SOIL, SNOW AND WATER ICE MICROWAVE REFLECTION AND EMISSION BY C-, Ku-, AND Ka-BAND, COMBINED SCATTEROMETER-RADIOMETER SYSTEMS Artashes Arakelyan, Astghik Hambaryan, Vardan Hambaryan, Vanik Karyan, Mushegh Manukyan, Melanya Grigoryan, Gagik Hovhannisyan, Arsen Arakelyan, Marine Simonyan and Mariam Krdyan ECOSERV Remote Observation Centre Co. Ltd. www.ecoservroc.com 2 G. Njdeh Str., #24, Yerevan, 375006, ARMENIA Phone: (374 10) 421 877/425 088; Fax: (374 10) 421 877 emails: arakelyanak@yahoo.com; ecoservroc@yahoo.com

3. Utilized Devices Multi-polarization, combined scatterometric radiometric systems ArtAr-5.6 ArtAr-15 ArtAr-37

6. The main technical characteristics of the used devices ~-126dB/W ~-126dB/W ~-126dB/W Radar channel’s sensitivity ~0.3K ~0.15K < 0.1K Radar channel’s sensitivity at 1s ~ 800MHz ~ 600MHz ~ 500MHz Radiometer receivers bandwidth ~40MHz ~40MHz ~40MHz Radar receiver’s bandwidth ~2dB ~2dB ~2dB Radar receivers noise factor 1KHz 1KHz 1KHz A train or a single pulse repetition frequency 1.6MHz 1.6MHz 1.6MHz Pulse repetition frequency within a train 35mW 75mW 250mw 1W 50mW 150mw 0.5W Radar pulse power Short distance application mode Middle distance application mode Long distance application mode a train of 8 pulses, 25ns each pulses, 25ns each of 0.1mks of 1mks a train of 8 a single pulse a single pulse Radar pulses, type and duration for: Short distance application mode Middle distance application mode Long distance application mode Horn antenna/~9 0 Parabolic antenna/~7 0 Parabolic antenna/~6 0 Antenna type / beamwidth 37GHz 15GHz 5.6GHz Central frequency Artar-37 Ka-Band Artar-15 Ku-Band Artar-5.6 C-Band

7. The Experimental Site of ECOSERV ROC Company

8. MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION FACILITIES

10. Calibration by Sky

11. Calibration by Sky, a Chart sample, 37GHz The level when the Input Key switched off antenna at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. The Observation angle  ~ 30 0 The Observation angle  ~ 30 0 The level when the Input Key switched off antenna at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. Radiometer Caliber 18K at “v” and at “h” pol. Radiometer Calibers 18K at “v” pol. nd at “h” pol. Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. Radiometer Caliber 18K at “h” pol. and at “v” pol. Change of Polarization from “h” to “v”

12. Soil Measurements’ Chart Sample, 15GHz 14.03.2011, Experiment-4.1, Combed soil Radar channel, “vv” pol. Radar channel, “vh” pol. Radiometric channel, “v” pol. Radiometric channel, “h” pol. Radar Calibers Radar Channels “0” Level Radiometer Calibers 18K Combed Soil at  = 80 0 Combed Soil at  =80 0 Combed Soil at  =20 0 Combed Soil at  =20 0 The level when the Input Key switched off antenna The level when the Input Key switched off antenna

13. Chart’s Continuation Radar Channels “0” Level Combed Soil at  =0 0 Radar channel, pol. “vv” Radar channel, pol. “vh” Radiometric channel, pol. “v” Radiometric channel, pol. “h” Combed Soil at  =0 0 Radiometer Calibers 18K The level when the Input Key’s switched off antenna Radar Calibers Combed Soil at  =0-5 0 Combed Soil at  =0-5 0 Radiometer Calibers 18K Combed Soil at  =80 0 Radar Channels “0” Level Combed Soil at  =80 0

14. THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS Backscattered signal’s level Radar channel’s “0” Level Radar caliber signal’s level Radiometer caliber signal’s level Surface emission signal’s level Input Key’s emission level The value of radiometric calibers 18K or so Input Key’s physical temperature Input Key’s emissivity

15. Semi- Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm t snow ~ -1 0 C, t air ~ 1 0 C Semi- Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm t snow ~ -1 0 C, t air ~ 1 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 2 0 C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 2 0 C 5.6GHz, March. 2010 , dB , K , dB , K

16. Dry Snow, thickness ~ 13 .5cm t snow ~ - 2 0 C, t air ~ -6 0 C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 13 .5cm t snow ~ - 2 0 C, t air ~ -6 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 Semi- Dry, thickness ~ 14 .5cm t snow ~ - 0.5 0 C, t air ~ -1 0 C Semi- Dry, thickness ~ 14 .5cm t snow ~ - 0.5 0 C, t air ~ -1 0 C 37GHz, 2 Feb. 2011 , dB , K , dB , K

17. Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9 cm t snow ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -2 0 C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9 cm t snow ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -2 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011 Dry Snow, thickness ~ 8.5 cm t snow ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -5 0 C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 8.5 cm t snow ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -5 0 C , dB , K , dB , K

18. Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7 .5cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 2 0 C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7 .5cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 2 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3 cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 5.5 0 C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3 cm t snow ~ - 0 0 C, t air ~ 5.5 0 C 37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011 , dB , K , dB , K

19. 37GHz, 11 Feb. 2011 Soil and dry stems of vegetation , soil moisture m m=21%, t air ~ 5 0 C , t so il ~ 3-4 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 2 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 2 0 C Soil and dry stems of vegetation , soil moisture m m=21%, t air ~ 5 0 C , t so il ~ 3-4 0 C 37GHz, 16 Feb. 2011 , dB , dB , K , K

20. S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=11%, t air ~ 8 0 C , t so il ~ 5 0 C 37GHz, 23 Feb. 2011 S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=11%, t air ~ 8 0 C , t so il ~ 5 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=21%, t air ~ 2 0 C , t so il ~ 2 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=21%, t air ~ 2 0 C , t so il ~ 2 0 C 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011 , dB , dB , K , dB , K

21. S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 4 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 4 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 4 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 3 0 C , t so il ~ 4 0 C 37GHz, 7 March 2011 15GHz, 7 March 2011 , dB , K , dB , K

22. 37GHz, 14 March 2011 15GHz, 14 March 2011 Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture m m=23.9%, t air ~ 12 0 C , t so il ~ 8 0 C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture m m=23.9%, t air ~ 12 0 C , t so il ~ 8 0 C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture m m=23.9%, t air ~ 12 0 C , t so il ~ 8 0 C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture m m=23.9%, t air ~ 12 0 C , t so il ~ 8 0 C , dB , K , dB , K

23. Combed soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 18 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Combed soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 18 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Combed soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 18 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Combed soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 18 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C 37GHz, 20 March 2011 15GHz, 20 March 2011 , dB , dB , K , K

24. Dug soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 16 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Dug soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 16 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Dug soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 16 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C Dug soil, soil moisture m m=16.7%, t air ~ 16 0 C , t so il ~ 14 0 C 37GHz, 20 March 2011 15GHz, 20 March 2011 , dB , dB , K , K

25. Fresh water i ce , thickness ~13.5cm t ice ~ -4 0 C, t air ~ -13 0 C, t water ~ 0-1 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~13.5cm t ice ~ -4 0 C, t air ~ -13 0 C, t water ~ 0-1 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 Fresh water i ce , thickness ~1 7 cm t ice ~ - 2 0 C, t air ~ -3 0 C, t water ~ 0-1 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~1 7 cm t ice ~ - 2 0 C, t air ~ -3 0 C, t water ~ 0-1 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 , dB , K , dB , K

26. Fresh water i ce , thickness ~1 0 cm t ice ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -3 0 C, t water ~ 1-2 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~1 0 cm t ice ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ -3 0 C, t water ~ 1-2 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 7.5 cm t ice ~ -1 0 C, t air ~ 9 0 C, t water ~ 3 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 7.5 cm t ice ~ -1 0 C, t air ~ 9 0 C, t water ~ 3 0 C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 , dB , K , dB , K

27. Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 3-4 cm t ice ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ - 5.5 0 C, t water ~ 2 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 3-4 cm t ice ~ - 1 0 C, t air ~ - 5.5 0 C, t water ~ 2 0 C 37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011 Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 2 cm t ice ~ - 0.5 0 C, t air ~ 8 0 C, t water ~ 2 0 C Fresh water i ce , thickness ~ 2 cm t ice ~ - 0.5 0 C, t air ~ 8 0 C, t water ~ 2 0 C 37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011 , dB , K , dB , K

28. 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011 Pool water surface t air ~ 2 0 C, t water ~ 4 0 C Pool water surface t air ~ 2 0 C, t water ~ 4 0 C Sky temperature, cloudy t air ~ 2 0 C, 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011 Clear Sky temperature, t air ~ 2 0 C, Pool water surface t air ~ 2 0 C, t water ~ 4 0 C S oil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture m m=17%, t air ~ 2 0 C , t so il ~ 2 0 C , dB , K , K , K

33. Thank you !