SlideShare a Scribd company logo
‫مفهوم‬
‫النظرية‬
:
‫هي‬
‫مجموعة‬
‫من‬
‫األفكار‬
‫والمعتقدات‬
‫تستخدم‬
‫لتفسير‬
‫الظواهر‬
‫أو‬
‫التنبؤ‬
‫بها‬
,
‫وهي‬
‫اختصار‬
‫وصفي‬
‫لهذه‬
‫ا‬
‫لظواهر‬
‫وكيفية‬
‫التعامل‬
‫معها‬
.
‫والنظرية‬
‫ليست‬
‫حقائق‬
‫مطلقة‬
,
‫وإنما‬
‫هي‬
‫فرضيات‬
‫نشأت‬
‫ع‬
‫ن‬
‫طريق‬
‫التجربة‬
‫والخطأ‬
‫والمالحظة‬
‫وهي‬
‫قابلة‬
‫لإلثبات‬
‫أو‬
‫الر‬
‫فض‬
‫بصفة‬
‫مستمرة‬
‫ودائمة‬
.

َ
‫ني‬ُ‫ب‬
‫هذا‬
‫االتجاه‬
‫على‬
‫االفتراض‬
‫بأن‬
‫المهارات‬
‫اإلدارية‬
‫م‬
‫حددة‬
‫ومحصورة‬
‫بالمستويات‬
‫العليا‬
‫من‬
‫التنظيم‬
‫اإلداري‬
‫أي‬
‫إن‬
‫ها‬
‫يمكن‬
‫أن‬
‫يقوم‬
‫بها‬
‫بعض‬
‫الناس‬
‫وليس‬
‫جميعهم‬
،
‫كما‬
‫يست‬
‫ند‬
‫هذا‬
‫االتجاه‬
‫إلى‬
‫مفهوم‬
(
‫الرجل‬
‫االقتصادي‬
)
‫الذي‬
‫يتسم‬
‫بالرش‬
‫د‬
‫والعقالنية‬
‫ويعمل‬
‫بدافع‬
‫المصلحة‬
‫الذاتية‬
‫لتحقيق‬
‫ال‬
‫منفعة‬
‫في‬
‫إطار‬
‫من‬
‫التسليم‬
‫بشرعية‬
‫السلطة‬
‫اإلدارية‬
‫ممثلة‬
‫في‬
‫األ‬
‫وامر‬
‫والتعليمات‬
.
‫وتتصف‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫التي‬
‫تتبع‬
‫هذا‬
‫االتجاه‬
‫ب‬
‫مركزية‬
‫السلطة‬
‫واتخاذ‬
‫القرارات‬
‫ورسم‬
‫السياسات‬
‫في‬
‫أعلى‬
‫مست‬
‫ويات‬
‫التنظيم‬
‫اإلداري‬
‫بينما‬
‫تترك‬
‫للمناطق‬
‫والوحدات‬
‫التاب‬
‫عة‬
‫عملية‬
‫تنفيذ‬
‫األوامر‬
‫والتوجيهات‬
.

‫وفي‬
‫االتجاه‬
‫التقليدي‬
‫هذا‬
‫تقع‬
‫ثالث‬
‫نظريات‬
‫في‬
‫اإلدار‬
‫ة‬
‫هي‬
:

‫وهي‬
‫من‬
‫أقدم‬
‫النظريات‬
‫في‬
‫مجال‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫وقد‬
‫اقترنت‬
‫باسم‬
‫العالم‬
‫األمريكي‬
‫فردريك‬
‫تايلور‬
(F.Taylor)
.
‫اعتمدت‬
‫هذه‬
‫النظرية‬
‫على‬
‫رصد‬
‫الظواهر‬
‫اإلدارية‬
‫ودراستها‬
‫بطريقة‬
‫علمية‬
–
‫ومن‬
‫هنا‬
‫أسمها‬
‫لمعرفة‬
‫القوانين‬
‫والعوامل‬
‫التي‬
‫تتحكم‬
‫في‬
‫األداء‬
‫اإلنتاجي‬
‫للعام‬
‫لين‬
.


‫يعتقد‬
‫تايلور‬
‫وزمالؤه‬
‫بأن‬
‫األفراد‬
‫يمكن‬
‫حفزهم‬
‫إلى‬
‫العمل‬
‫واإلنتا‬
‫ج‬
‫عن‬
‫طريق‬
‫الحوافز‬
‫المادية‬
‫وتلبية‬
‫حاجاتهم‬
‫العضوية‬
،
‫ويحتاج‬
‫العامل‬
‫ون‬
‫إلى‬
‫التوجيه‬
‫المستمر‬
.

‫وتفترض‬
‫هذه‬
‫النظرية‬
‫إن‬
‫العاملين‬
‫في‬
‫المستويات‬
‫الدنيا‬
‫من‬
‫الت‬
‫نظيم‬
‫اإلداري‬
‫ال‬
‫يشعرون‬
‫بالمسؤولية‬
‫ويفتقدون‬
‫المقدرة‬
‫على‬
‫التوجيه‬
‫الذاتي‬
‫في‬
‫عملهم‬
‫وهم‬
‫بحاجة‬
‫مستمرة‬
‫إلى‬
‫الرقابة‬
‫واإلشراف‬
،
‫وينحصر‬
‫دورهم‬
‫ف‬
‫ي‬
‫تنفيذ‬
‫األوامر‬
‫الصادرة‬
‫من‬
‫مستويات‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫العليا‬
.

‫استندتَهذهَالنظريةَإلىَأهميةَالحافزَالماديَوراءَإنتاجيةَاأل‬
َ‫فراد‬
‫وأهملتَدورَالعواملَالنفسيةَوالحاجاتَاالجتماعيةَالتيَتدف‬
َ‫ع‬
‫َوأعتقدَتايلورَبأنَالوظيف‬،َ‫األفرادَإلىَعملَماَأوَأداءَمعين‬
َ‫ة‬
‫األساسيةَلإلدارةَهيَالحصولَعلىَاكبرَإنتاجَممكنَبأقلَك‬
َ‫لفة‬
َ‫ممكنة‬
.

‫قوبلتَاإلدارةَالعلميةَبمقاومةَعنيفةَوخاصةَمنَالنقاباتَا‬
َ‫لعمالية؛‬
‫إذَتعاملَتايلورَمعَاإلنسانَكتعاملهَمعَاآللةَوتجاهلهَللعال‬
َ‫قات‬
‫َاعتبارهَأنَزيادةَاألجرَهوَالمحركَالرئي‬،‫والمشاعرَاإلنسانية‬
َ‫سي‬
‫َمطالبتهَللعمالَبأداءَمعدالتَمرتفعةَم‬،‫لرفعَمستوىَاألداء‬
َ‫ن‬
َ‫َحصرَتايلورَاهتمامه‬،‫اإلنتاجيةَدونَمقابلتهاَبأجورَأعلى‬
‫بالمستوىَالتشغيليَللمصنعَوإغفالهَالنواحيَاألخرىَف‬
َ‫يَالعملية‬
‫اإلدارية‬
.

‫اقترنتَهذهََالنظريةَبأفكارَمهندسَالتعدينَالفرنسي‬
َ‫هنري‬
‫فايول‬
(
1841
–
1925
)
َ‫مؤلفَكتاب‬
"
‫النظريةَالكالسيكية‬
‫لإلدارة‬
"
َ‫فَالوظائفَاألساسيةَالخمسةَلإلدارة‬ّ‫َعر‬،
(
‫َالرقابة‬،‫َالتوجيه‬،‫َالتوظيف‬،‫َالتنظيم‬،‫التخطيط‬
.)
‫وط‬
َ‫ر‬ ّ‫و‬
‫األصولَاألساسيةَاألربعةَعشرَلإلدارةَوالتيَتتضمنَك‬
َ‫ل‬
‫المهامَاإلدارية‬
.

َ‫يؤكد‬
‫فايول‬
‫فيَهذهَالنظريةَعلىَأهميةَتقسيمَالعملَوو‬
َ‫حدة‬
‫السلطةَواالنضباطَوخضوعَالمصالحَالفرديةَللمصلح‬
َ‫ةَالعامة‬
َ‫للمؤسسة‬
.

‫مكافآتَالموظفينَالتيَيجبَأنَتكونَمرضيةَلكلَمنَالموظفينَوصاح‬
َ‫ب‬
‫العمل‬
.

‫قنواتَاالتصال‬
:
‫السلسلةَالرسميةَللمدراءَمنَالمستوىَاألعلىَلألدنى‬
"
َ‫تسمى‬
‫الخطوطَالرسميةَلألوامر‬
."
‫والمدراءَهمَحلقاتَالوصلَفيَهذهَالسلسلة‬
.
‫ف‬
َ‫عليهم‬
‫االتصالَمنَخاللَالقنواتَالموجودةَفيها‬
.
‫وباإلمكانَتجاوزَهذهَالقنواتَف‬
َ‫قط‬
‫عندماَتوجدَحاجةَحقيقةَللمشرفينَلتجاوزهاَوتتمَالموافقةَبينهمَعل‬
‫ىَذلك‬
.

‫روحَالمبادرة‬
:
‫يجبَأنَيسمحَللموظفينَبالتعبيرَبحريةَعنَمقترحا‬
َ‫تهمَوآرائهم‬
‫وأفكارهمَعلىَكافةَالمستويات‬
.
‫فالمديرَالقادرَعلىَإتاحةَهذهَالفرصةَل‬
َ‫موظفيه‬
‫أفضلَبكثيرَمنَالمديرَالغيرَقادرَعلىَذلك‬
.

‫العدالة‬
:
‫المراعاةَواإلنصافَيجبَأنَيمارسواَمنَقبلَجميعَاألشخاصَفي‬
‫السلطة‬
.

‫استقرارَالموظفين‬
:
‫يقصدَباالستقرارَبقاءَالموظفَفيَعملهَوعدمَن‬
َ‫قلهَمن‬
‫عملَآلخر‬
.
‫ينتجَعنَتقليلَنقلَالموظفينَمنَوظيفةَألخرىَفعاليةَأك‬
َ‫ثرَونفقات‬
‫أقل‬
.

َ‫َهذاَاالتجاهَعلىَيدَعالمَاالجتماعَاأللماني‬‫رف‬ُ‫ع‬
(
‫ماكسَفي‬
‫بر‬
)
َ‫في‬
َ‫عدَمنَاألوائلَالذينَعالجوا‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫مطلعَالقرنَالعشرينَوالذي‬
َ‫موضوعَالتفكيرَاإلداري‬
.
‫درسَفيبرَالتنظيماتَاإلداريةَم‬
َ‫ن‬
‫َوالمبادئَالتيَت‬،َ‫خاللَاألشكالَالمختلفةَللسلطةَاإلدارية‬
َ‫حكم‬
َ‫عمليةَإصدارَاألوامرَمنَالمستوياتَالعلياَإلىَالدنيا‬
.
‫وقدَم‬
َ‫ّز‬‫ي‬
َ‫فيبرَبينَثالثةَأنواعَمنَالسلطةَاإلداريةَهي‬
:
‫السلطةَالت‬
َ‫قليدية‬
‫َوالسلطةَالمستندةَإ‬،َ‫المستمدةَمنَالوضعَاالجتماعيَالقائم‬
َ‫لى‬
‫َوأخي‬،َ‫غموضَشخصيةَالقائدَوسحرهاَوتأثيرهاَفيَالجماهير‬
ًَ‫ا‬‫ر‬
‫السلطةَالعقالنيةَالقانونيةَوهيَالسلطةَالشرعيةَالتيَت‬
َ‫ستندَإلى‬
َ‫قوةَالدستورَوالقانون‬
.

‫ويرىَفيبرَإنَمركزَالسلطةَيتخذَالقراراتَويصدرَال‬
َ‫تعليمات‬
‫نحوَالقواعدَوالمستوياتَالدنياَالتيَالَتملكَسلطةَال‬
َ‫تقريرَبل‬
َ‫إمكانيةَالتنفيذَفقط‬
.

‫ويرىَفيبرَأنَهذاَالنوعَمنَالتنظيمَاإلداريَهوَاألكثرَف‬
َ‫اعلية‬
‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫َوتح‬ً‫ا‬‫َفيَاإلنتاجَ؛ألنهَواضحَومحددَسلف‬ً‫ا‬‫وتحكم‬
َ‫َُلوائح‬‫ه‬
‫َغيرَخاضعَلمزاجَالمديرَأوَالرئيس‬،َ‫وتعليماتَمكتوبة‬
.
‫غيرَأنَهذاَاالتجاهَينتقدَبأنهَبطيءَاإليقاعَوالتنفيذ‬
َ‫بسبب‬
‫َوبأ‬،َ‫كثرةَاللوائحَواألنظمةَالتيَينبغيَالرجوعَإليها‬
َ‫نهَال‬
‫َوبأنهَيهتمَباإلنتاجَوالن‬،َ‫يسمحَبالتجديدَواالبتكار‬
َ‫ظامَأكثرَمن‬
َ‫اهتمامهَباألفرادَالعاملينَوحاجاتهمَاإلنسانية‬
.

More Related Content

Featured

Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Expeed Software
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Pixeldarts
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
ThinkNow
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
marketingartwork
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Technologies
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Kurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
SpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Lily Ray
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACC
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
Christy Abraham Joy
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Vit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
MindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
RachelPearson36
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Applitools
 

Featured (20)

Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 

نظريات الادارة مفهوم النظرية التعاريف.ppsx