The document discusses the present perfect tense in English. The present perfect tense is used to talk about something that happened in the past but is still ongoing or relevant in the present. It provides examples of present perfect verbal and nominal sentences. Verbal sentences use "have/has + past participle" and nominal sentences use "have/has + been". Equivalent simple past tense sentences are also provided for comparison.

1. P.Perfect
Tense
Perfect tense discuss about something that happen in the past and still
continue when it discussed.

2. (Verbal Sentence)
Present Perfect (Time Duration)
V1(s/es) + Have+V3(since, for….)
+) Subject + Have/Has + V3 + O + Adv
Indonesia has declared freedom since 1945
I, we, you, they have/ he she it has + declared
-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O + Adv
Since they live in Lombok, They haven’t visited the Rinjani
mountain.
?) Have/Has + S + V3 + O + Adv
Has she ever joined to the election?

3. (Nominal Sentence)
Present Perfect Nominal
V1(s/es) + Have+V3+ Be + Adj/Noun/Adv
+) Subject + Have/Has + Been + ANA
-) S + Have/Has + not + Been + ANA
?) Have/Has + S + Been + ANA

4. a. Trung has lived in Thai Nguyen city for three years. S+ v2+O
-> Trung lived in Thai Nguyen City three years ago.
b. He has studied English for one year.
-> He studied English one year ago/last year
c. We started studying 2 hours ago. S + v2 + V-ing (gerund) + adv
-> We have started studying for two hours.
d. He got married 20 years ago.
-> He has got married for 20 years.
e. The last time I saw her was in 1985. adv S v2 o adv
 I have not seen her since 1985 s +have + not + v3 + adv
f. The new zoo restaurant has been opened for a week by schola.
The new zoo restaurant was opened by schola last week. be was/were