The Present Perfect tense is used to express actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the past or that began in the past and continue in the present. It uses the verb form "has/have + past participle" and refers to actions with relevance to the present. The Present Perfect can describe repeated actions and is used with time expressions like "today," "this week," or adverbs like "recently" and "yet." The Past Perfect tense expresses an action that was completed before another past action, using the form "had + past participle." It is used to show the order of two past events.

2. Present Perfect is
used to express
actions that happened
in an unspecified time
in the past

3. Present Perfect
refers to actions in
the past that have
something to do with
the present, or still
continue in the
present

4. Present Perfect talks
about repeated
actions

5. • She has been to
Asgard
• How long have you
been married?
• I have not seen her
many times.
An unspecified time before ‘now’.

6. Form
[has/have + past participle (V3)]
Example: “I have been to
France”
or “I’ve been to France”
This sentence means that you
went to France sometime in your
life.

7. • I/You/We/They
have (‘ve)
traveled.
• He/She/It
has (‘s)
traveled.

8. • I/You/We/They
have not (haven’t)
studied.
• He/She/It
has not (hasn’t)
studied.

9. • Have
Have I/you/we/they
eaten?
• Has
Has he/she/it eaten?

10. Positive
Yes, I/you/we/they have.
(not Yes, I/you/we/they ’ve)
Yes, he/she/it has.
(not Yes, he/she/it ’s)
Negative
No, I/you/we/they have not
(or haven’t)
No, he/she/it has not
(or hasn’t)

11. Present Perfect is use to
express actions that
happened in the past and
have resulted in the
present.

12. Present Perfect can be
used with today and
phrases with this, e.g. this
morning, this week, this
year.

13. When asking or talking
about experiences.

14. With lately and recently
meaning “in the last few
days/weeks”.

15. With just to express an
action started / finished a
short time ago.

16. With yet in negative or
interrogative sentences to
express that something is
not done.

17. When expressing
repetitions of actions.

18. With for to express how long
the period is.
With since to say when the
period began.

20. Past Perfect is used to
express an action that
was completed
before another action
in the past.

21. Form
[had + past participle (V3)]
Example:
I was late. The teacher had
given the test when I arrived.
I felt better after I had taken the
medicine.

22. Action A :
Anna left at 9.30
Action B :
Elsa arrived at 10.00
Anna had left when Elsa
arrived
or
When Elsa arrived, Anna
had left

23. Notice the tenses used
Anna had left when Elsa Arrived
Action A :
Anna had left
(Past Perfect)
Action B :
when Elsa arrived
(Past Tense)

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