This document classifies and describes different types of insecticides. It discusses how insecticides can be inorganic or organic, and then further divided into natural or synthetic. The four major classes of insecticides are then described in more detail: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. Each class is characterized by its chemical structure and examples are provided of commonly used insecticides that fall into each class.
Herbicide definition and its classification .pptxAbhignaD
This document provides information on herbicide classification and characteristics, focusing on dinitrophenols, dinitroanilines, and benzonitriles. It describes the chemical structure and properties of compounds within each class, their modes of action as herbicides, effects on plants and other organisms, and environmental fate. Dinitrophenols such as DNOC are toxic fungicides and insecticides that inhibit cellular respiration. Dinitroanilines like trifluralin prevent cell division, while benzonitriles containing bromoxynil are contact herbicides. Each class is selectively toxic to certain plant species through differential uptake and biochemical interactions.
Opiates are narcotic alkaloids found in opium that affect the human body in several ways. The main opiates are heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine. Heroin is extracted from poppy plants and abuse can lead to overdose, collapsed veins, and diseases like HIV. Chronic heroin users may experience health issues. Opium contains morphine and was used medicinally for centuries. Opium produces relaxation and pain relief but also decreased alertness. Codeine is used as an anesthetic but can cause side effects like nausea. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain but also causes side effects such as anxiety and vomiting.
Opiates are narcotic alkaloids found in opium that affect the human body in several ways. The main opiates are heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine. Heroin is extracted from poppy plants and abuse can lead to overdose, collapsed veins, and diseases like HIV. Chronic heroin users may experience health issues. Opium contains morphine and was used medicinally for centuries. Opium produces relaxation and pain relief but also decreased alertness. Codeine is used as an anesthetic and can cause side effects like nausea. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain but also causes side effects such as anxiety and vomiting.
Prespective And Recommendations To Solve The Pesticides Pollution: Separately...Muhammad Irfan Shan
This document discusses pesticide pollution and its effects on biotic and abiotic environments. It defines pesticides as substances used to control insects, fungi, bacteria, and other pests. Pesticide pollution refers to harmful presence of pesticides in the environment. More than 500 pesticide formulations are used in agriculture, with less than 0.1% reaching the intended target. The document outlines effects on animals including poisoning, habitat changes, and biomagnification in the food chain. Effects on humans include acute poisoning and long-term issues. Plants are also negatively impacted through reduced growth and killing of non-target species. Soil health and microorganisms are degraded by pesticides. Water bodies become contaminated through various routes, killing
Organochlorine pesticides are organic compounds containing chlorine that were the first synthetic pesticides widely used in agriculture and public health. They act as nervous system disruptors in insects, causing convulsions and paralysis. Examples include DDT, lindane, and endosulfan. Organochlorines are highly persistent, building up in tissues and food chains. They were commonly used to control insects before some were banned due to environmental impacts.
1. Pesticides were originally developed as chemical weapons and the first major pesticide, DDT, was used during World War 2 to protect soldiers.
2. Pesticide use has increased significantly since the 1940s and exposure can have adverse health effects that may not appear for years. Farmers are at high risk of exposure.
3. Pesticides are classified based on their use, toxicity level, chemical structure, and persistence in the environment. Major types include organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids.
Lecturer notes on veterinary pharmacology and toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H Seventh semester student for educational purpose.This lecturer notes will be useful for all the veterinary students.Plesae send your comments,jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
This document classifies and describes different types of insecticides. It discusses how insecticides can be inorganic or organic, and then further divided into natural or synthetic. The four major classes of insecticides are then described in more detail: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. Each class is characterized by its chemical structure and examples are provided of commonly used insecticides that fall into each class.
Herbicide definition and its classification .pptxAbhignaD
This document provides information on herbicide classification and characteristics, focusing on dinitrophenols, dinitroanilines, and benzonitriles. It describes the chemical structure and properties of compounds within each class, their modes of action as herbicides, effects on plants and other organisms, and environmental fate. Dinitrophenols such as DNOC are toxic fungicides and insecticides that inhibit cellular respiration. Dinitroanilines like trifluralin prevent cell division, while benzonitriles containing bromoxynil are contact herbicides. Each class is selectively toxic to certain plant species through differential uptake and biochemical interactions.
Opiates are narcotic alkaloids found in opium that affect the human body in several ways. The main opiates are heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine. Heroin is extracted from poppy plants and abuse can lead to overdose, collapsed veins, and diseases like HIV. Chronic heroin users may experience health issues. Opium contains morphine and was used medicinally for centuries. Opium produces relaxation and pain relief but also decreased alertness. Codeine is used as an anesthetic but can cause side effects like nausea. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain but also causes side effects such as anxiety and vomiting.
Opiates are narcotic alkaloids found in opium that affect the human body in several ways. The main opiates are heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine. Heroin is extracted from poppy plants and abuse can lead to overdose, collapsed veins, and diseases like HIV. Chronic heroin users may experience health issues. Opium contains morphine and was used medicinally for centuries. Opium produces relaxation and pain relief but also decreased alertness. Codeine is used as an anesthetic and can cause side effects like nausea. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain but also causes side effects such as anxiety and vomiting.
Prespective And Recommendations To Solve The Pesticides Pollution: Separately...Muhammad Irfan Shan
This document discusses pesticide pollution and its effects on biotic and abiotic environments. It defines pesticides as substances used to control insects, fungi, bacteria, and other pests. Pesticide pollution refers to harmful presence of pesticides in the environment. More than 500 pesticide formulations are used in agriculture, with less than 0.1% reaching the intended target. The document outlines effects on animals including poisoning, habitat changes, and biomagnification in the food chain. Effects on humans include acute poisoning and long-term issues. Plants are also negatively impacted through reduced growth and killing of non-target species. Soil health and microorganisms are degraded by pesticides. Water bodies become contaminated through various routes, killing
Organochlorine pesticides are organic compounds containing chlorine that were the first synthetic pesticides widely used in agriculture and public health. They act as nervous system disruptors in insects, causing convulsions and paralysis. Examples include DDT, lindane, and endosulfan. Organochlorines are highly persistent, building up in tissues and food chains. They were commonly used to control insects before some were banned due to environmental impacts.
1. Pesticides were originally developed as chemical weapons and the first major pesticide, DDT, was used during World War 2 to protect soldiers.
2. Pesticide use has increased significantly since the 1940s and exposure can have adverse health effects that may not appear for years. Farmers are at high risk of exposure.
3. Pesticides are classified based on their use, toxicity level, chemical structure, and persistence in the environment. Major types include organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids.
Lecturer notes on veterinary pharmacology and toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H Seventh semester student for educational purpose.This lecturer notes will be useful for all the veterinary students.Plesae send your comments,jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
1. The four main members of Nitrofurans are Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone, and Nifuroxazide.
2. Nitrofurans work by being reduced in bacterial cells through an enzymatic reaction, forming highly reactive intermediates that damage bacterial DNA.
3. Nitrofurantoin is rapidly and completely absorbed from the GI tract, but does not achieve antibacterial concentrations in plasma or tissues. It reaches bactericidal concentrations in the urine and is eliminated through tubular secretion, coloring the urine brown.
This document provides information on botanical insecticides. It discusses that over 2,400 plant species have pesticidal properties, with important families including Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Asteraceae, Labiatae and Canellaceae. Major botanical products used as insecticides include pyrethrum, rotenone, neem, and essential oils. Specific botanical insecticides discussed in more detail include neem, rotenone, sabadilla, ryania, nicotine, and pyrethrum. The document also compares the differences between pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids.
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
Pesticides are substances used to kill pests like insects, weeds, rodents, and fungi that damage crops or transmit diseases. They work by inhibiting the metabolic processes of pests. Common types include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides. Integrated Pest Management is an approach that uses targeted pest control methods like biological and mechanical controls instead of relying solely on chemical pesticides. Choosing the right pesticide depends on the type of pest and habitat. Some natural pesticides come from plants like tobacco, pyrethrum, and derris elliptica.
Fluorine is a micro mineral that occurs naturally as fluoride in soils, water, plants, and animals. It is essential for health in small amounts and is present in bones, teeth, the thyroid gland, and skin. The main sources of fluoride are drinking water, which can provide 1-2 mg per day if it contains 1 part per million fluoride, and tea leaves, which contain 110-140 micrograms of fluoride per gram. While fluoride is necessary in low amounts, high levels of exposure from drinking water sources like bore wells have led to fluorosis affecting millions of people in India, China, and parts of Africa. Fluorosis causes skeletal and dental fluorosis, with dental mottling affecting 17-36
This document discusses several types of secondary plant metabolites including phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and others. Phenolics are derived from the shikimate pathway and include classes like phenols, hydroxybenzoates, flavonoids, and lignins. Terpenoids are made from the acetate-mevalonate pathway and include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be toxic or used medicinally as in morphine, quinine, and caffeine. Secondary metabolites provide benefits to plants such as protection from predators and pathogens, attracting pollinators, and some have pharmaceutical applications.
This ppt is about natural pesticides. and how they are better than synthetics. this lecture is helpful for students of pharmacognosy and agriculture.
synthetic pesticides are need to be replaced with natural substances and natural methods to control like biological control etc.
pests are creating a huge economic loss so its the need of the time to focus on natural pest control methods.
if you like the lecture comment and share
Structure and mode of action of organochlorines, organophophate and carbamatesJagmeet Maan
This document discusses organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides. It describes their history of use, structure, mode of action as nerve agents, commonly used examples, and some that have been banned. Organochlorines like DDT were widely used in the mid-20th century but many are now banned due to persistence in the environment. Organophosphates and carbamates replaced organochlorines and work by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, disrupting nerve impulses in insects. While less persistent, overexposure to these pesticides can still pose risks to human health.
Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
The first edition of this book ‘‘PLANT LIFE DIVERSITY’’ comprised of eleven Chapters which include the following: 1. The characteristics of soil environment, 2. The plant kingdom, 3. Thallophyta (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Lichens), 4. Phycophyta (Algae), 5. Mycophyta (Fungi), 6. Lichens, 7. Bryophyta, 8. Pteridophyta (Ferns), 9. Angiosperms and Gynmnosperms, 10. Forms and functional adaptation of plant to ecosystem and 11. Growth in plants. This book is meant for students of Pre-Degree, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. of Biological group such as Plant Sciences, Zoology, Plant Breeding and Bio-sciences.
This document provides definitions and information about pesticides. It begins with defining pesticides as substances intended to prevent, destroy or mitigate pests. It then discusses the history of pesticide use dating back to ancient civilizations, and provides examples of early pest control methods. The document categorizes common types of pesticides and discusses their classification, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. It also covers toxicity measures such as LD50, LC50 and MLD values.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, and others. It provides details on each route, including advantages and disadvantages. The parenteral route is described in further detail, outlining specific methods such as intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and others.
Secondary Metabolism is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
Systemic fungal infections can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients. Anti-fungal drugs target the fungal cell membrane and include polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of activity but significant toxicity, while azoles like itraconazole are better tolerated and used for both superficial and systemic fungal infections. These drugs differ in their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, spectra of activity, and adverse effect profiles.
Phytotoxins are toxic substances produced by plants, microorganisms, or chemical reactions that are poisonous to plant growth. They serve defensive functions for plants and include alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Phytotoxins play important roles in medicine in fields like forensic toxicology and pharmacology. The castor oil plant produces several toxic compounds in its leaves and seeds like ricinoleic acid and the lethal toxin ricin. Ingestion of castor beans can cause severe gastrointestinal effects and be fatal. Symptoms develop within hours of ingestion.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses various classes of anti-fungal drugs including antifungal antibiotics like polyenes such as amphotericin B and nystatin, antimetabolites like flucytosine, and azoles including imidazoles like ketoconazole and triazoles like fluconazole and itraconazole. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, effectiveness against different fungal infections, routes of administration, and common adverse effects.
There are several types of electrodes classified by their composition and function. Reference electrodes like the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) maintain a known and constant potential used for comparison. The SHE represents the standard reduction potential but is difficult to maintain at standard conditions. The SCE uses a mercury/mercury chloride mixture and is easier to construct and maintain compared to the SHE. Indicator electrodes like the glass electrode are used in titration analysis, with the glass electrode potential indicating pH. Electrodes can also be classified as anodes, which experience oxidation, or cathodes, which undergo reduction.
The Chevening Scholarships are the UK government's global scholarship program funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. They support one-year master's degrees at any UK university. Chevening Scholars are passionate about creating positive change in their home countries. Eligibility requires being a citizen of the country of application, having an undergraduate degree and at least two years of work experience. A Chevening scholarship covers full tuition fees, living allowance, flight to the UK, and additional grants. It provides networking opportunities and joins alumni in an influential global network of over 55,000 professionals.
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1. The four main members of Nitrofurans are Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone, and Nifuroxazide.
2. Nitrofurans work by being reduced in bacterial cells through an enzymatic reaction, forming highly reactive intermediates that damage bacterial DNA.
3. Nitrofurantoin is rapidly and completely absorbed from the GI tract, but does not achieve antibacterial concentrations in plasma or tissues. It reaches bactericidal concentrations in the urine and is eliminated through tubular secretion, coloring the urine brown.
This document provides information on botanical insecticides. It discusses that over 2,400 plant species have pesticidal properties, with important families including Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Asteraceae, Labiatae and Canellaceae. Major botanical products used as insecticides include pyrethrum, rotenone, neem, and essential oils. Specific botanical insecticides discussed in more detail include neem, rotenone, sabadilla, ryania, nicotine, and pyrethrum. The document also compares the differences between pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids.
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
Pesticides are substances used to kill pests like insects, weeds, rodents, and fungi that damage crops or transmit diseases. They work by inhibiting the metabolic processes of pests. Common types include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides. Integrated Pest Management is an approach that uses targeted pest control methods like biological and mechanical controls instead of relying solely on chemical pesticides. Choosing the right pesticide depends on the type of pest and habitat. Some natural pesticides come from plants like tobacco, pyrethrum, and derris elliptica.
Fluorine is a micro mineral that occurs naturally as fluoride in soils, water, plants, and animals. It is essential for health in small amounts and is present in bones, teeth, the thyroid gland, and skin. The main sources of fluoride are drinking water, which can provide 1-2 mg per day if it contains 1 part per million fluoride, and tea leaves, which contain 110-140 micrograms of fluoride per gram. While fluoride is necessary in low amounts, high levels of exposure from drinking water sources like bore wells have led to fluorosis affecting millions of people in India, China, and parts of Africa. Fluorosis causes skeletal and dental fluorosis, with dental mottling affecting 17-36
This document discusses several types of secondary plant metabolites including phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and others. Phenolics are derived from the shikimate pathway and include classes like phenols, hydroxybenzoates, flavonoids, and lignins. Terpenoids are made from the acetate-mevalonate pathway and include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be toxic or used medicinally as in morphine, quinine, and caffeine. Secondary metabolites provide benefits to plants such as protection from predators and pathogens, attracting pollinators, and some have pharmaceutical applications.
This ppt is about natural pesticides. and how they are better than synthetics. this lecture is helpful for students of pharmacognosy and agriculture.
synthetic pesticides are need to be replaced with natural substances and natural methods to control like biological control etc.
pests are creating a huge economic loss so its the need of the time to focus on natural pest control methods.
if you like the lecture comment and share
Structure and mode of action of organochlorines, organophophate and carbamatesJagmeet Maan
This document discusses organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides. It describes their history of use, structure, mode of action as nerve agents, commonly used examples, and some that have been banned. Organochlorines like DDT were widely used in the mid-20th century but many are now banned due to persistence in the environment. Organophosphates and carbamates replaced organochlorines and work by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, disrupting nerve impulses in insects. While less persistent, overexposure to these pesticides can still pose risks to human health.
Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
The first edition of this book ‘‘PLANT LIFE DIVERSITY’’ comprised of eleven Chapters which include the following: 1. The characteristics of soil environment, 2. The plant kingdom, 3. Thallophyta (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Lichens), 4. Phycophyta (Algae), 5. Mycophyta (Fungi), 6. Lichens, 7. Bryophyta, 8. Pteridophyta (Ferns), 9. Angiosperms and Gynmnosperms, 10. Forms and functional adaptation of plant to ecosystem and 11. Growth in plants. This book is meant for students of Pre-Degree, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. of Biological group such as Plant Sciences, Zoology, Plant Breeding and Bio-sciences.
This document provides definitions and information about pesticides. It begins with defining pesticides as substances intended to prevent, destroy or mitigate pests. It then discusses the history of pesticide use dating back to ancient civilizations, and provides examples of early pest control methods. The document categorizes common types of pesticides and discusses their classification, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. It also covers toxicity measures such as LD50, LC50 and MLD values.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, and others. It provides details on each route, including advantages and disadvantages. The parenteral route is described in further detail, outlining specific methods such as intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and others.
Secondary Metabolism is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
Systemic fungal infections can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients. Anti-fungal drugs target the fungal cell membrane and include polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of activity but significant toxicity, while azoles like itraconazole are better tolerated and used for both superficial and systemic fungal infections. These drugs differ in their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, spectra of activity, and adverse effect profiles.
Phytotoxins are toxic substances produced by plants, microorganisms, or chemical reactions that are poisonous to plant growth. They serve defensive functions for plants and include alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Phytotoxins play important roles in medicine in fields like forensic toxicology and pharmacology. The castor oil plant produces several toxic compounds in its leaves and seeds like ricinoleic acid and the lethal toxin ricin. Ingestion of castor beans can cause severe gastrointestinal effects and be fatal. Symptoms develop within hours of ingestion.
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This document discusses various classes of anti-fungal drugs including antifungal antibiotics like polyenes such as amphotericin B and nystatin, antimetabolites like flucytosine, and azoles including imidazoles like ketoconazole and triazoles like fluconazole and itraconazole. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, effectiveness against different fungal infections, routes of administration, and common adverse effects.
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There are several types of electrodes classified by their composition and function. Reference electrodes like the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) maintain a known and constant potential used for comparison. The SHE represents the standard reduction potential but is difficult to maintain at standard conditions. The SCE uses a mercury/mercury chloride mixture and is easier to construct and maintain compared to the SHE. Indicator electrodes like the glass electrode are used in titration analysis, with the glass electrode potential indicating pH. Electrodes can also be classified as anodes, which experience oxidation, or cathodes, which undergo reduction.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
presentation enviromental chemistry 1.pptx
1. Fipronil
• Fipronil is a chemical which is used as insecticide.
• Fipronil belong to chemical family phenylphyrazol.
• These are white powder with a moldy odor.
• Fipronil is used to control Ants, termites, rootworms, weevils, and many others
insects.
• First registered for used in United state.
3. How does fipronil works?
Fipronil kills insects when they eat it or come in contact with it.
Fipronil works by disrupting the normal function of central nervous system in
insects.
Fipronil is more toxic to insect than human and pets.
4. What happens to fipronil when it enter the
human body?
Fipronil enter the human body through skin and orally.
Once in the body, fipronil is found in fatty tissue, and breaks down in smaller
chemicals called metabolites.
These metabolites are than removed from the body mostly through feces and also
in the urine.
5. Sign of toxicity
Clinical signs and symptoms reported after ingestion of fipronil by
human include.
Sweating, nausea, agitation, weakness, dizziness, headache,
abdominal pain.
These signs of exposure to fipronil are generally reversible and resolve
spontaneously.
6. What happens to fipronils in the enviroments
In the soil, naturally occurring organisms breakdown fipronil into its
metabolites.
Breakdown by sunlight.
It has very short half life about 125 days.
Fipronil does not mix very well with water.
Less soluble in water.
7. Advantages and disadvantages
They play a critical role in controlling insect-born diseases and preserving
crop health.
Protecting or increasing yields in food production.
They are used in seed coating.
8. However the use of insectides can have negative impact on non-targeted species.
The environment and human health.
Excessive use of insecticides has led to the disturbance of normal balance of
nature and deline of some living species.
These chemical can cause acute poisoning and long-term health effects.