The document summarizes the spread of viticulture and winemaking across the Mediterranean region from prehistoric times through the establishment of major civilizations. It describes how Phoenician traders introduced wine and viticulture to Egypt and other cultures. Greek traders then expanded wine production and trade throughout the Mediterranean. The Roman Empire further spread viticulture across Europe before its fall. This led to the foundation of modern European wine regions.
The document discusses the early history of wine trade in the Mediterranean region. It describes how viticulture began in ancient Egypt and Phoenicia, with the Phoenicians spreading the use of amphorae for wine storage and transport. Winemaking then developed further in ancient Greece and Gaul, with the Romans later conquering Gaul and adopting the use of wooden barrels from the Gauls. The Romans also helped establish France's prominence in the global wine industry by carrying grapevines with them as they conquered new lands.
The document traces the origins and spread of wine production and trade in the Mediterranean region from 8000 BC onwards. It notes the earliest evidence of winemaking in Mesopotamia around 8000 BC, and the domestication of grapes in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by 3000 BC. From 1500 BC, the Phoenicians developed extensive trade networks along the Mediterranean and introduced vines and winemaking to areas like Spain, helping to establish vineyards across Greece between 1500-1000 BC.
Early wine production began as localized family production for local trade around 6000-7000 BC. As certain regions became known for producing high quality wines, they began exporting to other regions. Egypt was an early exporter via caravans and ships. Ancient Greece further developed wine culture and trade, with regions like Lesbos and Cos known for specific styles. Rome expanded viticulture throughout its empire and imported wines. Northern European regions like England relied heavily on wine imports due to unsuitable climates for grape growing. Exporting regions developed where grapes grew naturally near the sea for ease of trade, while importing regions grew where local production was insufficient to meet demand.
The Mediterranean has been a hub of winemaking for over 6000 years, with the earliest evidence found in Georgia and the Caucasus. The Phoenicians developed maritime trade throughout the Mediterranean from 1550BC to 500BC, spreading viticulture and winemaking knowledge to places like Egypt, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Tunisia. This led winemaking knowledge to settle in new lands like Cyprus and Carthage. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans further advanced viticulture and established many major wine regions through conquests and colonization. The wine trade prospered until declining after the fall of the Roman Empire, though monasteries helped preserve it through the Middle Ages.
The earliest evidence of winemaking was discovered in Armenia in 2007, dating back to 4100 BC. The Phoenicians played a key role in spreading viticulture around the Mediterranean between 1200-539 BC, introducing wine to Greece and Italy. The Romans further developed winemaking practices and helped spread vines throughout their vast empire. Today, many Mediterranean regions are renowned for specific grape varieties and wine styles, though production challenges like oversupply exist due to changing consumer tastes.
The document traces the origins and spread of wine production and trade in the Mediterranean region from 8000 BC onwards. It notes the earliest evidence of winemaking in Mesopotamia around 8000 BC, and the domestication of grapes in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by 3000 BC. From 1500 BC, the Phoenicians developed extensive trade networks along the Mediterranean and introduced vines and winemaking to areas like Spain, helping to establish vineyards across Greece between 1500-1000 BC.
Wine originated in the Mediterranean and was an important part of life and trade for early civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. As these civilizations expanded, they spread viticulture and winemaking throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe. Today, the biggest Mediterranean wine producing countries like France, Italy, and Spain still dominate global wine production, consumption, and exports. The Mediterranean wine industry has significantly influenced wine production in new world regions like the Americas, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand through the export of vines and winemaking styles. However, the industry now faces challenges from economic crisis and changing consumption patterns.
Local wine production first began with families making wine for home consumption. Over time, some regions specialized in wine production and became net exporters, while others specialized in other industries and became net importers of wine. The physical and social nature of exporting and importing regions developed in fundamentally different ways. Exporting regions arose in areas suitable for viticulture and relied on wine production for their economy, while importing regions were often cities that lacked suitable land but still had high demand for wine.
The document discusses the early history of wine trade in the Mediterranean region. It describes how viticulture began in ancient Egypt and Phoenicia, with the Phoenicians spreading the use of amphorae for wine storage and transport. Winemaking then developed further in ancient Greece and Gaul, with the Romans later conquering Gaul and adopting the use of wooden barrels from the Gauls. The Romans also helped establish France's prominence in the global wine industry by carrying grapevines with them as they conquered new lands.
The document traces the origins and spread of wine production and trade in the Mediterranean region from 8000 BC onwards. It notes the earliest evidence of winemaking in Mesopotamia around 8000 BC, and the domestication of grapes in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by 3000 BC. From 1500 BC, the Phoenicians developed extensive trade networks along the Mediterranean and introduced vines and winemaking to areas like Spain, helping to establish vineyards across Greece between 1500-1000 BC.
Early wine production began as localized family production for local trade around 6000-7000 BC. As certain regions became known for producing high quality wines, they began exporting to other regions. Egypt was an early exporter via caravans and ships. Ancient Greece further developed wine culture and trade, with regions like Lesbos and Cos known for specific styles. Rome expanded viticulture throughout its empire and imported wines. Northern European regions like England relied heavily on wine imports due to unsuitable climates for grape growing. Exporting regions developed where grapes grew naturally near the sea for ease of trade, while importing regions grew where local production was insufficient to meet demand.
The Mediterranean has been a hub of winemaking for over 6000 years, with the earliest evidence found in Georgia and the Caucasus. The Phoenicians developed maritime trade throughout the Mediterranean from 1550BC to 500BC, spreading viticulture and winemaking knowledge to places like Egypt, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Tunisia. This led winemaking knowledge to settle in new lands like Cyprus and Carthage. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans further advanced viticulture and established many major wine regions through conquests and colonization. The wine trade prospered until declining after the fall of the Roman Empire, though monasteries helped preserve it through the Middle Ages.
The earliest evidence of winemaking was discovered in Armenia in 2007, dating back to 4100 BC. The Phoenicians played a key role in spreading viticulture around the Mediterranean between 1200-539 BC, introducing wine to Greece and Italy. The Romans further developed winemaking practices and helped spread vines throughout their vast empire. Today, many Mediterranean regions are renowned for specific grape varieties and wine styles, though production challenges like oversupply exist due to changing consumer tastes.
The document traces the origins and spread of wine production and trade in the Mediterranean region from 8000 BC onwards. It notes the earliest evidence of winemaking in Mesopotamia around 8000 BC, and the domestication of grapes in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by 3000 BC. From 1500 BC, the Phoenicians developed extensive trade networks along the Mediterranean and introduced vines and winemaking to areas like Spain, helping to establish vineyards across Greece between 1500-1000 BC.
Wine originated in the Mediterranean and was an important part of life and trade for early civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. As these civilizations expanded, they spread viticulture and winemaking throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe. Today, the biggest Mediterranean wine producing countries like France, Italy, and Spain still dominate global wine production, consumption, and exports. The Mediterranean wine industry has significantly influenced wine production in new world regions like the Americas, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand through the export of vines and winemaking styles. However, the industry now faces challenges from economic crisis and changing consumption patterns.
Local wine production first began with families making wine for home consumption. Over time, some regions specialized in wine production and became net exporters, while others specialized in other industries and became net importers of wine. The physical and social nature of exporting and importing regions developed in fundamentally different ways. Exporting regions arose in areas suitable for viticulture and relied on wine production for their economy, while importing regions were often cities that lacked suitable land but still had high demand for wine.
The document provides a detailed history of wine from its origins in ancient Persia and Egypt around 5000-6000 BC through its development and spread by ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It discusses how winemaking was influenced by various cultures and eras, including the Greeks honoring wine with the deity Dionysus, the Romans' advancements in viticulture and documentation of winemaking practices, the role of the Catholic church and monasteries during the Middle Ages, and the emergence of distinct Old World and New World wine regions. The history highlights wine's cultural and religious significance over millennia and how ancient practices still influence winemaking today.
The document discusses the history of wine trading around the Mediterranean Sea. It describes how Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Gauls/Celts, and Romans influenced winemaking and viticulture through their trading activities. Their trading introduced grapes, wine production techniques, and barrel aging to different regions. Today, the Mediterranean continues to be an important shipping route, though pollution and economic challenges threaten its future.
The ancient Greeks and Romans supplied their troops with wine for both practical and cultural reasons. Drinking diluted wine was safer than water, which was often contaminated. Wine also provided nutrients. Transporting wine was important economically and for trade. Troops received wine allowances, and establishing vineyards near military outposts ensured supply. The Greeks and Romans spread viticulture with their expanding empires.
This document summarizes the prehistory of wine from its origins millions of years ago to the Roman Empire. It describes how grapes existed 6 million years ago, the first humans appeared 2 million years later, and the earliest contact between humans and grapes occurred 4 million years after that. Viticulture and winemaking first developed in Georgia around 6000 BC before spreading to Egypt, Greece and becoming especially popular in the Roman Empire. Evidence of early wine production has been found in illustrations and artifacts from ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilizations.
Wine Caviar Presentation Origins & History Of WinesKevinYeow
This document summarizes the history and origins of wine production from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how wine was first discovered by a Persian princess around 2900 BC and how ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans played a pivotal role in establishing vineyards and advancing winemaking techniques. It also notes that France is now a dominant force in the global wine industry.
Dionysus was the Greek god of wine and ritual madness. Winemaking has evolved significantly over time, from simply fermenting grapes in pits to modern technological advances like steel containers. The Romans played a pivotal role in spreading viticulture and wine consumption throughout their vast empire, establishing wine as an important part of daily life and trade. Preserving wine on long voyages involved techniques like using olive oil and tree resins to seal wine jars.
This document provides an overview of the pre-history of wine production. It discusses early evidence of viticulture dating back to 3000 BC in ancient Egypt based on hieroglyphics and archaeological findings. Wine production began to develop further in ancient Greece and Rome, where advances were made in grape varieties, cultivation techniques, and storage methods to improve wine quality. While wine production faced difficulties from lack of quality control and spoilage, the foundations established in ancient civilizations enabled the continued development and globalization of the wine industry over subsequent centuries.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since before the Roman Empire. Rome relied heavily on wine trade and exported Roman wine throughout its empire. While wine trade first emerged in Egypt, it expanded significantly during medieval times when monks and the Christian Church produced and traded wine. France became a major wine exporter, especially Bordeaux wines to England. In the 19th century, wine production spread to new world regions like California as trade markets opened up. Today's global wine market is dominated by new world wines which have a competitive advantage through more liberal production laws. The future of wine trade is expected to shift to growing consumption in Asia, while challenges like climate change could impact traditional wine regions.
The document discusses the early history and origins of winemaking. It describes how wine was first discovered in Georgia and Iran between 8,500-4,000 BC based on archaeological evidence. Early winemaking techniques used by the Egyptians involved manual harvesting, treading grapes, and fermenting the juice in sealed vats. The Romans and Greeks helped develop early viticulture practices like trellising vines and controlling yields. Wine played important roles in many early societies and was used for religious rituals, medicine, and trade. Old World wines originated in traditional European regions while New World wines came from newer winemaking areas outside of Europe.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since 1600 BC when Greeks first began producing and trading various wines throughout locations in France, around the Black Sea, and in the Danube region. During the ancient Greek period, large quantities of wine were shipped along the Mediterranean in ceramic jars, with over 2.2 million gallons traded annually through the port of Marseilles alone. In later centuries, wine trading expanded significantly to regions across Europe, England, and Scandinavia, growing to become highly politically influential. The wine trade not only increased economic activity but also spread Greek culture and civilization, as the Romans adopted Greek viticulture practices and wine's role in their society.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since 1600 BC when Greeks first began producing and trading various wines throughout locations in France, around the Black Sea, and in the Danube region. During the ancient Greek period, large quantities of wine were shipped along the Mediterranean in ceramic jars, with over 2.2 million gallons traded annually through the port of Marseilles alone. In later centuries, wine trading expanded significantly to regions in southern and eastern England, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and became an important part of social, religious, and medical customs in Roman society. The development of wooden barrels improved long-distance wine trading and transportation.
1) The Romans were influenced by Greek winemaking techniques and expanded viticulture in Italy and territories they conquered.
2) Important Roman writers like Cato, Columella, and Pliny discussed vineyard management practices and the influence of terroir on wine quality.
3) Roman advancements in winemaking like barrels, corks, and glass vessels influenced modern wine production methods. Their expansion of trade routes globally increased exposure to and production of wine.
The document discusses the history of wine, beginning with the biblical story of Noah planting the first vineyard. It then mentions that the earliest civilization reported to make wine was the Greeks in around 2900 BC. The Greeks are said to have established wine commerce in the ancient world through trading routes in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Danube. Romans are credited with laying the foundations of viticulture through classifying grape varieties and improving winemaking processes. They were also the first to bottle wine in glass containers. By the 1st century AD, Italy began exporting wines throughout Europe, though most countries eventually started producing their own wines as well. Today, France has one of the most developed wine industries, being a dominant force
Local wine production first began with families making wine for home consumption. Over time, some regions specialized in wine production and became net exporters, while others specialized in other industries and became net importers. Regions that exported wine developed certain physical characteristics like suitable land for viticulture near water access. Socially, exporting regions traditions focused on wine production for trade, while importing regions in cities grew wealthier and developed wine knowledge.
Wine production originated around 6000-7000 BC in Transcaucasus, eastern Turkey, or northwestern Iran. The earliest evidence of intentional winemaking dates to 6000-6500 BC in the Neolithic period. Archaeologists have uncovered the earliest known winery in Areni cave in Armenia dating back to 4100 BC. Viticulture and winemaking spread throughout the ancient world by cultures like Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans who developed wine styles and trade. Wine became an important part of these societies' culture, religion, and economy.
Viticulture has a long history in Europe, dating back thousands of years. It originated in eastern countries and spread westward with human migration. Greece has cultivated grapes and produced wine for over 4000 years, with evidence found on Crete from the 3rd century BC. Ancient Greeks considered wine an important part of their culture and many writers discussed viticulture. Vineyards were an important part of the economy and way of life. While viticulture declined at times under Ottoman rule and the wars of the early 20th century, it has rebounded and modern Greece has over 240 grape varieties cultivated across its diverse landscapes. The traditional methods still used today can produce high quality wines recognized globally.
This document provides a history of winemaking in Cyprus, which is said to have begun over 4,000 years ago when settlers brought wine-producing vines to the island. Cyprus is believed to have had a continuous wine industry longer than anywhere else in the world. The document describes how wine production continued through various periods of invasion and decline. It outlines the development of the modern Cypriot wine industry in the 19th century and the founding of major wine companies. Today, Cyprus produces a variety of wines from indigenous and international grape varieties in two main regions, with over 20 registered regional wineries contributing to the industry.
Winemaking has its origins in Mesopotamia over 6,000 years ago and spread throughout Europe with ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. During medieval times, monasteries helped sustain wine production when clean water was scarce. While wine consumption declined in the 17th-18th centuries due to religious and political influences, it increased again by Shakespeare's time and new world wines later posed challenges to traditional producers. Modern innovations in refrigeration and machinery have supported significant growth in the global wine industry over the last century.
The document summarizes the prehistory of wine from 6000 BC to 0 AD. It describes how early humans first encountered wild vines in Eurasia and the Caucasus region. Archaeological evidence shows the earliest winery dated to 4000 BC in Armenia. Wine production spread from the Caucasus region to ancient Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire. The Greeks established wine culture through symposiums and recognizing regional styles. Under the Romans, wine production became a commercial industry and their empire spread viticulture throughout the Mediterranean region.
The document provides a detailed history of wine from its origins in ancient Persia and Egypt around 5000-6000 BC through its development and spread by ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It discusses how winemaking was influenced by various cultures and eras, including the Greeks honoring wine with the deity Dionysus, the Romans' advancements in viticulture and documentation of winemaking practices, the role of the Catholic church and monasteries during the Middle Ages, and the emergence of distinct Old World and New World wine regions. The history highlights wine's cultural and religious significance over millennia and how ancient practices still influence winemaking today.
The document discusses the history of wine trading around the Mediterranean Sea. It describes how Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Gauls/Celts, and Romans influenced winemaking and viticulture through their trading activities. Their trading introduced grapes, wine production techniques, and barrel aging to different regions. Today, the Mediterranean continues to be an important shipping route, though pollution and economic challenges threaten its future.
The ancient Greeks and Romans supplied their troops with wine for both practical and cultural reasons. Drinking diluted wine was safer than water, which was often contaminated. Wine also provided nutrients. Transporting wine was important economically and for trade. Troops received wine allowances, and establishing vineyards near military outposts ensured supply. The Greeks and Romans spread viticulture with their expanding empires.
This document summarizes the prehistory of wine from its origins millions of years ago to the Roman Empire. It describes how grapes existed 6 million years ago, the first humans appeared 2 million years later, and the earliest contact between humans and grapes occurred 4 million years after that. Viticulture and winemaking first developed in Georgia around 6000 BC before spreading to Egypt, Greece and becoming especially popular in the Roman Empire. Evidence of early wine production has been found in illustrations and artifacts from ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilizations.
Wine Caviar Presentation Origins & History Of WinesKevinYeow
This document summarizes the history and origins of wine production from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how wine was first discovered by a Persian princess around 2900 BC and how ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans played a pivotal role in establishing vineyards and advancing winemaking techniques. It also notes that France is now a dominant force in the global wine industry.
Dionysus was the Greek god of wine and ritual madness. Winemaking has evolved significantly over time, from simply fermenting grapes in pits to modern technological advances like steel containers. The Romans played a pivotal role in spreading viticulture and wine consumption throughout their vast empire, establishing wine as an important part of daily life and trade. Preserving wine on long voyages involved techniques like using olive oil and tree resins to seal wine jars.
This document provides an overview of the pre-history of wine production. It discusses early evidence of viticulture dating back to 3000 BC in ancient Egypt based on hieroglyphics and archaeological findings. Wine production began to develop further in ancient Greece and Rome, where advances were made in grape varieties, cultivation techniques, and storage methods to improve wine quality. While wine production faced difficulties from lack of quality control and spoilage, the foundations established in ancient civilizations enabled the continued development and globalization of the wine industry over subsequent centuries.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since before the Roman Empire. Rome relied heavily on wine trade and exported Roman wine throughout its empire. While wine trade first emerged in Egypt, it expanded significantly during medieval times when monks and the Christian Church produced and traded wine. France became a major wine exporter, especially Bordeaux wines to England. In the 19th century, wine production spread to new world regions like California as trade markets opened up. Today's global wine market is dominated by new world wines which have a competitive advantage through more liberal production laws. The future of wine trade is expected to shift to growing consumption in Asia, while challenges like climate change could impact traditional wine regions.
The document discusses the early history and origins of winemaking. It describes how wine was first discovered in Georgia and Iran between 8,500-4,000 BC based on archaeological evidence. Early winemaking techniques used by the Egyptians involved manual harvesting, treading grapes, and fermenting the juice in sealed vats. The Romans and Greeks helped develop early viticulture practices like trellising vines and controlling yields. Wine played important roles in many early societies and was used for religious rituals, medicine, and trade. Old World wines originated in traditional European regions while New World wines came from newer winemaking areas outside of Europe.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since 1600 BC when Greeks first began producing and trading various wines throughout locations in France, around the Black Sea, and in the Danube region. During the ancient Greek period, large quantities of wine were shipped along the Mediterranean in ceramic jars, with over 2.2 million gallons traded annually through the port of Marseilles alone. In later centuries, wine trading expanded significantly to regions across Europe, England, and Scandinavia, growing to become highly politically influential. The wine trade not only increased economic activity but also spread Greek culture and civilization, as the Romans adopted Greek viticulture practices and wine's role in their society.
Wine has been traded as a commodity since 1600 BC when Greeks first began producing and trading various wines throughout locations in France, around the Black Sea, and in the Danube region. During the ancient Greek period, large quantities of wine were shipped along the Mediterranean in ceramic jars, with over 2.2 million gallons traded annually through the port of Marseilles alone. In later centuries, wine trading expanded significantly to regions in southern and eastern England, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and became an important part of social, religious, and medical customs in Roman society. The development of wooden barrels improved long-distance wine trading and transportation.
1) The Romans were influenced by Greek winemaking techniques and expanded viticulture in Italy and territories they conquered.
2) Important Roman writers like Cato, Columella, and Pliny discussed vineyard management practices and the influence of terroir on wine quality.
3) Roman advancements in winemaking like barrels, corks, and glass vessels influenced modern wine production methods. Their expansion of trade routes globally increased exposure to and production of wine.
The document discusses the history of wine, beginning with the biblical story of Noah planting the first vineyard. It then mentions that the earliest civilization reported to make wine was the Greeks in around 2900 BC. The Greeks are said to have established wine commerce in the ancient world through trading routes in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Danube. Romans are credited with laying the foundations of viticulture through classifying grape varieties and improving winemaking processes. They were also the first to bottle wine in glass containers. By the 1st century AD, Italy began exporting wines throughout Europe, though most countries eventually started producing their own wines as well. Today, France has one of the most developed wine industries, being a dominant force
Local wine production first began with families making wine for home consumption. Over time, some regions specialized in wine production and became net exporters, while others specialized in other industries and became net importers. Regions that exported wine developed certain physical characteristics like suitable land for viticulture near water access. Socially, exporting regions traditions focused on wine production for trade, while importing regions in cities grew wealthier and developed wine knowledge.
Wine production originated around 6000-7000 BC in Transcaucasus, eastern Turkey, or northwestern Iran. The earliest evidence of intentional winemaking dates to 6000-6500 BC in the Neolithic period. Archaeologists have uncovered the earliest known winery in Areni cave in Armenia dating back to 4100 BC. Viticulture and winemaking spread throughout the ancient world by cultures like Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans who developed wine styles and trade. Wine became an important part of these societies' culture, religion, and economy.
Viticulture has a long history in Europe, dating back thousands of years. It originated in eastern countries and spread westward with human migration. Greece has cultivated grapes and produced wine for over 4000 years, with evidence found on Crete from the 3rd century BC. Ancient Greeks considered wine an important part of their culture and many writers discussed viticulture. Vineyards were an important part of the economy and way of life. While viticulture declined at times under Ottoman rule and the wars of the early 20th century, it has rebounded and modern Greece has over 240 grape varieties cultivated across its diverse landscapes. The traditional methods still used today can produce high quality wines recognized globally.
This document provides a history of winemaking in Cyprus, which is said to have begun over 4,000 years ago when settlers brought wine-producing vines to the island. Cyprus is believed to have had a continuous wine industry longer than anywhere else in the world. The document describes how wine production continued through various periods of invasion and decline. It outlines the development of the modern Cypriot wine industry in the 19th century and the founding of major wine companies. Today, Cyprus produces a variety of wines from indigenous and international grape varieties in two main regions, with over 20 registered regional wineries contributing to the industry.
Winemaking has its origins in Mesopotamia over 6,000 years ago and spread throughout Europe with ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. During medieval times, monasteries helped sustain wine production when clean water was scarce. While wine consumption declined in the 17th-18th centuries due to religious and political influences, it increased again by Shakespeare's time and new world wines later posed challenges to traditional producers. Modern innovations in refrigeration and machinery have supported significant growth in the global wine industry over the last century.
The document summarizes the prehistory of wine from 6000 BC to 0 AD. It describes how early humans first encountered wild vines in Eurasia and the Caucasus region. Archaeological evidence shows the earliest winery dated to 4000 BC in Armenia. Wine production spread from the Caucasus region to ancient Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire. The Greeks established wine culture through symposiums and recognizing regional styles. Under the Romans, wine production became a commercial industry and their empire spread viticulture throughout the Mediterranean region.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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2. Introduction
The Mediterranean Sea borders three continents and
has been home to many of history’s great
civilisations
As these civilisations explored - and in some cases
conquered - the world around them they took their
love of wine and knowledge of viticulture with them
Viticulture and winemaking were introduced to new
cultures leading to the establishment of most of the
wine producing regions of western Europe we see
today
4. Phoenicia
2300BC – 65BC
One of the first ancient civilisations to have a
significant effect on the history of wine
Founded trading posts and colonies around
the entire Mediterranean
Founders of Carthage
Home of Mago: Father of Agriculture
6. Phoenician Influence on Wine
1000BC – explosion of
the Mediterranean
wine trade
Introduced or
encouraged the spread
of winemaking and
viticulture
First people to bring
wine to Egypt
7. Egypt
3500BC – 500BC
Osiris – God of wine
Wine drunk by gods,
kings, and nobles
Five wines constitute
canonical set of
provisions for the
afterlife
8. Egyptian Viticulture & Winemaking
Nile Delta - centre of wine production
Ptolemaic Period – vines taken further south
Red and white wines produced
Two winemaking operations – free run juice and
pressings
9. Egyptian Wine Trade
Before the vineyards on the Nile were established
wine was imported from Asia and Canaan
Egypt exported various goods in exchange for
wine
Grain
Papyrus
Fruit
Much Egyptian trade was in the form of
‘presents’ between the Pharaohs and rulers of
other countries
10. Greece - including Minoa & Mycenae
2500BC – 86BC
Dionysus – God of
wine
Earliest evidence of
Minoan winemaking
on Crete – 1600BC
Mycenaeans traded
wine throughout the
ancient eastern
Mediterranean
Phocaeans established
Massalia
11. Greek Wine Trade
The Greek wine trade was extensive; taking place
both within Greece and internationally
Viticulture important to the economy of many
states with some taking precautions to protect
their wine trade
Approximately 10 million litres of wine were
shipped to Gaul via Massalia each year
12. Greek Influence on Viticulture
Study of vineyard soils
Canopy and yield management
Propagation
14. Gaul & The Celts
Trade with Greeks and
Etruscans introduced
wine to the region
Large consumers of
wine
Credited with the
development of the
barrel
Adopted viticultural
techniques introduced
by the Greeks
16. Rome
Bacchus – God of wine
Introduced wine to all classes of society
Roman Empire was a market economy
Pompeii was a major trading port
17. Rome – Effect on Modern Wine
Many of the techniques and principles
developed in Roman times can be found in
modern winemaking
By the time Rome fell in the 5th century AD,
the foundations for the famous vineyards of
Europe had been laid
18. References
• Ancient Egyptian Overseas Trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trade/index.html
• Ancient Greece. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.allaboutgreekwine.com/history.htm
• Ancient Greece. (2001). Retrieved from
http://www.greekwinemakers.com/czone/history/2ancient.shtml
• Ancient Greece. (2012a). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece
• Ancient Rome and Wine. (2012b). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012. from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine
• Dal Piaz, G. (2009). The history of wine part III: Wine storage – barrels. Retrieved from
• http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-ii-wine-storage-barrels/
• Egyptian Wine. (2011). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_wine
• Johnson, H., Robinson, J.. (2001). The world atlas of wine. (5th ed.). London, Great
Britain: Mitchell Beazley
• Phoenicians and Wine. (2012c). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August,2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine
• Phoenician Trade and Ships. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://phoenicia.org/trade.html
• Robinson, J.. (1994). The oxford companion to wine. Oxford, Great Britain: Oxford
University Press
• The Ancient History of Wine. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://encyclowine.org/wine/category/history/
19. Picture Sources
• Barrel. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-
ii-wine-storage-barrels/?viewall=1
• Egyptian wine. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.winerackstore.com/wine_rack_history.php
• Egyptian wine press. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/18700/18721/egyptwineprs_18721.htm
• Gaul Map. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fany.savina.net/2010/10/gaul-and-the-romans-
before-and-after/
• Greek Wine Press. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.uk.digiserve.com/mentor/minoan/vathypetro.htm
• Greek Winemaking. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T51.1.html
• Major diffusion routes of viticulture in Southwest Asia and Europe. Jackson, R. S.
(2000). Wine science: Principles, practice, perception (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic
Press
• Pompeii. Johnson, H., Robinson, J.. (2001). The world atlas of wine. (5th ed.). London,
Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley
• Mediterranean Map. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://d-
maps.com/carte.php?lib=mediterranean_sea_map&num_car=3124&lang=en
• Osiris. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://newsdesk.si.edu/photos/eternal-life-osiris-statue
• Phoenicians and Wine. (2012c). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August,2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine
• Phoenician Trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://phoenicia.org/trade.html
Editor's Notes
Sources: D-maps, 2012
Sources:Jackson, 2000
‘Phoenician’ was a name used by the Greeks to describe a confederation of maritime traders based in and around the major Canaanite port towns. Canaan covered an area of the eastern Mediterranean coast (modern day Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and part of Turkey) and was part of the Fertile Crescent - commonly known as the ‘Cradle of Civilisation’.Mago’s treatises on agriculture included details on various aspects of viticulture and winemaking. The 28 volume piece of work was considered so important that the Roman senate decreed the work should be translated into Latin, and when Carthage was sacked by the Romans in 146BC the works were saved from the library.Sources:Wikipedia, 2012c
The Phoenicians were prolific traders. Cedar and Tyrian purple - a highly prized dye - were their main export commodities but they also traded many other goods, including wine.Wine was transported in amphorae known as Canaanite jars. Evidence of these jars has been found in shipwrecks off various coasts around the Mediterranean sea.As well as trading wine produced in Canaan, the Phoenicians developed markets for wine produced in colonies and port cities along the Mediterranean.Sources:Wikipedia, 2012c
The Phoenician influenceon wine cannot be underestimated. While their trade allowed them to establish colonies – where they set up new viticultural enterprises – they also shared their knowledge of both viticulture and winemaking.Their extensive maritime network lead to the explosion in the Mediterranean wine trade.Sources:Phoenicia.org, 2012Wikipedia, 2012c
Although the grapevine is not native to Egypt, ancient Egyptian viticulture and winemaking are well documented thanks to tomb wall paintings.It is thought the grapevine was introduced to Egypt from Canaan.Sources:Smithsonian, 2011Wikipedia, 2011Robinson, 1994
Vines, which were grown on various support structures, were irrigated and fertilised.Treading yielded free run juice while the pressings were squeezed, by twisting, out of sack presses.Wine was collected in amphorae with details such as year of harvest, vineyard site and owner, and chief winemaker all recorded.Sources:Winerackstore, 2012Florida Centre for Instructional Technology, 2012Wikipedia, 2011Robinson, 1994
As far as the wine trade and spread of viticulture is concerned, ancient Egypt was firmly on the receiving end. Imports fed the Egyptian’s love of wine and eventually lead to early viticulture and winemaking techniques being adopted.Sources:Encyclowine, 2012Reshafim, 2009Robinson, 1994
It is thought the Minoans were introduced to wine making methods by the Egyptians, whom they traded with.Remains of grapes and wine presses have been found by archaeologists – most notably at Vathypetro where the wine press pictured above was discovered.Massalia (modern day Marseilles) became a vital port for Greek trade – especially in wine.Sources:Greekwinemakers, 2001Robinson, 1994UK.digiserve, 2012
As the largest and richest city, Athens offered the best domestic market for wine.Internationally Greece traded with Egypt, Cyprus, Sicily, and Etruria (modern day Tuscany).Several states employed a system where amphorae were required to be a standard size and were sealed with the name of the annual magistrate, guaranteeing authenticity.Thasos protected its commerce by forbidding citizens to import wine.The seals on Greek amphorae indicated their origin; this allowed positive identification of 10,000 amphorae as Greek when discovered in a shipwreck off the coast of France.Establishment of Massalia enabled trade with the Celts in Gaul. Wine was traded for iron, spices, wheat, and slaves.Sources:Wikipedia, 2012aRobinson, 1994
Records from the 4th centuryBC indicate the Greeks studied vineyard soils and matched them to grape varieties with some vineyards having over 50 different varieties planted.Vines were stacked rather than being left to climb untrained making harvest easier.Crop yields were managed to ensure better flavours and quality.Suckering and plant cuttings were used for new vineyard plantings.By the time Athens fell to Rome in 86BC the groundwork for advanced viticulture had been laid throughout a vast expanse of the western world.Sources:Wikipedia, 2012a
Wicker baskets filled with grapes were placed inside vats (wooden or earthenware) to allow the grapes to be crushed before fermentation.Unripe grapes were harvested for their acidic qualities, and the wines produced from these was used for blending.Two methods of sweetening – drying the grapes to almost raisins before pressing, and boiling grape must.Wine was ‘improved’ with additives such as resin, herbs, spice, seawater and perfume. Retsina, Mulled wine, and Vermouth are modern examples of these practices.Viticultural and winemaking techniques were introduced to the colonies in Italy and Sicily around the 8th century BC, and later to France (Gaul) and Spain.Sources:Allaboutgreekwine, 2010Wikipedia, 2012aTheoi, 2011
Gaul was an ancient region in western Europe (modern day France, Northern Italy, Belgium, South Netherlands) inhabited by a group of tribal societies collectively known as the Celts.Gryphon headed cauldrons known as craters, jugs, strainers, and cups were used in a complex system of trade which bound the Celts to Greek and Etruscan traders.Annual consumption of wine is estimated to have been 100,000,000L .Like Egypt, Gaul was firmly on the receiving end of the ancient wine trade. Viticultural techniques introduced to the region by the Greeks at Massalia were adopted and, like wine, spread up the navigable rivers into the interior.Sources:Robinson, 1994Fany.savina, 2010
The writer Strabo (63/64BC - 23AD) wrote that the Gauls bought wine from northern Italy and stored it in wooden containers as large as a house – an observation supported by the discovery of remnants of wooden containers having capacities of over 1000 litres.Pliny the Elder (23AD - 79AD) wrote that the Gauls stored their wine in wooden containers that were held together with metal hoops.Discarded amphorae found at Toulouse and Chalon-sur-Saone indicate wine was transferred to barrels for transport by cart.Sources:Greg, 2009Robinson, 1994
The Romans believed wine was a necessity of daily life and promoted its widespread availability among all classes.Trade was encouraged with both imports and exports of wine driving the Roman economy.Pompeii was central to the Roman wine trade. As well as being a trading port many vineyards were established in the area. The eruption of Mt Vesuvius devastated both the port and the vineyards causing a wine shortage and increase in wine prices.Sources:Johnson & Robinson, 2001Wikipedia, 2012b
Fermentation was carried out in temperature controlled environments by burying dolium (fermentation jars).Small holes were drilled in the top of dolium to allow CO2 to escape.De-acidification was established using chalk or marble dust.White wine was aged on lees to enhance the flavour.Sources:Johnson & Robinson, 2001Wikipedia, 2012b