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Pre Reading: Technology and the Family
Varioustechnologiesimpactoninterpersonal relationshipswithinfamilies. Suchtechnologiesinclude reproductive
technologies, genetic engineering, household technologies and computer and communications technologies.
Reproductive technology
Reproductive technology refers to the use of technology for human reproduction. Common reproductive
technologies include invitrofertilization (IVF),gameteintrafallopiantransfer(GIFT) andartificial insemination (AI).
Reproductive technologies are often used when there are issues associated with pregnancy, such as infertility.
Reproductive technologiescanimmenselyimpactoninterpersonalrelationships.The processof usingreproductive
technologytobecome pregnantcanbe emotionallydrainingandstressful. Success rates are low and it often takes
multiple treatments before pregnancy is successful. There are also substantial costs associated with treatment,
placing financial pressures on the individual or family.
Aside fromthe initial impactoninterpersonal relationships,the effects are often long lasting as the process needs
to be explainedtothe childrenand various emotional hardships may occur. There are often lasting effects on the
identity of the children as they may not know their biological father..
Genetic engineering
Geneticengineeringreferstothe setof techniquesused tochange the geneticmaterial of a cell or living organism.
Genetic engineering is used to alter the characteristics of humans, food and to produce medicines.
The basic process of genetic engineering includes isolating particular genes, inserting the genes into a vector,
transferring the vector to the organism to be modified and transforming the cells of the organism with the
successful resultbeinga genetically modified organism (GMO). Food is often genetically modified to enhance its
longevity or resistance.
For example,soybeansare genetically modifiedtoprotectthemfrom various herbicides. In the process, herbicide
resistantgenesare takenfrombacteriaand inserted into the soybean to enhance its resistance. In 2007, over half
the world’s soybean crop was genetically modified.
Geneticengineeringisacontroversial practice withmanyindividualsand groupsvoicingtheirethical concerns. The
mainargumentsagainstgeneticengineeringaddressthe ideathatmanshouldn’t‘mess’withnature and the results
may be irreversible as long term consequences are unknown.
There are variousothermoral,cultural andreligiousconcernsregardinggeneticengineering, most which question
the right and justification of man’s intervention with and manipulation of nature.
On the otherside,manyindividualsandgroupssupportgeneticengineering anditsattemptstoimprove the quality
of life.The advantagesof geneticengineeringincludethe possibleprevention of hereditaryandinfectious diseases
and the ability to ‘tailor make’ animals and plants by altering characteristics for the best outcome.
Due to the controversial nature of genetic engineering, interpersonal relationships can be affected. If a family
sharessimilarbeliefsaboutgeneticengineering,they canapproachthe topicas a unitedgroup. Forexample,if they
all supportit,theycan purchase GM products or if they are against it, they can consciously avoid GMproducts as a
family.When beliefsandvaluesdifferwithinrelationships, conflictcanoccur. Withinsome relationships,there may
be contradictoryopinionswhichcancreate a division inthe understandingandacceptance of genetic engineering.
There are also various cultural and religious concerns regarding
Household technologies
There are a multitude of householdtechnologiesthatassist with domestic, entertainment and work-related tasks
within the home. Aside from the increasing prevalence of communication technologies such as the previously
mentionedInternet,there are avarietyof technologies which have been developed to help complete household
tasks and provide entertainment for individuals and families.
Domesticchorescan nowbe completedquicker and easier with the use of dishwashers, microwaves and vacuum
cleaners.Tasks can be performed more efficiently and are often less labour-intensive when using manufactured
technologies.
For example, in the past, a family member may have been responsible for washing clothes, dishes and floors by
hand. They may have spent copious amounts of energy scrubbing and cleaning. Various household technologies
meanthese taskshave become easierorautomated.Clothescanbe washed using the washing machine, dishes in
the dishwasher and floors can be cleaned used powerful cleaning products and an ergonomic mop. Such
technologies have made the tasks more efficient and effective.
Entertainment is effected with the escalating purchases of various technologies. Televisions and DVD players
enhance visual entertainment and stereos, radios and MP3 players can enhance sound entertainment.
For example, in the past, families may have listened to the radio, read books and played cards as their
entertainmentchoice.Householdtechnologies enablefamilies to watch television programs and movies, listen to
the musicof theirchoice andplayelectronicgameson their computers or game consoles. Such technologies have
increased the entertainment options available.
Individuals and families lifestyles can be positively and negatively influenced by technology. In a positive light,
household technologies can save time and energy, allowing individuals to spend more time on leisure and
recreationandenhance entertainmentopportunitiesand satisfaction.Onthe contrary,household technologiescan
take away time from valuable activities, such as homework and family interaction, as family members may be
distracted by their entertainment choices. Household technologies can also cause conflict within interpersonal
relationships as access may not be equal amongst the family.
Dependingonthe factorsaffectingaccesstoand acceptance of technology, families may choose to use household
technologies in different ways. For example, a family may use the television to promote family interaction by
watching a program together. They may also limit computer use to prevent the negative effects of overuse.
Computer and communication technologies
Computersand communicationtechnologieshave largelyimpacted oninterpersonal relationships. Individuals now
have access to a range of computer and communication based technologies. When choosing a method of
communication,individualscanchoose to converse on the phone, via email, through instant messaging, on social
networking sites, on mobile phones or via video calls such as Internet-based Skype.
In comparison with the past, individuals may only have had the chance to communicate via mail and through
telegrams. In modern society, most individuals can be contacted instantaneously using mobile phones.
In termsof interpersonal relationships,computerandcommunication technologiesprovide more opportunities for
individuals to correspond and stay in contact. For example, friends and family can contact one another as
frequently as they like using the above-mentioned avenues. Communication technologies help to maintain
relationships,especiallyinbrokenfamilies orwhenfamilymembersare travellingorliving away.Inmanyinstances,
video calls can be made and photos can be shared amongst one another.
There are a varietyof negative affectsof communicationtechnologies.In manyinstances,thereis less face-to-face
contact between individuals. There is also more opportunity for error (e.g. misunderstandings) and bullying etc.
There are also a variety of dangers ranging from computer viruses and leaked information to unlawful characters
contacting and hassling individuals online.
Source:Exploring CAFS(Titan Education)

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Pre reading technology and the family

  • 1. Pre Reading: Technology and the Family Varioustechnologiesimpactoninterpersonal relationshipswithinfamilies. Suchtechnologiesinclude reproductive technologies, genetic engineering, household technologies and computer and communications technologies. Reproductive technology Reproductive technology refers to the use of technology for human reproduction. Common reproductive technologies include invitrofertilization (IVF),gameteintrafallopiantransfer(GIFT) andartificial insemination (AI). Reproductive technologies are often used when there are issues associated with pregnancy, such as infertility. Reproductive technologiescanimmenselyimpactoninterpersonalrelationships.The processof usingreproductive technologytobecome pregnantcanbe emotionallydrainingandstressful. Success rates are low and it often takes multiple treatments before pregnancy is successful. There are also substantial costs associated with treatment, placing financial pressures on the individual or family. Aside fromthe initial impactoninterpersonal relationships,the effects are often long lasting as the process needs to be explainedtothe childrenand various emotional hardships may occur. There are often lasting effects on the identity of the children as they may not know their biological father.. Genetic engineering Geneticengineeringreferstothe setof techniquesused tochange the geneticmaterial of a cell or living organism. Genetic engineering is used to alter the characteristics of humans, food and to produce medicines. The basic process of genetic engineering includes isolating particular genes, inserting the genes into a vector, transferring the vector to the organism to be modified and transforming the cells of the organism with the successful resultbeinga genetically modified organism (GMO). Food is often genetically modified to enhance its longevity or resistance. For example,soybeansare genetically modifiedtoprotectthemfrom various herbicides. In the process, herbicide resistantgenesare takenfrombacteriaand inserted into the soybean to enhance its resistance. In 2007, over half the world’s soybean crop was genetically modified. Geneticengineeringisacontroversial practice withmanyindividualsand groupsvoicingtheirethical concerns. The mainargumentsagainstgeneticengineeringaddressthe ideathatmanshouldn’t‘mess’withnature and the results may be irreversible as long term consequences are unknown. There are variousothermoral,cultural andreligiousconcernsregardinggeneticengineering, most which question the right and justification of man’s intervention with and manipulation of nature. On the otherside,manyindividualsandgroupssupportgeneticengineering anditsattemptstoimprove the quality of life.The advantagesof geneticengineeringincludethe possibleprevention of hereditaryandinfectious diseases and the ability to ‘tailor make’ animals and plants by altering characteristics for the best outcome. Due to the controversial nature of genetic engineering, interpersonal relationships can be affected. If a family sharessimilarbeliefsaboutgeneticengineering,they canapproachthe topicas a unitedgroup. Forexample,if they all supportit,theycan purchase GM products or if they are against it, they can consciously avoid GMproducts as a family.When beliefsandvaluesdifferwithinrelationships, conflictcanoccur. Withinsome relationships,there may be contradictoryopinionswhichcancreate a division inthe understandingandacceptance of genetic engineering. There are also various cultural and religious concerns regarding
  • 2. Household technologies There are a multitude of householdtechnologiesthatassist with domestic, entertainment and work-related tasks within the home. Aside from the increasing prevalence of communication technologies such as the previously mentionedInternet,there are avarietyof technologies which have been developed to help complete household tasks and provide entertainment for individuals and families. Domesticchorescan nowbe completedquicker and easier with the use of dishwashers, microwaves and vacuum cleaners.Tasks can be performed more efficiently and are often less labour-intensive when using manufactured technologies. For example, in the past, a family member may have been responsible for washing clothes, dishes and floors by hand. They may have spent copious amounts of energy scrubbing and cleaning. Various household technologies meanthese taskshave become easierorautomated.Clothescanbe washed using the washing machine, dishes in the dishwasher and floors can be cleaned used powerful cleaning products and an ergonomic mop. Such technologies have made the tasks more efficient and effective. Entertainment is effected with the escalating purchases of various technologies. Televisions and DVD players enhance visual entertainment and stereos, radios and MP3 players can enhance sound entertainment. For example, in the past, families may have listened to the radio, read books and played cards as their entertainmentchoice.Householdtechnologies enablefamilies to watch television programs and movies, listen to the musicof theirchoice andplayelectronicgameson their computers or game consoles. Such technologies have increased the entertainment options available. Individuals and families lifestyles can be positively and negatively influenced by technology. In a positive light, household technologies can save time and energy, allowing individuals to spend more time on leisure and recreationandenhance entertainmentopportunitiesand satisfaction.Onthe contrary,household technologiescan take away time from valuable activities, such as homework and family interaction, as family members may be distracted by their entertainment choices. Household technologies can also cause conflict within interpersonal relationships as access may not be equal amongst the family. Dependingonthe factorsaffectingaccesstoand acceptance of technology, families may choose to use household technologies in different ways. For example, a family may use the television to promote family interaction by watching a program together. They may also limit computer use to prevent the negative effects of overuse. Computer and communication technologies Computersand communicationtechnologieshave largelyimpacted oninterpersonal relationships. Individuals now have access to a range of computer and communication based technologies. When choosing a method of communication,individualscanchoose to converse on the phone, via email, through instant messaging, on social networking sites, on mobile phones or via video calls such as Internet-based Skype. In comparison with the past, individuals may only have had the chance to communicate via mail and through telegrams. In modern society, most individuals can be contacted instantaneously using mobile phones. In termsof interpersonal relationships,computerandcommunication technologiesprovide more opportunities for individuals to correspond and stay in contact. For example, friends and family can contact one another as frequently as they like using the above-mentioned avenues. Communication technologies help to maintain relationships,especiallyinbrokenfamilies orwhenfamilymembersare travellingorliving away.Inmanyinstances, video calls can be made and photos can be shared amongst one another. There are a varietyof negative affectsof communicationtechnologies.In manyinstances,thereis less face-to-face contact between individuals. There is also more opportunity for error (e.g. misunderstandings) and bullying etc. There are also a variety of dangers ranging from computer viruses and leaked information to unlawful characters contacting and hassling individuals online. Source:Exploring CAFS(Titan Education)