The document discusses different types and aspects of power sharing. It explains that power sharing is important to avoid conflicts between social groups and impose the will of the majority on the minority. There are different levels and ways of sharing power vertically between central, state and local governments, horizontally among branches of government, and among social groups, political parties, and pressure groups. Power sharing is seen as essential to democracy and national integration.

1. POWER
SHARING

2. • What is power sharing

4. • Smaller than Haryana
• Borders with France,
Netherlands,
Germany and
Luxembourg

5. • 59% speak Dutch and
live in the Flemish
region.
Walloon Region
Flemish Region
• 40% speak French
and live in the
Walloon Region
• 1% speak German
and live in the
Walloon Region

6. • 80% in the capital
speak French but they
are minority in the
country
• 20% in the capital
speak Dutch but they
are majority in the
country

7. • The minority French
were rich and
powerful
• The majority Dutch
got the benefit of
economic
development much
later.

8. • Between 1970 and 1993
the constitution was
amended four times to
accommodate social and
cultural diversities.
• This was done by sharing
power as follows.
There shall be equal
representation from both
communities in the central
council of ministers
The majority Dutch
accepted this
arrangement because
they were minority in the
nation

9. Some special laws require the support of majority from
both the communities
Many powers of the Central Government have been
transferred to State Governments and the State
Governments are not subordinate to the Central Govt.
There is third form of Govt. called ‘Community Govt.’
It is elected by people belonging to one language community –
the Dutch, the French and the German speaking no matter
where they live.
 The community governments have power regarding cultural,
educational and language related issues.

10. Brussels has a separate Govt. with equal representation
from both the communities.
The majority French in Brussels accepted equal
representation in Brussels because the majority Dutch
accepted equal representation in eh central government.

11. Though complex,
the model has
worked well so far.
It has avoided civic
strife between the
two communities.
The European
Union chose to have
its parliament at
Brussels as Power
Sharing was
practiced
successfully

12. • About the same as
Haryana
• Just a few kms away
off the southern coast
of Tamil Nadu

13. • Sinhala Speakers:
74%. They are mostly
Buddhists
• Tamils Speakers:
18%. They are Hindus
and Muslims
13%
5%

14. Indian
Tamils
• They
migrated to
Sri Lanka as
Plantation
workers
during the
British Rule
Sri Lankan
Tamils
• Tamil
Natives
7% of the
Population
• Consists
Christians
who speak
both Sinhala
and Tamil

15. • After independence in
1948, Sri Lanka
adopted a series of
majoritarian
measures to establish
Sinhalese supremacy
over the Tamils
• In 1956, an Act was
passed to recognise
Sinhala as the only
official language

16. • In 1956 an Act was
passed which
recognised Sinhala as
the only official
language.
• Sinhala speakers
were preferred both
for university positions
and Govt. jobs.
a

17. • Constitution was
amended to protect
and strengthen
Sinhala Language.

18. • The Tamils felt
isolated
• They thought that
even the constitution
was against them.
• None of the Political
parties ever
considered their
needs.
• The Tamils formed
groups, organisations
and parties to fight for
rights

19. • Their demands for
recognition to their
language and
separate state with
autonomous status
were repeatedly
neglected.
• This made some
groups like the LTTE
to take violent actions.

20. • Civil war thus broke
out between the
Tamils and the
Sinhalas
Thousands of people on
both the sides were
killed.
Thousands of Tamil
families went out of the
country as refugees

21. • Prudential Reasons
1. It avoids conflicts between different social groups.
The absence of power sharing can result in division
of the country.
2. Imposing will of the majority on the minority might
appear to be an attractive option but it can be
counter productive and can come in way of national
integration as it happened in Sri Lanka
3. The tyranny of the majority brings ruins both to the
minority and the majority (as in Sri Lanka)

22. • Moral Reasons
1. Power sharing is the very essence of democracy. In
an ideal democracy as many people as possible
should get a chance to enjoy power.
2. People are affected by all the policies of democratic
politics and they have to live with the effects. Hence
citizens need share in power.
3. A legitimate govt. is one where citizens, through
participation, acquire stake in power.

23. • Horizontal OR Check and Balance System
• Each of these organs is placed at the same
level to exercise different powers
• None of them has unlimited power thus
maintains balance.
• Each one of them keeps watch on the
functioning of the other two.
• Hence it is called Check and Balance System

24. • The Central Govt. is set up for the whole nation.
• The state/provincial govt. is set up for each
provinces/states.
• The central govt. transfers/shares some of the powers
to/with the state govt. (as in Belgium)
• In a big country like India, this type of two tier system is
not sufficient.
• So we have the third tier – the Local Self Govt.
• Both the Central and State govt. have transferred
power and resources to the Local bodies.
Central Govt.
State Govt.
Local Bodies
Vertical Power
Sharing

25. • Socially weaker sections also have to have share
in power.
• Community govt. in Belgium is one example for
this type of power sharing.
• In India, it is done by way of reservation.
• Constituencies and seats are reserved for women,
SCs and STs.
• Thus power is shared among different social
groups.
Power Sharing
among different
social groups
SCs
ST
s
Women

26. Power Sharing among
Political parties,
pressure groups and
movements
• No political party enjoys power for ever.
• It is for the people to decide who should be in
power.
• With the emergence of coalition govt. many parties
share power at the same time.
• Pressure groups and movements have share in
power by exerting pressure on the govt.
• They exert pressure by various means and get
policies framed in their favour.