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Similar to presentation on the topic of plaque with proper description
presentation on the topic of plaque with proper description
- 1. Plague By: Ayesha Fazal To:Dr. Shafaat Yar Khan Biology of vectors Z-4150
- 2. Table of Content •Introduction • Historic outbreaks • Distribution • Causes • Types • Mode of transmission • Pathogenesis • Treatment • Prevention • conclusion
- 3. Introduction • Plague -highly infectious, deadly fleaborne zoonosis caused by Yersinia pestis • Found in mammals and their fleas • Derived from latin term plaga, meaning a "blow" or "strike"
- 4. Historic outbreaks • JustinianPlague (542–602 AD): ~ caused 50 million deaths across the Eastern Roman Empire • Black death (1347–1351): ~75–200 million deaths across Europe, Asia, and North Africa • Third pandemic (1894–present): ~15 million deaths (mostly in India and China)
- 5. Distribution • Plague foundon all continents except Oceania • Most human cases since the 1990s occurred in Africa. • Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Peru - three most endemic countries.
- 6. Primarily rat fleas, Xenopsyllacheopis Common house rats, Rattus rattus Human interaction Causes
- 7. Bubonic Plague • Mostcommon form • Human to human transmission is rare • Caused by the bite of an infected flea • Symptoms - Inflamed lymph nodes called as ‘buboes’, fever, chills, headaches • Advanced stages: open sores with pus
- 8. Pneumonic Plague • Lung-basedplague • Most virulent, rarest • Incubation period 24 hours • Cause - Transmitted via droplets of infected humans • Symptoms - high fever, severe pneumonia, bloody coughs
- 9. Septicemic Plague • Bacteriaenters the bloodstream • Cause - Develop from untreated bubonic plague or independently • Symptoms - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, tissue necrosis, fever, chills
- 10. Mode of transmission •Enzootic cycle: rodents and fleas • Epizootic cycle: transmission to other species • Direct contact: From infected humans and rodents
- 11. Pathogenesis • Yersinia pestis multipliesin flea gut • Bacteria colonies blocks proventiculus • Flea regurgirates viable Y. pestis in human host • Disarm phagocytes and cause necrosis
- 12. Treatment • Early diagnosisand treatment is essential for survival • Commonly used antibiotics - aminoglycosides (streptomycin and gentamicin), tetracyclines (doxycycline), and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
- 13. Prevention • Informing peoplewhen zoonotic plague is present in their environment • Take precautions against flea bites • Handling animal carcasses • People advised to avoid direct contact with infected body fluids and tissues.
- 14. Conclusion • Plague isa very severe disease, particularly in its septicaemic and pneumonic forms, • With a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left untreated • It is especially contagious and can trigger severe epidemics through person-to-person contact via droplets in the air.
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