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《水处理技术及原理》
第七章 消毒
DISINFECTION
第1节概述
一、消毒定义:
定义: 将水体中病原微生物(pathogenic organisms)灭活,使之减少
到可以接受的程度。
•消毒与灭菌(sterilization):灭菌是消灭所有活生物。
饮用水消毒:使处理后饮用水的微生物指标达到饮用标准
污水消毒:使排放污水或再生水的微生物学指标满足防止水体污染或再利用
的要求
第1节概述
一、消毒定义:
评价指标(生活饮用水卫生规范,卫生部, 2006)
 总大肠菌群(MPN/100mL或CFU/100mL) 不得检出
 耐热大肠菌群(MPN/100mL或CFU/100mL)不得检出
 大肠埃希氏菌(MPN/100mL或CFU/100mL)不得检出
 菌落总数(CFU/mL) 100
MPN:最大或然数计数,稀释培养计数
CFU:指单位体积中的细菌群落总数,是直接计数
第1节概述
二、消毒简史:
•1854年John Snow 在伦敦发现霍乱与饮用水密切相关
•1881年Koch 发现氯可以杀死细菌
•1902年比利时的Middle heike市首次在公共水处理中采用氯消毒
第1节概述
三、消毒方法:
• 化学药剂(氧化剂:氯系、臭氧、紫外线等)
• 物理法(热和光)
• 机械法(格网、膜)
• 辐射(γ射线、电子束)
第1节概述
四、消毒机理
可能有以下几个方面的作用:
(1) 破坏细胞壁,增加通透性,使细胞内物质漏出;
(2) 损坏细胞膜,影响吸收与保留;
(3) 抑制酶的活性,损坏代谢;
(4) 损坏核酸
(5) 功能改变微生物的DNA或RNA
(6) 改变原生质胶体性质
第2节 氯消毒
一、氯消毒原理
主要的氯消毒药剂:液氯,漂白粉,次氯酸钠
氯易溶于水中,在清水中瞬间发生下列反应:
Cl2+ H2O ⇔HOCl+ H++ Cl-
次氯酸进一步电离:
HOCl⇔H++ OCl-
1.1 游离氯
第2节 氯消毒
1.1 游离氯
平衡常数:Ki= [H+] [OCl−]/[HOCl]
主要影响因素:
① 与温度有关:温度越高,平衡常数越大。
② 与pH有关。
pH>9,OCl-接近100%
pH<6,HOCl接近100%
pH=7.54, [HOCl]=[OCl-]
第2节 氯消毒
由于HOCl和OCl-存在平衡关系,因此在计算水中消毒剂的含量和存在形
式时, HOCl和OCl-都被计入,统称为游离性氯或自由性氯,简称游离氯。
1.1 游离氯
氯的消毒是通过氧化作用实现的,其中HOCl和OCl-都有氧化能力。但细
菌是带负电,一般认为主要是通过HOCl来消毒。
第2节 氯消毒
如果有氨存在:
NH3+ HOCl⇔NH2Cl + H2O
NH2Cl + HOCl⇔NHCl2+ H2O
NHCl2+ HOCl⇔NCl3+ H2O
其比例与pH有关:
pH>9,一氯胺占优势
pH为7时,一氯胺和二氯胺同时存在
pH<6.5时,二氯胺
pH<4.5 三氯胺
•氯胺的消毒也是依靠HOCl。
•有氯胺存在时,消毒作用比较缓慢。
•如:
氯消毒5分钟,杀灭细菌99%以上。
氯胺消毒,相同条件下仅杀灭50%。
•三种氯胺中:
二氯胺消毒效果最好,但有嗅味。
三氯胺消毒作用极差,且有恶嗅味。
1.2 化合氯
第2节 氯消毒
由于氯氨本身具有氧化性,在氯胺消毒中是氯胺直接进行反应,因
此在表示水中消毒剂的存在形式和含量时,氯胺被记为化合性氯,简称
化合氯。但其氧化能力弱,低于游离氯,因此需要较长接触时间
1.2 化合氯
第2节 氯消毒
游离氯和化合氯都具有消毒能力,二者之和称为有效氯,或总有
效氯,简称总氯。
经一段时间后水中剩余的有效氯称之为余氯。可分为游离性余氯
和化合性余氯。
1.3 有效氯、余氯
第2节 氯消毒
二、消毒动力学
2.1 接触时间的影响
在一定消毒剂的浓度下,消毒速度可用Chick定律(1908年)表示:
-dN/dt=k N
N:t时刻活的微生物数目;k:反应速率常数;t:反应时间
第2节 氯消毒
二、消毒动力学
2.2 浓度的影响(modified Chick/Watson Equation)
K=k’Cn
k’: 比反应速率常数;C:消毒剂浓度;n:系数
在给定的灭活率条件下,在log-log坐标上,作C和t之间的关系,可求得n。
第2节 氯消毒
二、消毒动力学
2. 浓度的影响(modified Chick/Watson Equation)
n=1 浓度和时间都同等影响
n>1 浓度影响大
n<1 时间影响大
在一般情况下,可以视n=1。
CT 值(浓时积)作为消毒剂消毒能力的判断指标。
在同样条件下,达到一定灭菌率所需要的CT值小的话,消毒能力大。
求得n。
第2节 氯消毒
二、消毒动力学
2. 浓度的影响(modified Chick/Watson Equation)
第2节 氯消毒
三、加氯量
加氯量=需氯量+余氯
•需氯量:灭活水中微生物、氧化有机物和还原性物质所消耗的部分
•余氯:为防止残余微生物在配水管网系统中再度繁殖,所保持的剩余
有效氯。出厂水接触30分后余氯不低于0.3mg/L;在管网末梢不应低于
0.05mg/L
第一区:无余氯区
第二区:化合性余氯区
第三区:化合性余氯分解区
第四区:折点后区
1. 无耗氯物质
2. 含耗氯物质
加氯曲线 氯胺分解:2NH2Cl + HOCl = N2+ 3HCl +H2O
第2节 氯消毒
四、加氯点
滤后加氯:最常用的做法
滤前加氯:混凝剂投加时加氯,提高混凝效果。
管网中途加氯:补充余氯
第2节 氯消毒
五、加氯设备与工艺
1.加氯设备:
一般用氯气:有毒气体,在6-8气压下变成液氯。
使用时采用氯瓶。干燥氯气和液氯对钢瓶无腐蚀作用,
但遇水或受潮则会严重腐蚀金属。
加氯机:转子加氯机
第2节 氯消毒
五、加氯设备与工艺
2. 加氯工艺:
第2节 氯消毒
六、氯化消毒副产物
有机物与氯生成有机氯化物,三卤甲烷。
•我国新标准规定了三卤甲烷(THMs)浓度,包括:氯仿、溴仿、二溴一氯
甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷四种物质。
•1993年美国制订的消毒副产物方案中建议:
THMs80 μg/L
卤乙酸(HAAS):一共五种(一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙
酸、二溴乙酸),五种之和在1997年低于60 μg/L,2000年低于30μg/L。
第3节 其它消毒法
一、氯氨消毒
优点:水中含有有机物和酚时,氯氨消毒不会产生氯臭和氯酚臭,大大减
少了THMs的产生,能保持水中余氯较久。
不足:作用缓慢,杀菌能力比自由氯弱。单独使用的情况较少。
人工投加氨可以是液氨、硫酸铵或氯化铵。
•氯和氨的投加量视水质不同而有所不同。一般采用氯:氨=3:1~6:1
•采用氯氨消毒时,一般先加氨,再加氯。
第3节 其它消毒法
二、二氧化氯消毒
•ClO2常温下是一种黄绿色气体,具有刺激性。效果优于游离氯仅次于臭氧
•溶解度是氯的5倍。
•极不稳定,气态和液态ClO2均易爆炸。故必须以水溶液的形式现场制取。
制取方法:
•用亚氯酸钠和氯制取:
Cl2+ H2O →HOCl+ HCl
HOCl+ HCl+2NaClO2→2 ClO2+ 2NaCl +H2O
•用酸与亚氯酸钠制取(纯度高):
5NaClO2+ 4HCl →4 ClO2+ 5NaCl + 2H2O
第3节 其它消毒法
二、二氧化氯消毒
ClO2既是消毒剂又是氧化能力很强的氧化剂,氧化还原电位1.16 V。
•对细菌细胞具有较强吸附和穿透能力,破坏酶系统。
•不会与水中有机物作用生成THMs。甚至本身的氧化能力能去除THMs前
驱体。
•ClO2消毒能力比氯强。
•ClO2不水解,消毒受pH影响较小。
•ClO2余量能在管网中保持很长的时间。
•作为氧化剂,能去除或降低水的色度等。
第3节 其它消毒法
二、二氧化氯消毒
•但ClO2本身和副产物ClO2-对人体血红细胞有损害。
•美国EPA规定:水中剩余ClO2和ClO2-的总量规定不超过1.0mg/L。
•目前我国还没有规定。
第3节 其它消毒法
三、臭氧消毒
作用:既是氧化剂,又是消毒剂,渗入细胞壁。
作为消毒剂:
•不会产生三卤甲烷副产物。
•杀菌和氧化能力比氯强。
•但由于臭氧在水中不稳定,易散失,因此在O3之后,往往需要投加少量
的氯等。
第3节 其它消毒法
三、臭氧消毒
•但近年来臭氧化副作用也开始引起人们的关注。
•水中大分子变成分子较小的中间产物,可能有毒性。或中间产物和氯作用
后致突变反而增强
•欧洲普遍用臭氧处理饮用水,在美国也逐渐流行。
第3节 其它消毒法
三、臭氧消毒
第3节 其它消毒法
四、紫外线消毒
波长范围:100-400nm,其中UV-A(200-275 nm)中的240-280nm消
毒作用强。
机理:和微生物细胞DNA&RNA的吸收情况重合,改变其结构
优点:消毒速度快,几十秒钟即能杀菌;
不影响水的物理和化学性质;
操作简单
电化学消毒:消毒效率高
第3节 其它消毒法
四、紫外线消毒
装置:紫外线灯(水银蒸汽+石英套管)
消毒设备:管式、明渠式
影响因素:① 待处理水的性质
② 灯管积垢
③ 灭活微生物的光复活

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消毒,消毒动力学,液氯消毒,致病微生物,氯胺消毒,消毒副产物消毒定义ppt.ppt