This document discusses various methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviews, questionnaires, and joint application design (JAD) sessions. It describes the benefits and disadvantages of different types of questions (open-ended vs closed-ended) that can be used during interviews and in questionnaires. Additionally, it provides guidance on effective planning, facilitation and documentation of interviews, as well as design considerations for questionnaires and JAD sessions.
The document discusses requirements elicitation techniques for identifying stakeholder needs and determining the requirements of a software system. It provides an overview of various elicitation methods like interviews, questionnaires, documentation review, scenarios and ethnography. It also describes best practices for conducting interviews, meetings and active listening during the elicitation process. Finally, it discusses the need for a structured elicitation methodology to effectively gather, analyze and validate requirements from different sources.
This document summarizes a study on enhancing student engagement with revision sessions. The study surveyed staff and students across multiple subjects and institutions to compare expectations of revision sessions and identify factors influencing attendance. Key findings included that while staff and student expectations of revision purposes were generally aligned, timing of sessions was a significant deterrent for bioscience students. The study concluded some simple changes could potentially improve sessions, such as offering topic choice in advance, using subject experts to lead, and making sessions more interactive.
Presenting your Research at the ECTEL Doctoral ConsortiumChristian Glahn
Over the last four years of reviewing for the ECTEL Doctoral Consortium board I came across pretty much the same problems every year. This presentation condenses some recommendations that Ph.D. candidates should consider when putting a submission together. I hope this also helps for submissions to other doctoral consortia.
This document presents a logic puzzle involving correctly identifying countries based on the length of their names and the colors of their flags. It provides clues about the countries that can be identified from unique color combinations or by eliminating other options based on length of name and color patterns. The clues are used to systematically identify each of the 16 countries in the puzzle.
1) A 40-year-old man named J has a chronic smoking problem that started in his teens and has developed into a strong addiction over many years.
2) J's smoking habit caused him to miss educational opportunities and most of his friends from childhood who also smoked have since died of cancer or other smoking-related illnesses.
3) J expresses a strong desire to quit smoking out of fear of death, a wish to live a better life, and to stop feeling enslaved by his addiction. He has tried many methods unsuccessfully and is seeking counseling.
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) is a leading university in South Korea, especially in foreign language education. It has been consistently highly ranked, including second nationally for research, faculty, reputation, and alumni. HUFS has over 50 departments covering social sciences, humanities, Asian and African studies, and natural sciences. It offers programs in over 50 languages and has academic agreements with over 340 institutions in 74 countries.
The document discusses the Society of American Foresters (SAF) and its mission to advance sustainable forest management. Some key points:
- SAF challenges decision-makers to make forest choices based on professional knowledge and a century of experience balancing diverse resource demands.
- SAF seeks viable pathways forward by bringing science, best practices, and engaged professionals together to actively shape the future of forest management.
- SAF's core purpose is to support thriving forests, essential resources, and a strong forestry community for the greatest good in the long run.
The document discusses requirements elicitation techniques for identifying stakeholder needs and determining the requirements of a software system. It provides an overview of various elicitation methods like interviews, questionnaires, documentation review, scenarios and ethnography. It also describes best practices for conducting interviews, meetings and active listening during the elicitation process. Finally, it discusses the need for a structured elicitation methodology to effectively gather, analyze and validate requirements from different sources.
This document summarizes a study on enhancing student engagement with revision sessions. The study surveyed staff and students across multiple subjects and institutions to compare expectations of revision sessions and identify factors influencing attendance. Key findings included that while staff and student expectations of revision purposes were generally aligned, timing of sessions was a significant deterrent for bioscience students. The study concluded some simple changes could potentially improve sessions, such as offering topic choice in advance, using subject experts to lead, and making sessions more interactive.
Presenting your Research at the ECTEL Doctoral ConsortiumChristian Glahn
Over the last four years of reviewing for the ECTEL Doctoral Consortium board I came across pretty much the same problems every year. This presentation condenses some recommendations that Ph.D. candidates should consider when putting a submission together. I hope this also helps for submissions to other doctoral consortia.
This document presents a logic puzzle involving correctly identifying countries based on the length of their names and the colors of their flags. It provides clues about the countries that can be identified from unique color combinations or by eliminating other options based on length of name and color patterns. The clues are used to systematically identify each of the 16 countries in the puzzle.
1) A 40-year-old man named J has a chronic smoking problem that started in his teens and has developed into a strong addiction over many years.
2) J's smoking habit caused him to miss educational opportunities and most of his friends from childhood who also smoked have since died of cancer or other smoking-related illnesses.
3) J expresses a strong desire to quit smoking out of fear of death, a wish to live a better life, and to stop feeling enslaved by his addiction. He has tried many methods unsuccessfully and is seeking counseling.
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) is a leading university in South Korea, especially in foreign language education. It has been consistently highly ranked, including second nationally for research, faculty, reputation, and alumni. HUFS has over 50 departments covering social sciences, humanities, Asian and African studies, and natural sciences. It offers programs in over 50 languages and has academic agreements with over 340 institutions in 74 countries.
The document discusses the Society of American Foresters (SAF) and its mission to advance sustainable forest management. Some key points:
- SAF challenges decision-makers to make forest choices based on professional knowledge and a century of experience balancing diverse resource demands.
- SAF seeks viable pathways forward by bringing science, best practices, and engaged professionals together to actively shape the future of forest management.
- SAF's core purpose is to support thriving forests, essential resources, and a strong forestry community for the greatest good in the long run.
Las herramientas colaborativas y la Web 2.0 facilitan compartir información, la interoperabilidad, el diseño centrado en el usuario y la colaboración en la World Wide Web. La Web 2.0 comprende sitios web que permiten estas actividades colaborativas.
This document discusses various methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviews, questionnaires, and joint application design (JAD) sessions. It describes the benefits and disadvantages of different types of questions (open-ended vs closed-ended) that can be used during interviews and in questionnaires. Additionally, it provides guidance on effective planning, facilitation and documentation of interviews, as well as design considerations for questionnaires and JAD sessions.
Todos estos son métodos económicos y fáciles de realizar para detectar categorías de peso, pulsaciones e intensidades de entrenamiento que pueden ayudar a determinar el estado físico ideal, para poder lograr tus metas deportivas.
This document summarizes information about solar photovoltaic cells produced by Central Electronics Ltd. It first provides background on the company, noting it is a public sector enterprise focused on solar PV. It then discusses solar energy and the photovoltaic effect. The main body details the process of fabricating solar cells, including surface preparation, texturization, diffusion, edge isolation, anti-reflection coating, front and back contact printing, and firing. Applications mentioned include solar water pumping, village power plants, medical refrigeration, and industrial uses.
The document discusses methods for interactively gathering information from users, including interviews, joint application design (JAD) sessions, and questionnaires. It provides guidance on preparing for and conducting interviews, including developing open-ended and closed questions as well as structuring the interview. JAD is described as a way to gather requirements from multiple users at once. Finally, the document outlines best practices for designing and administering effective questionnaires to gather user information.
This document discusses interactive methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviewing, Joint Application Design (JAD), and questionnaires. It describes preparing for and conducting interviews, such as developing open-ended and closed questions, arranging questions in pyramid, funnel, or diamond structures, and writing an interview report. JAD is presented as an alternative to interviews that involves users in a group setting. Guidelines for developing effective questionnaires are also provided.
This document discusses various interactive methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviewing, user stories, and joint application design (JAD). It describes how to conduct interviews, including preparing questions, structuring the interview, and reporting the results. Open-ended and closed questions are discussed. User stories and their purposes are covered. JAD is introduced as an alternative to interviews that allows analysts to work with users in a group setting. Considerations for using JAD like participant selection and meeting logistics are also outlined.
Information Gathering Interactive Methods.pptGaryChocolatos
techniques used to collect data or information from individuals or groups in an interactive manner. These methods are often employed in research, interviews, surveys, and various forms of data collection processes.
Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting a set of predetermined questions to collect data from the respondents about one or more specific topics that serves as a primary research instrument in survey research
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
Online survey tools have made it easy for marketers to conduct their own research surveys, but surveying requires careful planning if you want to get actionable results.
Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and existing data are common methods for collecting data in research. Questionnaires involve paper or online surveys to collect self-reported information from participants. Interviews are conducted face-to-face, by phone, or online and allow researchers to ask participants questions and get more in-depth responses than questionnaires. Observation research involves watching and recording behaviors directly. Existing data sources include medical records, organizational records, journals, and other documents that contain relevant pre-collected information.
This document outlines a presentation on assessing and reporting training quality. It discusses:
1. Identifying the benefits of comprehensive training assessment, including learner accountability, organizational development, and demonstrating value.
2. Kirkpatrick's four levels of training evaluation - reaction, learning, behavior, and results - and how to assess each using both quantitative and qualitative metrics.
3. Holton's model of external factors that can influence training assessment.
4. Methods for assessment, including surveys, performance-based assessments, client contact, and focus groups to evaluate different levels.
5. Elements to include in a comprehensive training evaluation report, such as needs, objectives, recommendations, and references.
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
Effective Interviewing Technique for HR Manager.pptxBennyPrasetyo11
This document provides guidance on preparing for and conducting effective interviews. It discusses comparing interviews to conversations, examining qualities of effective interviewers and questions, preparing for an interview by creating briefing sheets and questions, conducting a practice interview with a classmate, and assessing the interview process. The goal is to teach students strategies for using interviews as an information gathering technique.
The document discusses various techniques for conducting interviews during the systems analysis and design process. It covers topics such as open-ended vs closed questions, structured vs unstructured interviews, recording interviews, and Joint Application Design (JAD) sessions. The key aspects of planning, conducting, and documenting interviews are presented across multiple sections.
This document provides information about online homework help services. It discusses what homework is, the importance of homework, and different types of homework help available. The document also outlines the working procedure for homework help, major services offered, reasons to choose this provider, common student problems, and contact information. Homework help involves assisting students with tasks assigned to be completed outside of class in subjects like math, science, English and more.
This document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews. It discusses preparing an interview schedule and guide to structure the interviews. The interview guide should include an introduction, body, and wrap-up section with open-ended, closed, and probe questions. When conducting interviews, building rapport is important while maintaining focus. Afterward, notes should be written to capture key findings, background, discussion points, and next steps. Adjusting approach based on the interviewee's personality and providing feedback on the process are also discussed.
The document discusses the process of designing and administering questionnaires for surveys, including determining what questions to ask, how to phrase and order questions, pre-testing questionnaires, and addressing potential sources of error, with the key points being that question wording, order, and layout are critical to collecting accurate and relevant data, and questionnaires must be pre-tested and revised as needed.
Las herramientas colaborativas y la Web 2.0 facilitan compartir información, la interoperabilidad, el diseño centrado en el usuario y la colaboración en la World Wide Web. La Web 2.0 comprende sitios web que permiten estas actividades colaborativas.
This document discusses various methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviews, questionnaires, and joint application design (JAD) sessions. It describes the benefits and disadvantages of different types of questions (open-ended vs closed-ended) that can be used during interviews and in questionnaires. Additionally, it provides guidance on effective planning, facilitation and documentation of interviews, as well as design considerations for questionnaires and JAD sessions.
Todos estos son métodos económicos y fáciles de realizar para detectar categorías de peso, pulsaciones e intensidades de entrenamiento que pueden ayudar a determinar el estado físico ideal, para poder lograr tus metas deportivas.
This document summarizes information about solar photovoltaic cells produced by Central Electronics Ltd. It first provides background on the company, noting it is a public sector enterprise focused on solar PV. It then discusses solar energy and the photovoltaic effect. The main body details the process of fabricating solar cells, including surface preparation, texturization, diffusion, edge isolation, anti-reflection coating, front and back contact printing, and firing. Applications mentioned include solar water pumping, village power plants, medical refrigeration, and industrial uses.
The document discusses methods for interactively gathering information from users, including interviews, joint application design (JAD) sessions, and questionnaires. It provides guidance on preparing for and conducting interviews, including developing open-ended and closed questions as well as structuring the interview. JAD is described as a way to gather requirements from multiple users at once. Finally, the document outlines best practices for designing and administering effective questionnaires to gather user information.
This document discusses interactive methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviewing, Joint Application Design (JAD), and questionnaires. It describes preparing for and conducting interviews, such as developing open-ended and closed questions, arranging questions in pyramid, funnel, or diamond structures, and writing an interview report. JAD is presented as an alternative to interviews that involves users in a group setting. Guidelines for developing effective questionnaires are also provided.
This document discusses various interactive methods for gathering information during systems analysis, including interviewing, user stories, and joint application design (JAD). It describes how to conduct interviews, including preparing questions, structuring the interview, and reporting the results. Open-ended and closed questions are discussed. User stories and their purposes are covered. JAD is introduced as an alternative to interviews that allows analysts to work with users in a group setting. Considerations for using JAD like participant selection and meeting logistics are also outlined.
Information Gathering Interactive Methods.pptGaryChocolatos
techniques used to collect data or information from individuals or groups in an interactive manner. These methods are often employed in research, interviews, surveys, and various forms of data collection processes.
Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting a set of predetermined questions to collect data from the respondents about one or more specific topics that serves as a primary research instrument in survey research
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
Online survey tools have made it easy for marketers to conduct their own research surveys, but surveying requires careful planning if you want to get actionable results.
Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and existing data are common methods for collecting data in research. Questionnaires involve paper or online surveys to collect self-reported information from participants. Interviews are conducted face-to-face, by phone, or online and allow researchers to ask participants questions and get more in-depth responses than questionnaires. Observation research involves watching and recording behaviors directly. Existing data sources include medical records, organizational records, journals, and other documents that contain relevant pre-collected information.
This document outlines a presentation on assessing and reporting training quality. It discusses:
1. Identifying the benefits of comprehensive training assessment, including learner accountability, organizational development, and demonstrating value.
2. Kirkpatrick's four levels of training evaluation - reaction, learning, behavior, and results - and how to assess each using both quantitative and qualitative metrics.
3. Holton's model of external factors that can influence training assessment.
4. Methods for assessment, including surveys, performance-based assessments, client contact, and focus groups to evaluate different levels.
5. Elements to include in a comprehensive training evaluation report, such as needs, objectives, recommendations, and references.
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
Effective Interviewing Technique for HR Manager.pptxBennyPrasetyo11
This document provides guidance on preparing for and conducting effective interviews. It discusses comparing interviews to conversations, examining qualities of effective interviewers and questions, preparing for an interview by creating briefing sheets and questions, conducting a practice interview with a classmate, and assessing the interview process. The goal is to teach students strategies for using interviews as an information gathering technique.
The document discusses various techniques for conducting interviews during the systems analysis and design process. It covers topics such as open-ended vs closed questions, structured vs unstructured interviews, recording interviews, and Joint Application Design (JAD) sessions. The key aspects of planning, conducting, and documenting interviews are presented across multiple sections.
This document provides information about online homework help services. It discusses what homework is, the importance of homework, and different types of homework help available. The document also outlines the working procedure for homework help, major services offered, reasons to choose this provider, common student problems, and contact information. Homework help involves assisting students with tasks assigned to be completed outside of class in subjects like math, science, English and more.
This document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews. It discusses preparing an interview schedule and guide to structure the interviews. The interview guide should include an introduction, body, and wrap-up section with open-ended, closed, and probe questions. When conducting interviews, building rapport is important while maintaining focus. Afterward, notes should be written to capture key findings, background, discussion points, and next steps. Adjusting approach based on the interviewee's personality and providing feedback on the process are also discussed.
The document discusses the process of designing and administering questionnaires for surveys, including determining what questions to ask, how to phrase and order questions, pre-testing questionnaires, and addressing potential sources of error, with the key points being that question wording, order, and layout are critical to collecting accurate and relevant data, and questionnaires must be pre-tested and revised as needed.
User Centered Design: Interviews & Surveys. DCU_MPIUA
Interviews & Surveys are two of the most effective User Centered Design techniques.
Ver:
- http://www.grihotools.udl.cat/mpiua/entrevistas-interviews
- http://www.grihotools.udl.cat/mpiua/cuestionarios-surveys
This document discusses various research methods used in marketing research. It describes different types of research methods including descriptive research, exploratory research, explanatory research, correlational research, comparative research, observational research design, cross-sectional research design, longitudinal research design, and successive independent sampling. It also discusses qualitative and quantitative research approaches, focus groups, unstructured interviews, and archival research. Research design, variables, validity, limitations, sample size, and statistical analysis are also summarized.
This chapter discusses the research proposal. The purpose of a research proposal is to present the research question and its importance, discuss related past research, and suggest the necessary data. All research has a sponsor that provides funding, either a company or academic institution. Developing a proposal allows the researcher to plan steps, serve as a guide, and estimate time and budgets. Proposals can be internal or external and range from exploratory to large-scale professional studies costing millions. The proposal should be structured into modules that are tailored for the intended audience. Key modules include an executive summary, problem statement, research objectives, literature review, importance, design, analysis, results, qualifications, budget, schedule, and appendices.
This document provides guidance on preparing for and delivering effective research and teaching job talks. It discusses the purposes of such talks, which are to inform, excite, and engage the audience while demonstrating a strong fit. The presentation should have a clear message and convey the presenter's passion and comfort with the content. Effective preparation involves understanding the audience, timing, technology, and expectations. The content should flow from the research question to impact, approaches, outcomes, and next steps. Sample structures divide the talk into sections tailored for different audience levels of expertise. Effective teaching demonstrations emphasize accurate yet accessible content and student engagement through organization, pace, enthusiasm and inviting questions. Thorough preparation and practice are emphasized.
3. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-3
Interviewing
• Interviewing is an important method for
collecting data on information system
requirements.
• Interviews reveal information about:
• Interviewee opinions.
• Interviewee feelings.
• About the current state of the system.
• Organizational and personal goals.
• Informal procedures.
4. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-4
Planning the Interview
Five steps in planning the interview are:
• Reading background material.
• Establishing interview objectives.
• Deciding whom to interview.
• Preparing the interviewee.
• Deciding on question types and structure.
6. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-6
Open-Ended Questions
• Open-ended interview questions allow
interviewees to respond how they wish,
and to what length they wish.
• Open-ended questions are appropriate
when the analyst is interested in breadth
and depth of reply.
7. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-7
Advantages of Open-Ended
Questions
Eight benefits of open-ended questions are:
• Puts the interviewee at ease.
• Allows the interviewer to pick up on the
interviewee's vocabulary.
• Reflect education, values, attitudes, and beliefs.
• Provides richness of detail.
• Reveals avenues of further questioning that may
have gone untapped.
8. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-8
Advantages of Open-Ended
Questions
Eight Benefits of open-ended questions
are: (continued)
• Provides more interest for the interviewee.
• Allows more spontaneity.
• Makes phrasing easier for the interviewer.
• Useful if the interviewer is unprepared.
9. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-9
Disadvantages of Open-Ended
Questions
The five drawbacks include:
• May result in too much irrelevant detail.
• Possibly losing control of the interview.
• May take too much time for the amount of
useful information gained.
• Potentially seeming that the interviewer is
unprepared.
• Possibly giving the impression that the
interviewer is on a "fishing expedition”
10. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-10
Closed Interview Questions
• Closed interview questions limit the
number of possible responses.
• Closed interview questions are
appropriate for generating precise,
reliable data that is easy to analyze.
• The methodology is efficient, and it
requires little skill for interviewers to
administer.
11. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-11
Benefits of Closed Interview
Questions
Six benefits are:
• Saving interview time.
• Easily comparing interviews.
• Getting to the point.
• Keeping control of the interview.
• Covering a large area quickly.
• Getting to relevant data.
12. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-12
Disadvantages of Closed
Interview Questions
Four drawbacks of closed interview
questions include:
• Boring for the interviewee.
• Failure to obtain rich detailing.
• Missing main ideas.
• Failing to build rapport between interviewer
and interviewee.
14. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-14
Bipolar Questions and Probes
• Bipolar questions are those that may be
answered with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or ‘agree’
or ‘disagree’.
• Bipolar questions should be used
sparingly.
15. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-15
Probing Questions
• Probing questions elicit more detail
about previous questions.
• The purpose of probing questions is:
• To get more meaning.
• To clarify.
• To draw out and expand on the
interviewee's point.
16. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-16
Question Sequencing
The three basic ways of structuring
interviews are :
• Pyramid, starting with closed questions
and working toward open-ended questions.
• Funnel, starting with open-ended questions
and working toward closed questions.
• Diamond, starting with closed, moving
toward open-ended, and ending with
closed questions.
17. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-17
Pyramid Structure
• Begins with very detailed, often closed
questions
• Expands by allowing open-ended
questions and more generalized
responses
• Is useful if interviewees need to be
warmed up to the topic or seem
reluctant to address the topic
18. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-18
Funnel Structure
• Begins with generalized, open-ended
questions
• Concludes by narrowing the possible
responses using closed questions
• Provides an easy, nonthreatening way
to begin an interview
• Is useful when the interviewee feels
emotionally about the topic
19. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-19
Diamond Structure
• A diamond-shaped structure begins in a
very specific way
• Then more general issues are
examined
• Concludes with specific questions
• Combines the strength of both the
pyramid and funnel structures
• Takes longer than the other structures
20. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-20
Closing the Interview
• Always ask “Is there anything else that
you would like to add?”
• Summarize and provide feedback on
your impressions.
• Ask whom you should talk with next.
• Set up any future appointments.
• Thank them for their time and shake
hands.
21. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-21
Interview Report
• Write as soon as possible after the
interview.
• Provide an initial summary, then more
detail.
• Review the report with the respondent.
22. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-22
Joint Application Design (JAD)
• Joint Application Design (JAD) can
replace a series of interviews with the
user community.
• JAD is a technique that allows the
analyst to accomplish requirements
analysis and design the user interface
with the users in a group setting.
23. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-23
When to Use JAD
JAD may be used when:
• Users are restless and want something
new.
• The organizational culture supports joint
problem-solving behaviors.
• Analysts forecast an increase in the
number of ideas using JAD.
• Personnel may be absent from their jobs
for the length of time required.
25. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-25
Benefits of JAD
The potential benefits of using JAD are:
• Time is saved, compared with traditional
interviewing.
• Rapid development of systems.
• Improved user ownership of the system.
• Creative idea production is improved.
26. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-26
Drawbacks of Using JAD
Potential drawbacks of using JAD are:
• JAD requires a large block of time to be
available for all session participants.
• If preparation is incomplete, the session
may not go very well.
• If the follow-up report is incomplete, the
session may not be successful.
• The organizational skills and culture may
not be conducive to a JAD session.
27. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-27
Questionnaires
Questionnaires are useful in gathering
information from key organization
members about:
• Attitudes.
• Beliefs.
• Behaviors.
• Characteristics.
28. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-28
When to Use Questionnaires
Questionnaires are valuable if:
• Organization members are widely
dispersed.
• Many members are involved with the
project.
• Exploratory work is needed.
• Problem solving prior to interviews is
necessary.
29. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-29
Question Types
Questions are designed as either:
• Open-ended
• Try to anticipate the response you will get.
• Well suited for getting opinions.
• Closed
• Use when all the options may be listed.
• When the options are mutually exclusive.
31. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-31
Questionnaire Language
Questionnaire language should be:
• Simple.
• Specific.
• Free of bias.
• Not patronizing.
• Technically accurate.
• Addressed to those who are knowledgeable.
• Appropriate for the reading level of the
respondent.
33. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-33
Nominal Scales
• Nominal scales are used to classify
things into categories.
• It is the weakest form of measurement.
• Data may be totaled.
What type of software do you use the most?
1 = Word Processor
2 = Spreadsheet
3 = Database
4 = An Email Program
34. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-34
Interval Scales
• An interval scale is used when the
intervals are equal.
• There is no absolute zero.
• Examples of interval scales include the
Fahrenheit or centigrade scale.
How useful is the support given by the Technical Support Group?
NOT USEFUL EXTREMELY
AT ALL USEFUL
1 2 3 4 5
35. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-35
Validity and Reliability
Questionnaires must be valid and
reliable.
• Reliability of scales refers to consistency in
response--getting the same results if the
same questionnaire was administered
again under the same conditions.
• Validity is the degree to which the question
measures what the analyst intends to
measure.
36. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-36
Problems with Scales
There are three problems associated
with poorly constructed scales:
• Leniency.
• Central tendency.
• Halo effect.
37. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-37
Leniency
• Caused by easy raters.
• Solution is to move the “average”
category to the left or right of center.
38. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-38
Central Tendency
Central tendency occurs when
respondents rate everything as
average.
• Improve by making the differences
smaller at the two ends.
• Adjust the strength of the descriptors.
• Create a scale with more points.
39. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-39
Halo Effect
• When the impression formed in one
question carries into the next question
• Solution is to place one trait and several
items on each page.
40. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-40
Designing the Questionnaire
Good response rates can be achieved
with consistent control of questionnaire.
• Allow ample white space.
• Allow ample space to write or type in
responses.
• Make it easy for respondents to clearly
mark their answers.
• Be consistent in style.
41. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-41
Order of Questions
• Place most important questions first.
• Cluster items of similar content
together.
• Introduce less controversial questions
first.
42. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-42
Web Form Questionnaires
Controls (fields) used on Web forms:
• Single line text box.
• Scrolling text box, used for one or more
paragraphs of text.
• Check box for yes-no or true-false answers.
• Radio button for mutually exclusive yes-no or true-
false answers.
• Drop-down menu for selection from a list.
• Submit or Clear buttons.
43. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-43
Methods of Administering the
Questionnaire
Methods of administering the
questionnaire include:
• Convening all concerned respondents
together at one time.
• Personally administering the questionnaire.
• Allowing respondents to self-administer the
questionnaire.
• Mailing questionnaires.
• Administering over the Web or via email.
44. Kendall &
Kendall
2005 Pearson
Prentice Hall 4-44
Electronically Submitting
Questionnaires
Administering a questionnaire
electronically has the following benefits:
• Reduced costs.
• Collecting and storing the results
electronically.