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PowerPoint-HumanAnatomyEndocrineSystemDownloadableVersion icev.pptx
- 2. 2 Objectives • To describethe main functions of the endocrine system. • To identify glands associated with the endocrine gland. • To differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands. • To describe the hormones associated with each endocrine gland.
- 3. 3 Main Menu Endocrine SystemStructures Hormones
- 5. 5 Endocrine System • Isa series of ductless glands which secrete hormones into the body • Regulates vital body and organ functions • Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis • Includes glands and organs with endocrine functions
- 6. 6 Glands • Can beclassified as endocrine or exocrine −exocrine glands have ducts to secrete onto a surface −endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream
- 7. 7 Exocrine Glands • Haveducts to secrete directly onto the surface • Are not considered a part of the endocrine system −do not produce hormones • Includes: −sebaceous glands −sudoriferous glands −salivary glands −Brunner’s glands Body Bonus: Humans have between 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 sweat glands.
- 8. 8 Endocrine Glands • Donot have ducts and secrete directly into the bloodstream • Includes: −pituitary −hypothalamus −pineal −thyroid −parathyroid −pancreas −adrenal −thymus −testes −ovaries
- 9. 9 Pituitary Gland • Isa small gland sitting in a bony hollow in the base of the skull beneath the brain, behind the bridge of the nose • Contains two main regions which secrete different hormones −anterior pituitary • produces hormones −posterior pituitary • stores hormones Body Bonus: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain but is not considered to be part of the brain.
- 10. 10 Pituitary Gland • Iscalled the “master gland” −produces many hormones which control many different processes in the body • Senses the body’s needs and send signals throughout the body to regulate functions and maintain homeostasis Body Bonus: The pituitary gland is approximately the size of a pea.
- 11. 11 Hypothalamus • Is asmall region of the brain located directly above the pituitary gland • Is composed of three regions: −anterior region −middle region −posterior region
- 12. 12 Pituitary-Hypothalamus Complex • Isconsidered the “command center” • Coordinates messages between the nervous system and endocrine system • Produces hormones which: −produce direct response in target tissues −regulate synthesis and secretion of other hormones
- 13. 13 Pineal Gland • Islocated anterior and inferior to the thalamus • Is receptive to changes in lighting in its environment • Functions are still not completely clear Body Bonus: The pineal gland gets its name due to its pinecone shape.
- 14. 14 Thyroid Gland • Isa butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck • Hormone production is dependent on iodine • Supports metabolic rate
- 15. 15 Parathyroid Glands • Arefour tiny, round glands embedded into the posterior side of the thyroid gland −some people have additional glands in their chest or neck • Supports blood calcium levels Body Bonus: During prenatal development, the parathyroid glands move from the head to the neck.
- 16. 16 Pancreas • Is adigestive system organ with a secondary endocrine function −islets of Langerhans cell clusters secrete hormones • Is located posterior to the stomach • Supports blood sugar regulation
- 17. 17 Adrenal Glands • Area pair of glands located on the top of each kidney • Support the “fight or flight” response and kidney function
- 18. 18 Thymus • Is alymphatic system organ with a secondary endocrine function • Supports immune system development • Is most active during infancy and early childhood −atrophies with age
- 19. 19 Testes • Is areproductive system organ with a secondary endocrine function • Supports male reproductive system development
- 20. 20 Ovaries • Is areproductive system organ with a secondary endocrine function • Supports female reproductive system regulation Main Menu
- 22. 22 Hormones • Are chemicalmessengers used to regulate physiology, functions and behavior −produced by endocrine glands • Work together to maintain homeostasis • Produced by endocrine glands and are secreted into the bloodstream −travel via a transport protein −allows hormones to affect tissues throughout the body Body Bonus: The term “hormone” was not officially used until 1902.
- 23. 23 Hormones • Operate basedon feedback loops −cause and effect process used to show how the body maintains homeostasis • Activate targeted cells by binding to hormone receptors −binding to the receptor initiates response from the target cell
- 24. 24 Hormones • Structure canaffect distribution, receptor binding and functions • Can be categorized based on chemical structure: −amino acids • peptides • proteins • amines −lipids • steroids
- 25. 25 Anterior Pituitary Gland •Secretes these hormones: −growth hormone (GH) • promotes growth of tissues by increasing metabolic efficiency −thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) • stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones −adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • regulates the adrenal gland and its hormone secretions Body Bonus: Human Growth Hormone levels peak during puberty and decline every year after.
- 26. 26 Anterior Pituitary Gland •Secretes these hormones: −follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • controls the development and maintenance of the reproductive system −luteinizing hormone (LH) • regulates the reproductive system and the secretion of sex hormones −prolactin (PRL) • stimulates breast development and milk production in females
- 27. 27 Posterior Pituitary Gland •Secretes these hormones: −oxytocin (Oxt) • responsible for inducing labor through the contraction of uterine muscles −anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) • controls water reabsorption by the kidneys
- 28. 28 Hypothalamus • Secretes thesehormones: −thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) • regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary −somatostatin • also called growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) • regulates the release of growth hormone −gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • regulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
- 29. 29 Hypothalamus • Secretes thesehormones: −corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) • regulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone −prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) • stimulates the release of prolactin −dopamine • also called prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) • regulates the decrease of prolactin release −growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) • stimulates the release of growth hormone in the pituitary gland
- 30. 30 Pineal Gland • Secretesmelatonin (MEL) −aides in maintaining the body’s internal clock −influences the body’s circadian rhythms −effected by the presence of light Body Bonus: The pineal gland was once known as the “third eye”.
- 31. 31 Thyroid Gland • Secretesthese hormones: −calcitonin • helps decrease blood calcium levels −triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) • responsible for increasing the rate of metabolism, which regulates growth and maturation
- 32. 32 Parathyroid Gland • Secretesthese hormones: −parathyroid hormone (PTH) • regulates blood calcium levels by signaling osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
- 33. 33 Pancreas • Secretes thesehormones: −insulin • absorbs and utilizes glucose to prevent blood sugar levels from becoming too high −glucagon • prevents blood sugar levels from becoming too low by converting other energy sources within the body to glucose
- 34. 34 Adrenal Gland • Secreteshormones responsible for the “fight or flight” response: −norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) • elevated heart rate and blood pressure • skin and gastrointestinal tract blood vessel constriction • smooth muscle dilation • bronchiole and capillary dilation • elevated metabolism
- 35. 35 Adrenal Gland • Secretesthese hormones: −cortisol • intensifies metabolism by breaking down fat, increasing glucose production and increasing water retention • also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti- allergenic properties −aldosterone • increases water and sodium absorption, along with potassium excretion
- 36. 36 Ovaries • Secretes thesehormones: −estrogen • supports development of female reproductive system • controls development of secondary sex characteristics −progesterone • regulates menstrual cycle • prepares body for pregnancy −inhibin • inhibits the release of FSH from the pituitary gland
- 37. 37 Testes • Secretes thesehormones: −testosterone • supports development of male reproductive system • controls development of secondary sex characteristics −inhibin • inhibits the release of FSH from the pituitary gland