This document provides an overview of veterinary clinical immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunomodulatory drugs that can increase or decrease immune responses. It then discusses the different types of immunity, including active and passive immunity. The document also covers topics like homeostasis and immunotherapy in the immune system, the inflammatory response process, and differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It provides examples of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses during adaptive immunity. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive but concise overview of key immunology concepts.

1. Ishba Mahmood 2018-AG-6518
Subject: Veterinary Clinical Immunology (MED-712)
University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF)
• Welcome!
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2. Immunomodulatory

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Table of
Contents
• Immunomodulatory
• Adaptive immunity
• Immunity and Types
• Homeostasis & Immunotherapy
• Inflammatory Response
• Innate immune response
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4. Immunomodulatory
Immunomodulatory drugs modify the response of the immune system by increasing
(immunostimulators) or decreasing (immunosuppressives) the production of serum
antibodies.
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5. Immunity and Types
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• Immunity to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s system.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms.
Antibodies are disease-specific
• Active Immunity
• Active Immunity results when exposure to a disease
organism triggers the immune system to produce
antibodies to that disease. Active immunity can be
acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced
immunity.
• Natural immunity is acquired from exposure to the
disease organism through infection with the actual disease.
• Vaccine-induced immunity is acquired through the
introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease
organism through vaccination.
• Passive Immunity
• Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease
rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
• A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the
placenta.
• People can also get passive immunity through antibody-containing blood
products such as immune globulin, which may be given when immediate
protection from a specific disease is needed.

6. Homeostasis & Immunotherapy
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Homeostasis
Immunotherapy
• Homeostasis in the immune system, whereby
the system self-regulates to adjust immune
responses to adaptive rather than maladaptive
levels (using regulatory T cells, cell signaling
molecules, and so forth)
• Immunotherapy, in which immune responses
are induced, amplified, attenuated, or
prevented according to therapeutic goals

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Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical,
chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems.
This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism
and includes many variables, such as body temperature and
fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits
(homeostatic range). Other variables include the pH of
extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium,
and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, and these
need to be regulated despite changes in the environment,
diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled
by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms,
which together maintain life.

8. Immunotherapy or Biological therapy
• Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system.
• Chimeric antigen receptor
T-cell therapy (CAR),
• The final result should be a production of
equipped T-cells that can recognize and fight the
infected cancer cells in the body.T-cells
(represented by objects labeled as 't') are
removed from the patient's blood.
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• CAR receptors
• Thus producing the CAR
receptors (labeled as c) on the
surface of the cells.
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• Infused back
• After a certain time period, the
engineered T-cells are infused
back into the patient.
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• Encodes
• Then in a lab setting the gene that encodes
for the specific antigen receptors are
incorporated into the T-cells.
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• Harvested and grown
• The newly modified T-cells are
then further harvested and
grown in the lab.
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9. Inflammatory Response
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• The development and progression of the inflammatory process is tightly
connected with the innate immune system action.
• The main initial features of inflammation include vasodilation and increased
blood flow.
• This leads to erythema and an increase in the temperature of the inflammation-
affected area. Increased vascular permeability allows the inflammatory cells to
infiltrate from the blood flow to the tissue, causing tissue edema and swelling.
Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinins and prostaglandins increase pain
sensitivity and cause hyperalgesia .
• Cleaning up of the infected area is possible because of the chemotaxis ability of
neutrophils triggered by a gradient of chemokines released by the damaged
tissue. Fever and “flu-like” symptoms like hot flushes, sweats, chills, rigors,
headache, and fatigue force an infected organism to save energy to fight with
the pathogen and are induced by an increase in inflammatory markers like CRP
and ferritin.
• During an innate inflammatory response, upregulation of co-stimulatory
molecules such as MHCII and B7 occurs to encourage activation of the adaptive
immune system. An overactive or chronic inflammatory response lies at the core
of numerous pathological conditions, and thus, many of the immunomodulatory
drugs used today are aimed specifically at suppressing inflammation.

10. Comparison of normal tissue and inflamed tissue.
Prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine, and NO cause
vasodilation in inflamed tissue. Blood flow is increased
1. this allows morphotic particles of the blood to
intensify streaming
2. Locally, the pain sensitivity is increased
3. The vessel in the normal stage exhibits low
permeability
4. and normal phenotype of endothelial cells
5. This helps to inhibit immune cell extravasation
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11. Innate immune
response
• Innate immunity is the first line of defense against
pathogens.
• This kind of immune response is not selective and
does not result in immune memory; however, it is
rapid in reaction. It involves epithelial barriers and
phagocytes, which are a group of myeloid cells,
composed of neutrophils, dendritic cells, blood
monocytes, and tissue macrophages. The innate
immune response involves also the complement
system, natural killer (NK) cells, and tissue-resident
immune cells
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12. Adaptive immunity
• Adaptive immunity involves mostly lymphocytes, namely, T cells
and B cells. It provides long-lasting immunity with highly specific
clonal responses to a large diversity of antigens. The adaptive
immune response is self-limiting and quickly declines as the
infection is eliminated as it generates immune memory and self-
reactivity.

13. Adaptive immunity
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• Cell-mediated immunity is the term for a specific
adaptive immune response activated by Th1 cells,
which leads to the activation of APCs and a cytotoxic
T-cell response. This immune response fights
intracellular infections, including viruses, some
bacteria, fungi , and protozoans
• Cell-mediated immunity
• Humoral immunity is the term for a specific adaptive
immune response activated by Th2 cells which leads to
the production of B cells and antibodies. This immune
response fights with extracellular infections, including
bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic infections.
This immune response can also support intracellular
infections
• Humoral response

14. Cell-mediated immunity
• Examples of novel immunomodulatory strategies in
modifying the interactions between CD40 and
CD40L signal molecules. APC and Th1 signaling
molecules in the first step of cytotoxic T-cell
activation.
• (1) MHCII presenting antigen of the pathogen to
the Th1 cell.
• (2) An additional signal in return activates the APC.
• (3) INF-γ intensifies the activation of the APC.
• (4) IL-2 released by Th1 cells stimulates cytotoxic T
cells to enable the elimination of infected cells.
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15. •Humoral response
• Steps of B-cell differentiation and maturation.
• (1) Antigen recognition induces the expression of effector
molecules by T cells, which activate the B cells.
• (2) B-cell proliferation in the germinal center.
• (3) Differentiation between resting memory cells and antibody-
secreting plasma cells. Establishing the role of particular factors
in the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional
mechanisms of B-cell differentiation, maturation, and
maintenance, which could help design better treatment and
vaccination procedures.

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