Practical research 2 Lesson ONE Notes.pptx

1. PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2

2. RESEARCH
Research was coined from the word “cerchier”
which means to seek and “re” which means to
repeat. (Faltado, et al., 1). It is discovering truths by
examining on your chosen topics. It is a natural day-
to-day activity of gathering information. It may in
the form of quantitative or qualitative.

3. TWO MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH
•Qualitative Research – subjective, seeks a human's
experience as a narrative.
•Quantitative Research – objective, seeks to
statistically make inferences about a sample to
generalize to the larger population.

4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational
techniques.
 It uses numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in contrast.
 It highlights the numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be
generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
 The research instrument used in this kind of research is in the form of surveys and closed-ended questionnaires.
 The data usually obtained from a large sample of the population and is analyzed using statistical techniques
ensuring that the conclusions drawn from quantitative research are valid and are representative of the population.
 Conversely, the end goal of qualitative research is to look for meaning and a deeper understanding of the
phenomena as perceived from the standpoint of the participants.

5. The main characteristics of quantitative research are:
 OBJECTIVE
- Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not
based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or
solution to a problem. It explains the cause of phenomena through objective measurement
and numerical analysis.
 CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- In quantitative research, the researchers know in advanced what they are looking for. The
research question is well-defined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the
study are carefully designed before the data are gathered. It predicts and establish
relationships and generalized findings.
 STRUCTED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
- Data are normally gathered using structured tools such as questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of
children, among others.

6.  NUMERICAL DATA
- Data are in the form of numbers, often organized and presented using tables,
charts, graphs, and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends,
relationships, and differences among variables.
 LARGE SAMPLE SIZE.
- To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a more normal population distribution
curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size, depending on how the
characteristics of the population vary.

7. Advantages of Quantitative Research
1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can be easily interpreted.
2. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of
concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis, or to disprove it.
3. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and
allows you to comprehend a huge number of vital characteristics of data.
4. The numerical data can be analyzed quickly and easily. By employing
statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the
population about which information is necessary.

8. 5. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches
allow the study to be replicated in different areas or over time
with the formulation of comparable findings.
6. It uses robust instrumentation, which may yield results that can
be generalized to a larger population and other research settings.
7. It allows for greater accuracy data because variables are
isolated, manipulated, and rigorously controlled.

9. 8. Results can be replicated, analyzed, and compared
with similar studies due to the use of robust
instrumentation.
9. Personal bias is avoided because quantitative data
are arrived using established procedures.

10. The disadvantages of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It
assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate
the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since there are more respondents compared to qualitative
research, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people
and reproducing questionnaires.
3. Numerical data do not provide detailed accounts of the phenomenon
and do not capture accounts of human participation.

11. 4. Much information is difficult to gather using structured research
instruments, specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex,
domestic violence, among others. Preselected options in a
questionnaire do not necessarily reflect how participants truly feel
about the question being asked.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from the questionnaires
may be incomplete and inaccurate. Researches must be on the look-
out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the
instrument.

12. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Descriptive Research
2. Correlational Research
Is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of
the population or phenomenon that is being studied.
Is a type of non-experimental research method, in which a researcher
measures two variables, understands and assess the statistical
relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous
variable (Bhat, 2019).
3.QUASI-
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the
random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of
conditions.
4. EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design.

13. VARIABLES
- Are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height,
age, temperature, or test scores.
Researchers often manipulate or measure independent and dependent
variables in studies to test cause-and-effect relationships.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
- Independent variables act as the cause in that they precede, influence, and
predict the dependent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
- Dependent variables act as the effect in that they change as a result of
being influenced by an independent variable